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LearnAlberta.ca Gizmo List (n = 165; Note: There are 2 versions of the Physical Array Gizmo, one being the classic.) version)Gizmo…one )No.Science ContentTitleDescriptionKeywordsES2D EclipseManipulate the relative positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon to discover how eclipses happen. Observe the Moon and Sun from Earth during a lunar and solar eclipse, and understand the relationship between partial and total eclipses. The sizes of the three bodies and the Earth-Moon distance can be adjusted.eclipse, lunar, solar, moon, earth, sun, shadow, orbit, orbital, annular, partial, umbra, penumbra, corona, astronomy, space, dimension, dimensional, 2D, phase, systemES3D EclipseObserve the motions of the Earth, Moon and Sun in three dimensions to investigate the causes and frequency of eclipses. Observe Earth?s shadow crossing the Moon during a lunar eclipse, and the path of the Moon?s shadow during a solar eclipse. The angle of the Moon?s orbit can be adjusted, as well as the distance of the Moon from the Earth.eclipse, lunar, solar, moon, earth, sun, shadow, orbit, orbital, annular, partial, umbra, penumbra, corona, astronomy, space, three, dimension, dimensional, 3DESBeam to Moon (Ratios and Proportions)Apply ratios and proportions to find the weight of a person on the moon (or on another planet). Weigh an object on Earth and on the moon and weigh the person on Earth. Then set up and solve the proportion of the Earth weights to the moon weights.ratios, proportions, weights, Earth, moon, cross-multiply, real-world, applications, masses, gravity, planets, solar-systems, fractions, arithmetic, modelsESBlack HoleA game where you try to get small masses to hit a target. This is challenging since several "black holes" exert a gravitational force on the moving objects.game, gravity, gravitational, attraction, physics, physicalESCoastal Winds and CloudsLearn about atmospheric conditions near a coast using basic observables: wind and temperature. Measure daily temperatures over both land and water near a coastline, along with the wind speed and direction. The conditions can be recorded at a variety of altitudes.clouds, wind, balloons, coastal, drift, thunderstorms, temperature, gradient, atmosphere, earth, physicalESEarthquake - Determination of EpicenterUsing multiple earthquake recording stations, determine the epicenter of an earthquake by analyzing the arrival of the primary and secondary waves at each recording station. Realtime charts are generated, providing data that allows for the triangulation of the epicenter.earthquake, seismic, activity, wave, primary, secondary, recording, station, chart, epicenter, earth, physical, geologyESEarthquake - Recording StationUsing an earthquake recording station, learn how to determine the distance between the station and an earthquake based on the time difference between the arrival of the primary and secondary waves. A real-time recording chart is generated, and the times between the waves can be measured.earthquake, seismic, activity, wave, primary, secondary, recording, station, chart, epicenter, geology, earth, physicalESGravitational ForceDrag two objects around and observe the gravitational force between them as the positions change. The mass of each object can be adjusted, and the gravitational force is displayed both vectorially and numerically as the distance between the objects is altered.gravity, gravitational, force, inverse, square, masses, pull, physics, physicalESGreenhouse EffectWithin this simulated region of land, daytime's rising temperature and the falling temperature at night can be measured, along with heat flow in and out of the system. The amount of greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere can be adjusted over time, and the long term effects can be investigated.greenhouse, effect, global, warming, carbon, dioxide, smog, pollution, air, quality, heat, flow, biology, life, earth, physicalESHerschel ExperimentShine sunlight through a prism and measure the temperature in different regions of the spectrum using a thermometer wrapped in black tape. The thermometer can be dragged throughout the entire spectral area and even beyond the visible light. This real-world technique (developed by Friedrich Herschel in the 1700's) was used to investigate infrared light and, more recently, the spectrum of stars in our galaxy.herschel, temperature, thermometer, sunlight, radiation, infrared, ultraviolet, cardboard, box, prism, spectrum, physics, physicalESHousehold Energy UsageExplore the