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LING 190: MGA ISTRUKTURANG PANGWIKA

PAKSA 5: GRAMATIKAL NA RELASYON I. [Hango sa mga babasahin ni Thompson sa Ling 109/209]

A. What are Grammatical Relations (GRs)?

- languages systematically group certain types of arguments together and treat them grammatically the same

- we call these Grammatical Relations

- they are part of the grammar of the language, they don’t necessarily correlate with meanings in a direct way

- one famous kind of grouping is what we know as ‘subject’ vs. ‘object’

- GRs are not universal; if we translate a sentence into another language, the GRs may change

B. Two major types of GR Systems

Recall: S = the single Argument that goes with a 1-Argument predicate

A = the AGENT (the one who carries the action)

O = the PATIENT (the one that gets acted upon)

-GR systems are based on Arguments, then, but not on how Obliques behave

- functional motivation for this:

a. obliques are peripheral/optional

b. arguments carry the meaning of the predicate

- The two major types of GR systems group or organize these three kinds of Arguments (S, A, O) differently:

- Both of them show a functional efficiency in marking GRs by marking S (in the intransitive clause type) like one of the NPs in the transitive clause type

- one system marks S the same as A

S PRED (1-Arg)

[nom]

A O PRED (2-Arg)

[acc]

- we call this a nominative-accusative system

- the other system marks S the same as O

[abs] S PRED (1-Arg)

[erg] A O PRED (2-Arg)

- we call this an ergative-absolutive system

1. Nominative-Accusative GR System

S PRED (1-Arg)

[nom]

A O PRED (2-Arg)

[acc]

- if a language has a Nominative-Accusative GR System, there will be morphological or syntactic evidence

- that S and A behave alike

- and that O behaves differently

S

Turkish: kiz iyi

girl good

‘The girl is good.’

A O

kiz adam – lar – i gor - du

girl man - PL – ACC see – PST

‘The girl saw the men.’

- so why do we say that Turkish has a nominative-accusative GR system?

- in Turkish S and A behave alike:

- Evidence: both are unsuffixed forms of the noun

- and O behaves differently:

- Evidence: O takes an ______ suffix

Hualapai (Yuman, Arizona)

_________

Cindy - ch mi: - ki

Cindy – NOM cry – 3:PRES

‘Cindy is crying.’

______ _______

Cindy – ch wa - h sa’an - kwi[1]

Cindy – NOM door – DEF close - 3:PST

‘Cindy closed the door.’

- why do we say that Hualapai has a nominative-accusative GR system?

- in Hualapai S and ___ behave alike:

- Evidence: both occur with a ____________

- and ___ behaves differently:

- Evidence: ____ occurs with no ______ suffix[2]

- does English have a nominative-accusative GR system? How would we find out?

_____ ___ ____ ______

English: a. Ramon run-s everyday

__ ___ _____ ______

b. I eat dinner at 6:30

_____ __ ( __) ___________ __________

c. Ramon eat – s three pancakes for breakfast

______ ___

d. the boys run

__ __ (___)

e. she run – s

__ ___

f. I run

______ ___ ( ___ ) ___

g. Ramon see- s me

- In English, S and ___ behave alike

- Evidence:

- ___ and ___ are both _______ on the verb

- the 1SG pronoun has the form ____ for ___ and ___

- and ____ behaves differently.

- Evidence:

- ____ isn’t marked on the verb (i.e. the verb doesn’t change no

matter whether O is _________ or _________.)

- the 1SG pronoun has the form____ for ____

labels:

For a nominative-accusative GR system

- A and S = __________/__________________.

- O = _____________/ __________________.

2. Ergative-Absolutive GR System

[abs] S PRED (1-Arg)

[erg] A O PRED (2-Arg)

- if a language has an Ergative-Absolutive GR System, there will be morphological or syntactic evidence that S and ___ behave alike

- and that _______ behaves differently

Basque: _____________________, ____________________

_____

Martin ethori

Martin came

Martin came

__________ ______

Martin – ek haurra igorri du

Martin-ERG letter send AUX

‘Martin sent a letter’

- why do we say that Basque has an ergative-absolutive GR system?

- in Basque S and ___ behave alike

- Evidence: both occur with __________________

- and ___ behaves differently:

- Evidence: it occurs with the ______ ________ _______

Tongan, ___________, _______________, _________________

na’e lea ‘a etalavou

PST speak ABS young:man

_________________________

________ ______

na’e tamate’i ‘a kolaite ‘e tevita

PST kill ABS Goliath ERG David

David killed Goliath

- in Tongan S and ___ behave alike:

- Evidence: both occur with the _________________

- labels:

For an ergative-absolutive GR system

- A = _____________________

- S and O = _______________

- so there’s only one set of names for the ergative-absolutive GR system, and the terms ‘subject’ and ‘object’ are not applicable, which means that an ergative-absolutive GR system has no ‘subject.

