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?5981700153670UN Women Strategic Note 2018-2021UN WOMEN NIGER COUNTRY OFFICESN REPORT 2018NarrativeReport Date: 6/5/20201. Context and Situation Analysis: :Natural and economic informationNiger is a land locked Sahelian country located in West Africa with a surface area of 1?267 000 km2. The climate is particularly hot and dry with a short rainy season that begins in June and ends in September. With increasing climate change, Niger is exposed to natural disasters and risks that lead to an uneven rainy season causing recurrent droughts, floods and cricket attacks. Over the years, Niger has faced a high frequency of droughts, famines, cricket invasions, floods, epidemics of cholera and meningitis. As per the World Bank, Niger was classified in 2011 as the country with the highest exposure to risks in the World and second most vulnerable country out of 173 countries examined in global risks report[1].? Niger is particularly prone to adverse climatic hazards including seasonal droughts, and occasional intense rainfall, and floods.? In the last 30 years, the country has been hit by 10 droughts and a series of 9 floods. This has led experts of the 3N Initiative to conclude that the country will face recurrent crises every 3 years due to climatic change. These phenomena have caused millions of Nigériens to face food insecurity (nearly 49% of the population, 6 out of 10 households are not able to meet their food needs for 3 months a year)[2] and the country faces food shortages one out of two years. Niger has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the World. The sub soil of Niger is particularly rich having mineral resources such uranium, petrol and gold. Niger is classified the 4th World producer of uranium; a mineral resource that provides 70.8% of mineral exploitation of the country and contributed up to 5.8% to the Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in 2010. The GDP of the country is estimated at 3905, 136 billion of francs CFA and the economic growth was estimated at 3.5%?? in 2015 with a per capita income of about 228 900 FCFA. As per FAO, the primary sector (including agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry) contributes 41.3% of the GDP.? The tertiary sector (mostly made up of the public services and telecommunications) closely follows with 35% and the secondary sector (made up of mines and manufacturing industries) provides 15% of the GDP.? Despite this rich sub soil, nearly half of the population (48.2%) and per the official information website ? le Niger en chiffre ? more than 59% of households are below the poverty threshold of 1 dollar per day and the unemployment rate of women is higher than that of men (25% for women as against 11.8% for men). The government’s Economic and Social development programme (PDES) reports that poverty is more pronounced in rural areas and affects more women than men. Moreover, poverty takes an endemic dimension in the regions of Tahoua (57.8%); Maradi (52.9%), Dosso (52.9%) and Tillabéry (47.9%).Feminization of poverty in Niger is particularly evident in the per capita consumption rate; lower in female headed households in 2008 (45% that of male headed households). Women have fewer opportunities to employment (27.4%) and a limited access to productive resources even though they represent more than half of the population. This is confirmed by the evaluation of PDES that points out that though Niger witnessed an economic growth ranging from 3.5% to 7% from 2012 to 2015, the poor did not benefit from this growth due to social inequalities. ?Demographic informationNiger has an estimated population of 19.1 million inhabitants with women forming (50.2%) and 84%[3] of Niger’s population lives in rural areas. The average demographic growth is 3.9% and those who are less than 15 years’ form 51% of the population and 46% of the population are made up of those between 15 and 64 years old leading to a high dependency rate (more than 50% of the population depend on the rest for basic needs) in Niger. The average fertility rate per woman in Niger is high, estimated at 7.3 children varying from region to region (Zinder 8.5 children, Maradi 8.1, Agadez 5.8 and Niamey 5.3).?? The high fertility rate might explain the size of households in Niger with an average size of 5.9 persons with important differences; 17.2% of total households in Niger have 9 or more persons. Most households are headed by men (85.7% and 14.3% by women). Female headed households are poorer than male headed households[4]. Per the gender profile recently validated by national stakeholders, most of female headed households and single parent households while male headed households have more than one parent with a high rate of polygamy that varies according to the culture, religion, level of education and the place of residence. The rate of polygamy is higher in Zinder and Maradi where 1 woman out of 4 is in a polygamous household and the lowest rate is in Agadez and Niamey where 1 woman out of 10 is in a polygamous house hold.In 2015, 70% of women had no level of education[5]?, ?20% had the primary school level, 9.5% had secondary school level and 0.4% had higher school level. Though the primary school gap between boys is reducing (about 71.3% of boys and 64.8% of girls are in primary school) there is a huge challenge of maintaining girls in school after primary school due to early, forced and child marriage and poverty. ?In Niger, there is a higher incidence of early marriages for girls