energy used by many household appliances, such as television sets, hair dryers, lights, computers, etc. Make estimates for how long each item is used on a daily basis to get an estimate for the total power consumed during a day, a week, a month, and a year, and how that relates to consumer costs and environmental impact.power, electricity, environmental, impact, consumption, costs, household, earth, physicalESH-R DiagramA collection of stars visible from Earth can be arranged based on many observables including color, luminosity, temperature, name and size. This can be done using one or twodimensional plots, and a plot of luminosity vs. temperature can be created in an effort to learn about the HertzsprungRussell diagram.hertzsprung, russell, stars, diagram, stellar, evolution, physics, physicalESMoon PhasesGain an understanding of the phases of the Moon by observing the relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, along with a view of the Moon from the Earth. Learn about the face of the Moon viewed from Earth by studying the revolution and rotation of the Earth and the Moon.moon, phase, full, new, sun, earth, orbit, period, rotation, earth, physicalESMoonrise, Moonset, and PhasesGain an understanding of the Moonrise and Moonset times by observing the relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, along with a view of the Moon from the Earth. A line showing the horizon for a person standing on the Earth is displayed so the rise and set times can be easily recorded. Also, learn about the face of the Moon viewed from Earth by studying the revolution and rotation of the Earth and the Moon.moon, phases, full, new, sun, earth, orbit, period, rotation, moonrise, moonset, earth, physicalESOcean MappingUse a sonar on a boat to remotely measure the depth of an ocean at various locations. Gain an understanding on how topographical maps and 3D models are created after data collection, even when complete information is not provided (data can be limited).ocean, mapping, measurement, depth, boat, water, technique, surveying, sonar, earth, physicalESOrbit SimulatorPlanets orbit around the sun and moons orbit around planets due to gravitational forces acting on the objects. Manipulate the mass, position, and initial velocity for a range of "planets" in an effort to build a stable solar system.orbital, motion, gravitational, force, gravity, astronomy, Kepler, kepler, earth, physicalESOrbital Motion - Kepler's LawsLearn Kepler's three laws of planetary motion by examining the orbit of a planet around a star. The initial position, velocity, and mass of the planet can be varied as well as the mass of the star.Kepler's, Kepler, planetary, orbit, planet, sun, star, gravity, gravitation, force, centrifugal, solar, system, heliocentric, geocentric, eccentricity, space, ellipse, focus, period, semimajor, axis, conics, semi-major, period, distance, Newton, Galileo, Copernicus, astronomy, revolution, Earth, science, physics, physicalESPenumbra EffectObserve how partial shadows are cast by multiple light sources. The number of light sources ranges from one to five, and lights can be turned on or off. The distance and diameter of the shadow-casting object can be varied, and the light intensity can be seen on a detector.light, optics, optical, ray, eclipse, lunar, solar, moon, earth, sun, shadow, orbit, partial, umbra, penumbra, corona, astronomy, physics, space, three, dimension, dimensional, 3D, electromagnetism, wave, electromagnetic, rayESPlate TectonicsMove the Earth at various locations to observe the effects of the motion of the techtonic plates, including volcanic eruptions. Information about each of the major types of plate collisions is shown, along with the typical location on the Earth.earthquake, seismic, volcano, divergent, boundaries, convergent, collisional, transform, crust, earth, physicalESPorosityPour water on a variety of sediment samples to find how much water can be absorbed by the sample (porosity) and how easily water flows through the sample (permeability).porous, porosity, dirt, sand, flow, rate, rock, silt, water, earth, physicalESRock ClassificationTry to classify a dozen different rock samples using just the appearance. Common characteristics of each major rock classification is provided to help in the classification. One can also attempt to classify the rocks by the location where they are commonly found in nature.rock, classify, classification, appearance, description, descriptive, igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, earth, physical, geologyESRock CyclePlay the role of