SUMMARY: There are two major types of GR systems.

- some languages have a nominative-accusative GR system with the GRs

_______________ and ____________________.

- some languages have an ergative-absolutive GR system with the GR’s ________________ and _______________.

- neither system marks all the three GRs differently

- instead, each system efficiently marks S like either A or O

C. How areGRs marked? 2 major ways

- what are the ways that S can “behave like” either A or O?

- i.e., how can you tell if a language is using the Nominative-Accusative

system or the Ergative-Absolutive system?

1. Case-marking (marking on NP Argument)

2. Agreement (marking of an _________ on the Verb or Auxiliary)

1. Case-marking

- a language employs case-marking for its GRs if GRs are marked on one or more Argument NPs

- a case-marking adposition or affix on the argument NP

- a determiner (i.e., a _____ or an _______ ) in the Argument NP

- special forms for pronouns in a pronoun NP

1a. nominative-accusative marking

- if the language marks GRs by case-marking, then in a nominative-accusative system, ____ should be marked like ____.

____

Turkish: kiz iyi

girl good

The girl is good

____ _________

kiz adam – lar – i gor – du

girl man – PL –ACC see – PST

_________________________________

- How does Turkish mark GRs?

- S and A are marked alike in case they both have ____ case

marking

- O is marked differently; it has the case marking _____

German: _________________ ____

der Gartner ist hier

ART:NOM gardener COP:3:SG here

__________________________________

___________________ __

der Gartner hat es gekauft

ART:NOM gardener AUX:3SG it bought

___ ____________________

ich liebe den Gartner

1SG:NOM love:1SG ART:ACC gardener

_______________________________________

________________ ____

der Gartner liebt mich

ART:NOM gardener love:3SG 1SG:ACC

_____________________________________

___

ich werde warten

1SG:NOM FUT wait:INF

_________________________

- How does German mark GRs with lexical NPs?

- the nominative ______ _____ goes with ___ and ___

- the accusative _______ _____ goes with ____

- so with the lexical NPs, German marks case with what word class?

________________ (see p. 6)

- S and A are marked alike in case: they both have the same marking ___

- O is marked differently, it has the case marking ___

- How does German mark case on pronoun?

- 1SG has the form ich when it’s ____ or ____

- 1SG has the form mich when it’s ___

- both the lexical NP data and the pronoun NP data provide evidence for Turkish and German being _____________________ languages[3]

1b. ergative-absolutive case marking

- if the language marks GRs by case-marking, then in an ergative-absolutive system, S should be marked like ____

______

Basque: Martin ethori

Martin came

Martin came

_______ _____

Martin- ek haurra igorri du

Martin – ERG letter send AUX

- in Basque, S and O are marked alike in case: they both have ___ case

marking

- A is marked differently, it has the case marking _____

__________________

Tongan: na’e lea ‘a etalavou

PST speak ABS young:man

_______ ________

na’e tarnate’i ‘a kolaite ‘e tevita

PST kill ABS Goliath ERF David

‘David killed Goliath’

- in Tongan, S and O are marked alike in case they both have the case marking ______

- A is marked differently; it has the case marking ____

- in Tongan, what word class do these case markers belong to?

_______________________________

- SO: The Ergative-Absolutive languages Basque and Tongan mark their GRs by case-marking:

– S and ___ take the same case marking

– and ___ takes a ____________ case marking

(2. Agreement – we’ll look at this next week)

D. How do we find out whether and how a language marks its grammatical relations?

Step 1: label the predicate and the arguments

- identify the S in the intransitive clauses

- identify the ___ and the ___ in the transitive clauses

Step 2: determine whether the language uses case (on arguments), and/or agreement (on verbs/auxiliaries) to mark the S, the A, and the O.

Step 3: figure out whether the case marking and/or agreement groups S together with ___ or with ____

REMEMBER:

Grammatical Relations = the ways languages systematically group certain types of arguments together and treat them grammatically the same

GR system refers to whether GRs are marked according to a _________________________ system or a _______________________ system

GR marking refers to how the language _____________ its GRs, whether by:

a. _____________________, marked on the _________

b. _____________________, marked on the _____ or the _______________

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[1]Is there a definite article in this clause? ____. The morphome glossed DEF is a suffix.

[2]The O does occur with a DEF suffix – is this relevant to Grs? _____, because _______________________________________________________.

[3]German also has agreement, but right now we're only looking at case-marking (that is, marking on the ____________ ______).

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