than for boys of the same age (63.7% of girls as against 7% of boys marry at the age of 15 years). ?Age of first pregnancy is 18 for women between 15-48 years old. Only 30% of girls aged 19 years and below have not started having children and 14% out of the remaining 70% start having children before 15 years. In rural areas, 1 woman out of 2 started having children before the age of 15. ?Peace and securityNiger shares its northern boundaries with Algeria and Libya, its eastern borders with Chad, its southern borders with Nigeria and Benin and its western borders with Burkina Faso and Mali. This border configuration places the country at the heart of violent crises with attacks from the Boko Haram and Moujao Islamic groups as well as armed bandits in the Diffa, Tillabéry, Tahoua and Agadez regions. The security situation of the country worsened with the first Boko Haram attack on the 6th of February 2015 in the Diffa region and has caused the displacement of more than 300,000 refugees and internal displaced persons coming mainly from Nigeria[6]?.?About 70% of these displaced persons are women and children[7]. In a situation of insecurity women and young girls are the mostly affected as they are even subjected sexual and gender based violence and sometimes young girls are used as suicide bombers. Even though women are the primary victims of conflicts, they are not involved in peace building processes and management of disasters.?Women’s participation leadership in Niger ??The quota law that provides for 15% participation of one or the other sex for elective posts and 25% for appointments has contributed to the election of 29 women out of 171 parliamentarians, about 16.95%. Nevertheless, this law is not respected when it comes to council elections and appointments at all levels. For instance, women form 2.96% of mayors, 19% of ministers, and 7.2% of secretary generals of ministers.[8]The Niger gender profile opines that the under-representation of women in political processes is persisting due to the insufficient application of national, regional and international judicial instruments and conventions ratified for the protection/promotion of women’s rights and the weak leadership of female parliamentarians in the National assembly. In addition to this, NDI points out that this under representation is due to women’s illiteracy and low level of education; social stereotypes; the unfair division of labour between men and women as well as the weak economic power of women. ?Gender equality work in Niger?The government and its development partners have put in place some initiatives through laws and strategies (like PDES, UNDAF, CEDEF, PAN 1325, PNG…) to promote gender equality for sustainable development. However, there are many challenges such as: ?i) inappropriate understanding and interpretation of gender especially amongst religious associations; ii) the non-application of ratified conventions and judicial instruments; iii) insufficient political will as shown by the absence of the decrees of application for national laws and/or international conventions. ?Formulation of key development strategies ?The elaboration of the present strategic note 2018- 2021 comes at an opportune time when the government has just evaluated its past development strategy and is developing a new economic and social development programme (PDES 2017-2021) that will provide orientation to other strategy documents in other sectors. At the level of the United Nations, the process of formulating a new UNDAF is presently being launched. All these processes offer an opportunity for gender equality to be integrated into main development documents like the PDES, to the country assessments and eventually UNDAF. ?Another opportunity for gender mainstreaming and resource mobilization is the UN approach of developing joint programmes and jointly implementing these initiatives in the same council area (known in French as ‘commune de convergence’). These councils are usually the poorest councils in a region. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref1" [1] World Bank – Evaluation des risques du secteur agricole au Niger?: de la réaction aux crises à la gestion des risques à long terme 2013 HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref2" [2] PDES Niger, 2012- 2015 HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref3" [3] INS, étude nationale d’évaluation d’indicateurs socioéconomiques et démographiques (ENISED), février 2016. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref4" [4] ONUFEMMES Niger, Profil genre du Niger, mars 2017. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref5" [5] INS, étude nationale d’évaluation d’indicateurs socioéconomiques et démographiques (ENISED), février 2016. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref6" [6] ONUFEMMES, Rapport d’analyse du profil des survivantes des attaques terroristes de Boko Haram dans la région de Diffa, mars 2017. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref7" [7] Ibid HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref8" [8] ONUFEMMES, profil genre du Niger, mars 2017.2. Lessons learned: :The evaluation of PDES and the national gender policy, the mid-term review of UNDAF, the recommendations of the new UN Women’s African Strategy, the CSW and the Beijing + 20 have enabled the country office to draw lessons in the economic, health, governance domains and the participation of women in development processes. In the economic domain, the evaluation of the current PDES has shown that even though Niger recorded economic growth ranging between 3.5% to nearly 7% between 2012 and 2015, the poor did not benefit from this economic growth because of social inequalities.? So, economic growth cannot reduce poverty without the reduction of inequalities. Our activities on the field have shown that the promotion of women’s activities coupled with the organizational capacity of women’s associations are indispensable for gender equality in the economic domain. ?For gender mainstreaming into development policies, the UNDAF mid-term review reveals that there were gaps in gender equality and recommends the ??delivery as one?? for all UN agencies that has become official with the request of the Nigerien government. The Beijing +20 report recommends a common State-United Nations gender equality action plan for CEDAW and reveals that the gender observatory that could be an important instrument for gender equality monitoring and accountability is not operational due to lack of funds. The gender equality observatory needs technical and financial support to play its role. The evaluation of PDES showed domains of government intervention planned and implemented without indicators and so could not be evaluated and that the potential of the National Statistics Institute(INS) is not been used in the planning, monitoring and evaluation of government actions. In addition to this, data produced are not sufficiently known and used by all development actors. The Beijing +20 report points out that statistical tools to collect data for the evaluation of the impact of women’s work are not available. The production of gender disaggregated data in the agriculture, energy information, communication sectors and services is a strong recommendation from the UN women African Strategy.The efforts for women’s participation in Niger have been focused at the level of the national assembly and councils; female leadership is not promoted at the local level.? To increase female leadership in Niger, there is need to strengthen female leadership at village levels in all our domain of intervention. So, women’s participation and leadership will be treated as a crosscutting domain in all the country office domains.In addition to the abovementioned points, working on joint programmes at the international, regional and national level has contributed to UN Women Niger reaching more persons especially women and girls. It has also contributed into mobilizing resources for gender equality.Working with national NGOs enabled us reach conflict areas that we could not reach and leveraging their knowledge and connections enabled us achieve more results. It also opened our eyes on the need for institutional capacity strengthening especially as it concerns gender equality, RBM, Programme development and management as well as resources mobilization.?3. Proposed Programme :Most women in Niger cannot effectively participate in the development of their country as equal development actors as men without a certain number of changes. For women to effectively participate and benefit, there is need for; 1) a change of mentality of the population and authorities especially religious and traditional leaders vis-à-vis gender equality and women’s empowerment; 2) increased gender sensitivity in development policies, plans, programmes and budgets; 4) increased evidenced based advocacy; and 5) improved gender equality monitoring and accountability. The theory of change ?for the proposed programme would be as follows: if there is a critical mass of persons at the national and local levels who believe that gender equality and women’s empowerment are prerequisites for sustainable development, this would create a favourable environment at the family, community and national level for the participation and leadership of women. ?With an increased women’s participation and leadership in different development domains in Niger Women would be able to benefit from development interventions, can influence development and peace processes.For the above mentioned changes to occur, the country office will: 1) work with the national statistics institute to produce the required gender disaggregated data?for evidence based advocacy and gender responsive planning and budgeting; 2) reinforce the capacity of the female civil society organizations on evidenced based advocacy on key issues; ?3) support the dissemination of judicial instruments and ratified conventions like CEDAW; 4) sensitize right owners and duty bearers on gender, costs of gender equality, gender mainstreaming and gender sensitive legislations; 5) reinforce women’s economic capacities for effective participation and 6) strengthen the capacity of the actual gender observatory to monitor and hold government accountable for its gender equality and women’s empowerment commitments.? The proposed programme for the 4 coming years is based on national priorities as expressed in the government’s economic and social programme, and those of the UN as expressed in the actual and new UNDAF and in the National Gender policy. For UN Women to be relevant in the Niger economic and social development programme of the government and to play its role in the UNDAF, there is need for the UN Women country office to develop the following flagship programmes: 1) Women’s participation and leadership; 2) Gender responsive climate resilient agricultural programme; 3) Women’s Leadership, Empowerment, Access and Protection and 4) Gender responsive development planning and budgeting programmeThe programme will focus on 3 of UN