a piece of rock moving through the rock cycle. Select a starting location and follow many possible paths throughout the cycle. Facts about each location will be presented, along with images of particular types of rocks.rock, cycle, magma, volcano, lava, dirt, sand, igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, earth, physical, geologyESRotation/Revolution of Venus and EarthObserve the motion of people standing on Venus and the Earth as the planets move around the sun. With the rotation and revolution of the planets (and the Earth's moon), the length of days and years on different planets can be measured, as well as the retrograde motion of Venus.revolution, rotation, planet, orbit, solar, system, astronomy, astronomical, earth, moon, retrograde, earth, physicalESSeasons Around the WorldUse a three dimensional view of the Earth, Moon and Sun to explore seasonal changes at a variety of locations. Strengthen your knowledge of global climate patterns by comparing solar energy input at the Poles to the Equator. Manipulate Earth?s axis to increase or diminish seasonal changes.earth, moon, sun, seasons, time, latitude, axis, orbit, revolution, rotation, sunrise, sunset, altitude, shadow, horizon, dimension, dimensional, 3D, hemisphere, northern, southern, equinox, solstice, north, pole, arctic, south, tropic, capricorn, equator, seasonality, climate, weather, temperature, solar, energy, summer, fall, autumn, winter, spring, day, month, yearESSeasons in 3DGain an understanding of the causes of seasons by observing the Earth as it orbits the Sun in three dimensions. Create graphs of solar intensity and day length, and use collected data to describe and explain seasonal changes.earth, moon, sun, summer, fall, autumn, winter, spring, day, month, year, seasons, time, latitude, axis, orbit, revolution, rotation, sunrise, sunset, altitude, azimuth, shadow, horizon, dimension, dimensional, 3D, hemisphere, northern, southern, equinox, solstice, north, pole, arctic, south, tropic, capricorn, equator, seasonality, climate, weather, temperature, solar, energy, march, june, september, decemberESSeasons: Earth, Moon, and SunObserve the motions of the Earth, Moon and Sun in three dimensions to explain Sunrise and Sunset, and to see how we define a day, a month, and a year. Compare times of Sunrise and Sunset for different dates and locations. Relate shadows to the position of the Sun in the sky, and relate shadows to compass directions.earth, moon, sun, seasons, time, latitude, axis, orbit, revolution, rotation, sunrise, sunset, altitude, azimuth, shadow, horizon, dimensions, dimensional, 3D, hemisphere, northern, southern, month, year, day, compass, directionESSeasons: Why do we have them?Learn why the temperature in the summertime is higher than it is in the winter by studying the amount of light striking the Earth. Experiment with a plate detector to measure the amount of light striking the plate as the angle of the plate is adjusted (and then use a group of plates placed at different locations on the Earth) and measure the incoming radiation on each plate.sunlight, seasons, winter, summer, temperature, reflection, earth, physicalESSolar System ExplorerStep through the solar system, observing the length of a year and the orbital path of each object. The positions of the eight official planets are displayed, as well as one dwarf planet, Pluto. Learn about Kepler's Laws, when planets will align, and why space probes are often launched at certain times.solar, system, planets, earth, orbits, periods, years, ellipse, circular, kepler, radius, physical, earth, astronomy, dwarfESStar SpectraAnalyze the spectra of a variety of stars. Determine the elements that are represented in each spectrum, and use this information to infer the temperature and classification of the star. Look for unusual features such as red-shifted stars, nebulas, and stars with large planets.Star, spectrum, spectra, astronomy, earth, science, light, color, wave, wavelength, nebula, galaxy, planet, red, shift, Hubble, telescope, binary, bang, giant, dwarf, nova, supernova, sequence, Hertzsprung, Russell, electromagnetic, helium, hydrogen, prism, ionic, sodium, flameESTidesGain an understanding of high, low, spring, and neap tides on Earth by observing the tidal heights and the position of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Tidal bulges can be observed from space, and water depths can be recorded from a dock by the ocean.tides, moon, sun, spring, neap, tidal, gravitational, gravity, centripetal, centrifugal, force, height, pier, dock, sinusoidal, trigonometry, sine, pulling, oceans, earth, physicalESWater