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right5189855Gavrilo Princip0Gavrilo Principleft000Gavrilo Princip (July 25th 1894-April 28, 1918) was a Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Duchess von Hohenberg. Princip’s act gave Austria-Hungary the excuse that it had sought for opening hostilities against Serbia and thus began World War 1. Princip was trained in terrorism by the Serbian secret society known as the Black Hand. The terrorist group wanted to destroy Austro-Hungarian rule in the Balkans and to unite the Serbian people into its own nation. He believed that the first step to achieve this goal was to assassinate the sole heir to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The plan was to throw a bomb at the royal car as it travelled through the capital city. The assassination attempt failed when the bomb bounced off the archduke’s car and exploded beneath the next vehicle. Later that day, however, while driving to the hospital to visit an officer wounded by the bomb, Princip saw the car after buying a sandwich, pulled out his gun, and shot the archduke and his wife. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible and declared war.Princip was captured, tried, and sentenced to 20 years in prison (the maximum sentence for a person under 20). Before his imprisonment, however, underwent amputation of an arm because of tuberculosis of the bone, and died in surgery. 1238257620000Czar Nicholas II (May 6, 1868-July 16-1918) was the last Russian emperor, who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. Early in his reign, problems plagued Russia. Japan defeated Russia in the war of 1904, seriously damaging Russian prestige and power. There was also increasing unrest at home as industrial workers grew angry over long hours and poor working conditions. Protests and Strikes broke out across the country.133350345440When Germany decided to enter the Triple Alliance system with Austria-Hungary and Italy, Russia naturally saw Germany as its main potential enemy. Consquently, Russia entered into an alliance with Britain and France, the “Triple Entente.” When war was declared by Germany with France in August 1914, Russia came into war on France’s side. Tsar Nicholas II took command of his armies in WWI, so whenever the army failed, it reflected directly on his rule, decreasing his popularity. 200025927735Czar Nicholas II00Czar Nicholas IIDue to the growing number of Russian casualties (deaths) from the World War and the unrest among Russian industrial workers, the people revolted against the monarch in favor of a communist government. Tsar Nicholas was forced to give up his title, and Russia withdrew from World War One. Nicholas II was imprisoned with his family until they were all executed in July 1918. left1079500Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856-February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States (1913-1921). After a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War 1, Wilson led America into war in order to “make the world safe for democracy.”For two years, from 1914-1916, Wilson made every effort to avoid war. However, several instances occurred which enabled America to enter the war. First, a German submarine attacked and sunk a British passenger ship, the Luisitania, bound to New York, killing 128 Americans. Second, British intelligence intercepted a telegram, the Zimmerman Telegram, that was sent by Germany to the German Ambassador to Mexico. It stated that if America were to join the war with its allies, then Mexico must ally with Germany and fight on the home front. Germany stated it would supply Mexico with the financial support to conduct this war and, if they were to win, will demand America to give back New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. For these reasons, Congress declared war on April 6, 1917. In the next 18 months, the US built an army of 4 million men and sent 2 million overseas to France. Wilson called it the “war to end war,” and spoke of “peace without victory,” and without revenge. right461645Woodrow Wilson0Woodrow WilsonOn January 8, 2918, Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis of peace settlement. It was more than peace terms; they were terms for a better world. And many of his ideas were included in the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the World War.114300000right5189855Kaiser Wilhelm II0Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) was the German Kaiser (emperor) and the king of Prussia from 1888 to 1918. Although he did not actively seek war, his politically powerful German generals persuaded him to enter the World War. Wilhelm believed his blood relationships to other European monarchs (Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was his first cousin) were sufficient to manage the crisis that followed the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand; he believed he could just talk to his family and figure out a way to deal with the Austrian/Serbian problem without war. However, following pressure from his generals, he was forced to sign the order for German mobilization (preparing the armies). He is reported to have said to his generals, “You will regret this, gentlemen.” Despite being the commander in chief of the German armed forces, Wilhelm was largely a shadow monarch, leaving the military strategy to his generals. He was only useful as a public-relations figure, touring the front lines and handing out medals to troops (basically, a mascot). In 1918, at the end of WWI, due to mutiny and civil unrest, the generals forced Wilhelm to abdicate (give up) his position of power as a way to appease the angry German people. Wilhelm was exiled to the Netherlands, where he spent the rest of his days. (Side note: because of Hitler’s rise to power, Wilhelm remarked that he was ashamed to be German).00right5189855David Lloyd George0David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George (January 17, 1863-March 26, 1945) was the British prime minister from 1916 to 1922, dominating the British political scene in the latter part of World War One. One of his most notable successes was dealing with the German submarine problem, which threatened to starve the British people into submission by bombing ships carrying food and supplies. He forced admirals to use a convoy system, using navy ships as escorts for the supply ships. He also enacted a food rationing system to conserve food. After a series of failed attacks, Lloyd George believed his generals were ineffective and incompetent and tried to shift command to other military leaders. The Germans nearly won a decisive battle due to Lloyd George deliberately keeping short of British troops for fear of his own generals. Despite this, the British won the war. He joined Woodrow Wilson (President of the US) and Georges Clemenceau (Prime Minister of France) in the creation of the Treaty of Versailles. 85725000Archduke Franz Ferdinand (December 18, 1863-June 28 1914) was the next emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Despite his position, Ferdinand sought to give an equal voice in government to the different ethnic groups that were present within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including the Slavs, Serbs, Germans, and Magyars. This idea, however, was unpopular with the ruling elite (wealthy), who were unwilling to give up any power. Furthermore, Ferdinand was against the harsh treatment of Serbs, knowing it could cause a conflict with Russia (Serbia’s ally).In the summer of 1914, Ferdinand and his wife Sophie accepted an invitation to inspect the troops in the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo. They drove through the streets as onlookers waved flags and welcomed their ruler. Seven members of the terrorist group the Black Hand, a group dedicated to initiating a revolution, were in the crowd. Their goal: to assassinate the archduke. The archduke’s driver took a wrong turn, and became lost. They stopped in front of a bar, trying to find their way back. Little did they know, a member of the Black Hand, was inside the bar. Upon seeing the archduke’s car, the man, Princip, did not hesitate. He pulled out a gun and shot the archduke in the chest, and his wife in the stomach. They both died. Ferdinand’s death sparked Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, Russia declare war on Austria-Hungary, Germany declare war on Russia, and France and Britain to declare was on both Germany and Austria-Hungary. World War One began. -2857531750Franz Ferdinand00Franz Ferdinand ................
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