Women’s impact areas; namely:????? Impact 1: Leadership and Governance (SP Outcome 2: Women lead, participate in and benefit equally from governance systems; Impact 2: Economic Empowerment (SP Outcome 3: Women have income security, decent work and economic autonomy); Impact 4: Peace and Security and Humanitarian (SP Outcome 5: Women and girls contribute and have greater influence in building sustainable peace and resilience, and benefit equally from the prevention of natural disasters and conflicts and from humanitarian actions;?Impact 3: Ending Violence against Women (SP Outcome 4: All women and girls live a life free from all forms of violence) will be implemented as a cross cutting theme.? ?Impact 1: Leadership and Governance (SP Outcome 2: Women lead, participate in and benefit equally from governance systems: UN Women will promote and facilitate women’s participation and leadership in the key domains of the new PDES and UNDAF that are being reviewed and formulated. UN Women Niger will support the participation of women in the processes charged with formulation of development policies. To do this, UN Women will work with its partners to create a compendium of women leaders and specialists in key domains of PDES and UNDAF to influence the process of formulating sector policies through evidence based advocacy. The capacity of the women’s compendium will be reinforced using gender disaggregated data produced by INS with the support of UN Women Niger. In addition to this, the capacities of rural women leaders will be strengthened specially to promote the election of women in the 2021 elections.?Impact 2: Economic Empowerment (SP Outcome 3: Women have income security, decent work and economic autonomy: With women’s limited access to and control of production resources, in Niger, most women find themselves in a situation that does not allow them to seize the economic opportunities in the country especially in the agricultural, mine and commercial sectors. The country office will promote an increased access of women to productive resources, decent employment and markets. To do this, it will be necessary to build and strengthen the entrepreneurial capacities of female entrepreneurs through the regular collection of data on the existing economic opportunities (so women can engage in viable economic ventures), information related to production inputs/credits (material or financial) and markets thereby promoting women’s leadership in the economic sector in the country. These female entrepreneurs will liaise with rural women’s producer cooperatives for the commercialization of agricultural products in urban and international markets. The UN Women buyfromwomen platform will be very instrumental in the economic empowerment of women in Niger.?Impact 3: Ending Violence against Women (SP Outcome 4: All women and girls live a life free from all forms of violence): As earlier mentioned, this impact area will be implemented as a cross cutting theme given that women’s rights are violated in the agricultural, economic, financial, education and health sectors. ES and UNDAF using judicial instruments and ratified conventions like CEDAW, Beijing platform (unknown by most Nigeriens). To do this, these documents will be translated into commonly understood local languages like Hausa and disseminated through the media. Moreover, the capacity of the gender observatory will be strengthened to enable it monitor and hold government accountable for the implementation of its gender equality commitments.Impact 4: Peace and Security and Humanitarian (SP Outcome 5: Women and girls contribute and have greater influence in building sustainable peace and resilience, and benefit equally from the prevention of natural disasters and conflicts and from humanitarian actions: ?Niger is faced with recurrent crises due to natural causes like drought or cricket attacks and due to human actions like terrorist attacks.? First humanitarian actors are mostly women who provide the first meal, clothes and lodging before the State and other development actors arrive. ?With the increasing number of displaced persons arriving in the different regions of Niger and recurrent terrorist attacks, the women (displaced women and women in host communities) in the Diffa region are losing their economic resilience.? Despite the role played by women in host communities, their needs are not considered in the management of risk and disasters. It is for this reason UN Women Niger will support the mainstreaming of gender into the management of risk and disaster. The resilience of women (in refugee camps, internally displaced persons (IDP) sites and in host communities) will be strengthened. An evidenced based advocacy event will be organized yearly to influence decision makers and to mobilized funds under the leadership of the First Lady and the Minister in charge of gender. Impact 5:? Governance and national planning fully reflect accountability for gender equality commitments and priorities: Under this impact area, UN Women Niger will support gender mainstreaming in the new PDES and UNDAF as well as sector policies. To do this, the country office will work with INS to produce gender disaggregated data. In addition to this, UN Women Niger will reinforce its coordination role within the UN system and support the gender observatory to monitor the gender sensibility of development policies and budgets. ?4. Management and Operations :UN Women Niger will continue to position itself as a recognized, reference and resourceful gender quality