CycleControl the path of a drop of water as it travels through the water cycle. Many alternatives are presented at each stage. Determine how the water moves from one location to another, and learn how water resources are distributed in these locations.pollution, cycle, mountains, city, waterfall, evaporation, rivers, cities, circulation, water, environment, chemistry, physical, life, earth, biology, resources, phase, change, energy, wastewater, ice, snow, river, aquifer, reservoir, ocean, atmosphere, precipitation, condensation, runoff, wastewaterESWater PollutionGet to know the four main types of pollution present in the environment, and then look at a variety of real–world examples as you try to guess what type of pollution is represented by each situation. All of the real–world situations can be viewed every day in different parts of the world.water, pollution, society, earth, environmental, concerns, toxic, sediment, nutrient, bacterial, physical, lifeLSBuilding DNAConstruct a DNA molecule, examine its double helix structure, and then go through the DNA replication process. Learn how each component fits into a DNA molecule, and see how a unique, self-replicating code can be created.DNA, dna, RNA, rna, enzyme, duplication, replication, rail, ladder, helix, chemistry, physical, biology, life, Watson, Crick, Franklin, genetics, code, heredity, codon, nucleoside, nucleotide, nitrogen, nucleic, nucleus, reproduction, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, deoxyribose, phosphateLSCell DivisionBegin with a single cell and watch as mitosis and cell division occurs. The cells will go through the steps of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. The length of the cell cycle can be controlled, and data related to the number of cells present and their current phase can be recorded.cell, division, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, mitosis, biology, life, cellular, asexual, reproduction, nucleus, chromosomes, chromatin, spindle, membrane, centriole, organelle, reproduce, copy, centromereLSCell Energy CycleExplore the processes of photosynthesis and respiration that occur within plant cells. The cyclical nature of the two processes can be constructed visually, and the photosynthesis and respiration equations can be balanced in a descriptive and numerical format.photosynthesis, cells, energy, cellular, plants, sunlight, sugar, respiration, carbon, dioxide, chemicals, physicalLSCell StructureSelect sample cells from a plant or animal and place the cells on a microscope to look inside the cells. Information about their common structures is provided (and the structures are highlighted), but you will need to move your microscope slide to find all the different structures.cells, plants, animals, structure, parts, vocabulary, microscope, slide, hand, skin, life, biologyLSChicken GeneticsBreed "pure" chickens with known genotypes that exhibit specific feather colors, and learn how traits are passed on via codominant genes. Chickens can be stored in cages for future breeding, and the statistics of feather color are reported every time the chickens breed. Punnet squares can be used to predict results.chicken, house, breed, pure, feathers, genetics, codominance, codominant, probability, statistics, genes, alleles, traits, punnet, life, biologyLSDisease SpreadObserve the spread of disease through a group of people. The methods of transmission can be chosen and include person to person, airborne, and foodborne as well as any combination thereof. The probability of each form of transmission and number of people in the group can also be adjusted.disease, germ, people, spread, sick, pathogen, healthy, outbreak, biology, life, exponential, bacteria, virus, viral, sickness, illness, sneeze, cough, legionnaires, food, poisoning, fluLSDNA Fingerprint AnalysisPerform DNA scans on frogs to learn how differences and similarities in the scans can be used to identify physical characteristics of the frogs. This technique of scanning is what provides the "DNA fingerprint," which is becoming more commonplace in today's society. The DNA of twin frogs can also be studied to see how the scans compare.DNA, analysis, fingerprint, frogs, scan, biology, lifeLSDrug DosageA drug prescription must be carefully planned to maximize benefit while avoiding an overdose. In this Gizmo, you can give a patient one or more pills, and monitor the levels of medication in the body through time. Based on the reaction of the patient, determine the ideal levels of