and women’s empowerment organization in Niger. The will be achieved through an enhanced coordination for gender equality and women’s empowerment within the UN system especially through the UN gender thematic group, building the capacities of relevant government ministries civil society organizations to carry out gender equality evidenced based advocacy, producing gender equality knowledge products on gender equality, women’s empowerment, RBM and programme development and management. The key results to be achieved are as follows: i) enhanced coordination, coherence and accountability of the UN system for gender equality commitments; ii) increased engagement of partners in support of UN Women’s mandate in Niger; iii) enhanced quality of programmes through knowledge, innovation, RBM and evaluation and iv) improved management of financial and human resources in pursuit of resultsEnhanced coordination, coherence and accountability of the UN system for gender equality commitments: UN Women will support the mainstreaming of gender into the UNDAF that is being elaborated (2019-20121) and will continue to develop and implement joint programmes with other UN agencies. The office will provide technical support in the form of capacity building on gender mainstreaming in development policies, the Gender Marker and the gender score card. ?Increased engagement of partners in support of UN Women’s mandate: The country office will work with the institute of national statistics to produce gender disaggregated data to support partners to carry out evidenced based advocacy for gender equality and women’s empowerment.Enhanced quality of programmes through knowledge, innovation, RBM and evaluation: Hun Women Niger will continue to work with partners to develop knowledge products to enhance gender mainstreaming into national development strategies and build up the capacities of staff and partners on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment to enable them develop results oriented gender equality programmes. Best UN Women practices on the field will be capitalized and documented. Each flagship programme implemented will be evaluated and results used to improve programming each year. A communication strategy will be developed and implemented for the dissemination of key results and improved UN Women visibility in the country.Improved management of financial and human resources in pursuit of results: The country office will continue to work towards audit preparedness through a capacity building capacity programmes developed for staff especially new staff that will lay emphasis on mandatory training and training on financial management, procurement procedures and resource mobilization.??The implementation of the Niger Strategic plan for 2018-2021 requires exceptionally qualified human resources. Thus, recruitment and retention of experienced staff will be a management priority, both in programmes and operations. Emphasis will be on operational excellence, results based management and respect of all UN Women procedures and processes. ?Presently, the office has a country programme director at P4 level with a TA contract, an operation assistant with a SC and 2 drivers with SCs. The office is presently recruiting short term consultants for technical support and is expecting a senior GenCap to support the humanitarian efforts of the country office.The country office will need to equip itself (material and human resources) to provide support to the government’s economic and social development programme and UNDAF through the following flagship programmes 1) Women’s participation and leadership; 2) Gender responsive climate resilient agricultural programme; and 3) Women’s Leadership, Empowerment, Access and Protection and Gender in disaster management and humanitarian programme. Each of these programmes will require a national coordinator(NOC), programme and operation assistants to manage the programme. With an increased portfolio and in line with 2018-2021 UN Women Regional office strategic notes as well as the investments already made in Niger, reinforcing the country office to become a full fletched office should be an organizational/management objective.? ?The CO organogram will cover all relevant technical areas in terms of technical expertise. This will include ongoing and new programmes. The effectiveness of this strong policy team will be boosted by adherence to UNW’s learning policy (incl. Communities of Practices, annual publications, etc.), investment in IT (share-drives, video-conferencing, etc.), and continued capacity building.?

Procurement Plan NIGER 2018.xlsx5. Monitoring, Research, Evaluation, Knowledge management and Innovation :The Niger country office has gradually integrated the collection of gender disaggregated data that provide gender sensitive baseline data of programmes as a priority. The country office will work with the Regional Office to develop baseline studies to facilitate monitoring and evaluation of country programmes. The country will undertake periodic field visits to identify/address key bottlenecks and challenges. The country office will support the UNCT to carry out a gender analysis for the common country assessment (CCA) and provide technical support for the mainstreaming of gender into the New UNDAF being elaborated by the UN in Niger. Consultants will be recruited to evaluate implemented programmes and to collect indicator related data at project & AWP levels. The office will continue to use monitoring matrices that help to get? feed back at the project implementation level and will eventually inform level indicator data in RMS. The staff capacities will be strengthened on harmonized integration between ATLAS and RMS6. Partnerships and Coordination :Partnership with government ministries and other state institutions: The country office will continue to maintain strategic partnerships developed with the ministries in charge of gender; public health; management of disasters/humanitarian action; water/sanitation and interior as well as the National Assembly. But for the implementation of the 3 new flagship programmes, the CO will extend its partnership to the ministries in charge of finance, plan and agriculture as well as the 3 N initiative (les Nigériens nourrisent des Nigériens), INS and the high commissions for human rights and for peace restorations. The gender equality observatory will be very instrumental for gender monitoring and accountability. Partnership with Civil Society: The civil society has been very instrumental in creating support for UN Women’s work in the country and for the implementation of country programme activities. The CO will continue work with Women’s networks like CONGAFEN and REJEA; as well as NGOs like DIKO, ADL, KARKARA, ANLC, TATALI TARBIYA, LIKOFEMME, the Nigerien Red Cross movement. New partnerships will be developed with the civil society.?Partnership with UN agencies: In line with the approach of joint programming and implementation in same municipal councils known as ‘commune de convergence, developed by the UN in Niger, the country office will continue to implement joint programmes like UNRWEE with FAO, WFP and IFAD; Joint Programme of Maradi with UNICEF, UNDP, WHO, and UNFPA…; MUSKOKA joint programme with WHO, UNFPA and UNICEF. The country office will also continue to work with UNOCHA and UNHCR in implementing the LEAP and gender and humanitarian action programmes. Partnership with the private sector: In implementing the socioeconomic rehabilitation project in Diffa, the office worked with a micro finance enterprise known as ASSUSU. With our new economic programme, the office will work with private enterprises like SOPAMIN, GOVIEX, ROTAB (mining companies) and transport enterprises to motivate them to implement their social responsibilities.Partnerships with donors: To increase the resource mobilization portfolio, the country office will continue to maintain the fruitful partnership developed with the Japan Embassy and will intensify the partnerships developed with the US Embassy and USAID in Niger, the Swiss Cooperation, the World Bank and the Spanish Cooperation in Niger. New partnerships will be developed with other donors like the Chinese Embassy.7. Resource Mobilization Strategy :The CO will continue to mobilize funds through joint programmes with other UN agencies and carry out country studies to inform planning and programming as well as resource mobilization efforts. Resource mobilization will also be facilitated by the development of flagship programmes. The CO’s approach will center around: 1) improving the visibility and credibility of the Country Office; 2) intensifying gender equality coordination with other UN Agencies; 3) developing partnerships with private enterprises through the social responsibility strategy of the country; and 4) developing donor intelligence on key gender equality issues.8. Communication and Advocacy :The country office has started a communication strategy aimed at improving how national and international development partners see UN Women. The office has worked to provide answers to key development needs like having a national gender profile to enable development actors to take the right development decisions.? Our communication strategy centers on: (i) Raising the visibility and increase awareness of UNW’s role and actions in Niger, (ii) Positioning UN Women Niger as a reference gender equality and women’s empowerment organization in Niger; (iii) improving our office space and mobilizing financial, technical and human resources; (iv) Promoting public and media outreach and knowledge sharing. In Knowledge Management, UN Women Niger is engaged in the collection of gender disaggregated data and disseminating lessons learned on gender equality and women's empowerment strategies and contributing to UN Women's knowledge management efforts and producing knowledge products to fill the gap created by insufficient gender disaggregated data in Niger.?9. Key Risks and Risk Mitigation :The insecurity orchestrated by the attacks of Islamic sects like Boko Haram or Mujao and armed bandits present a potential risk in programme implementation. In addition to this, there is a negative reaction of religious extremists vis-a-vis gender equality and women’s empowerment in Niger. Despite these attacks the country office has being working in the Diffa region by following the recommendations of UNDSS and other international reports on conflict zones. The office has bought bullet proof jackets, iron helmets, radios and a satellite telephone. All vehicles follow UNDSS recommendations on MOSS requirements. Another potential risk is related to government political will on gender equality. If the government changes its will in certain issues related to women’s rights, it will have a negative impact on programme implementation. To mitigate this risk, the UN Women strategic note is aligned to national priorities and involves government at all level of programme implementation.?10. Sustainability : ................
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