medication. Create a dosage schedule so these levels are maintained through time. Four types of pills, each with a different release pattern and target organ, are available for use. Elimination of the drug provides a good example of exponential decay.drug, dose, dosage, elimination, milligram, health, life, human, overdose, aspirin, pain, injury, medicine, medication, overmedicate, medicate, hospital, intravenous, hear, blood, organ, system, homeostasis, urinate, urination, urine, excretion, excretory, liver, react, body, kidney, tissue, intake, absorption, releaseLSDye EliminationWhen a foreign substance such as a drug is ingested, it often remains in the bloodstream for a long time. This Gizmo models the elimination of substances from the bloodstream using water and dye. Add dye to a container of water, and then add beakers of pure water while removing beakers of dyed water. The amount of dye remaining is recorded after each cycle. The volumes of all containers can be adjusted, as well as the amount of dye used. This provides a good example of exponential decay.beaker, dye, bowl, water, solution, diffusion, diffuse, drug, dose, dosage, elimination, milligram, health, life, human, overdose, aspirin, pain, injury, medicine, medication, overmedicate, medicate, hospital, intravenous, hear, blood, organ, system, homeostasis, urinate, urination, urine, excretion, excretory, liver, react, body, kidney, tissueLSEffect of Environment on New Life FormUsing the scientific method, control the environmental conditions for an unknown species in order to learn how the species responds to changes in conditions. Sunlight, water, and temperature can be controlled as the average thickness of the aliens torso is measured.aliens, flying, saucer, environment, variables, conditions, response, biology, lifeLSEffect of Temperature on GenderDetermine the gender of birds and geckos as they hatch in an incubation chamber. Control the temperature of the chamber, and record data to determine if the temperature has an effect on the gender of either species.gender, sex, temperature, effect, hatch, egg, gecko, bird, incubation, incubate, biology, lifeLSEstimating Population SizeAdjust the number of fish in a lake to be tagged and the number of fish to be recaptured. Use the number of tagged fish in the catch to estimate the number of fish in the lake.samples, data, results, populations, experiments, extrapolations, estimations, ratios, proportions, predictions, probability, fish, tags, statisticsLSEvolution: Mutation and SelectionObserve evolution in a fictional population of bugs. Set the background to any color, and see natural selection taking place. Inheritance of color occurs according to Mendel's laws and probability. Mutations occur at random, and probability of capture by predators is determined by the insect's camouflage.Evolution, mutation, natural, selection, variation, overproduction, Darwin, theory, life, science, biology, Mendel, genetics, chromosome, gene, allele, color, camouflage, insect, blend, rgb, survival, fittest, fitness, fit, competition, predation, predator, prey, hunt, bird, insectivore, hide, genotype, phenotype, artificial, design, intelligent, creationismLSEvolution: Natural and Artificial SelectionObserve evolution in a fictional population of bugs. Set the background to any color, and see natural selection taking place. Compare the processes of natural and artificial selection. Manipulate the mutation rate, and determine how mutation rate affects adaptation and evolution.evolution, mutation, natural, breeding, variety, selection, variation, overproduction, Darwin, theory, life, science, biology, Mendel, genetics, chromosome, gene, allele, color, camouflage, insect, blend, rgb, cmyk, survival, fittest, fitness, fit, competition, predation, predator, prey, hunt, bird, insectivore, hide, genotype, phenotype, artificial, design, intelligent, creationism, adapt, adaptationLSFood ChainIn this ecosystem consisting of hawks, snakes, rabbits and grass, the population of each species can be studied as part of a food chain. Disease can be introduced for any species, and the number of animals can be increased or decreased at any time, just like in the real world.food, chain, animals, species, natural, predator, ecosystem, biology, life, ecology, pyramid, energy, consumer, predation, prey, trophic, producer, autotroph, heterotroph, feedback, cycle, environmentLSHardy-Weinberg EquilibriumSet the initial percentages of three types of parrots in a population and track changes in genotype and allele frequency through several generations. Analyze population data to develop an understanding of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Determine how initial allele percentages will affect the equilibrium state of the population.biology, genetics, allele, parrot, incomplete, dominance, equilibrium, stability, hardy, weinberg, population, gene, ecology, percent, mendelian, codominance, evolution, natural, selection, adaptation, adapt, dominant, recessive, life, science, heterozygous, homozygous, genotype, phenotypeLSHuman Evolution - Skull AnalysisCompare the skulls of a variety of significant human ancestors, or hominids. Use available tools to measure lengths, areas, and angles of important features. Each skull can be viewed from the front, side, or from below. Additional information regarding the age, location, and discoverer of each skull can be displayed.human, evolution, evolve, fossil, skull, hominin, hominid, ape, chimpanzee, monkey, pan, troglodytes, neanderthal, homo, habilis, erectus, sapiens, floresiensis, heidelbergensis, cro, magnon, australopithecus, australopithecenes, paranthropus, zinjanthropus, africanus, bosei, afarensis, olduvai, Darwin, Leakey, Dart, Johanson, Lucy, Broom, Kimeu, Turkana, Peking, man, Java, Zhoukadian, Tattersall, Bouyssonie, Morwood, Flores, paleontologist, skeleton, paleontology, life, science, biology, natural, selection, cladogram, tree, species, genus, genera, speciation, age, radiometric, geology, sediments, preservation, fossilizationLSHuman HomeostasisAdjust the levels of clothing, perspiration, and exercise to maintain a stable internal temperature as the external temperature changes. Water and blood sugar levels need to be replenished regularly, and fatigue occurs with heavy exercise. Severe hypothermia, heat stroke, or dehydration can result if internal stability is not maintained.homeostasis, perspiration, exercise, endocrine, body, human, anatomy, balance, regulation, regulate, hypothermia, stroke, heat, sweat, gland, shiver, shivering, temperature, internal, external, life, science, biology, organ, systems, equilibrium, somatic, autonomic, nervous, voluntary, involuntary, conscious, unconscious, dehydration, sugar, bloodLSHuman KaryotypingSort and pair the images of human chromosomes obtained in a scan. Find differences in the scans of the various patients to find out specific things that can cause disease, as well as the gender of the person.human, chromosome, male, female, disease, sort, karyotype, patient, subject, chemistry, physical, biology, lifeLSIdentifying NutrientsUse a variety of realworld lab tests to analyze common food samples in order to determine if the food is a carbohydrate, a protein, or a lipid. Tests that can be performed include: benedict, lugol, biuret, and sudan red.nutrients, food, samples, test, tubes, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, benedict, lugol, biuret, sudan, life, chemistryLSInterdependence of Plants and AnimalsDiscover how animals, plants, and sunlight interact to maintain a balance of gases in Earth?s atmosphere. Place aquatic plants and pond snails into sealed test tubes and incubate in a light or dark room. Measure concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide using the indicator brom thymol blue, and use this information to infer oxygen levels as well.Biology, photosynthesis, respiration, plant, animal, oxygen, carbon, dioxide, CO2, O2, glucose, atmosphere, atmospheric, cycle, balance, dependence, interdependence, producer, consumer, autotroph, autotrophic, heterotroph, heterotrophic, elodea, anacharis, snail, brom, thymol, bromthymol, bromothymol, ecosystem, environment, global, greenhouse, concentration, indicator.LSMicroevolutionObserve the effect of predators on a diverse population of parrots. The initial percentages and fitness levels of each genotype can be set. Determine how initial fitness levels affect genotype and allele frequencies through several generations. Test predictions about what initial conditions lead to equilibrium, and which lead to extinction.biology, genetics, allele, parrot, incomplete, dominance, equilibrium, stability, hardy, weinberg, population, gene, ecology, percent, mendelian, codominance, evolution, natural, selection, adaptation, adapt, dominant, recessive, life, science, heterozygous, homozygous, genotype, phenotypeLSMouse GeneticsAn introduction to mouse genetics where the basics of probability and statistics are presented before you choose which mice to breed for multiple generations. Determine the genetics that control the fur and eye color of the offspring.mouse, mice, genetics, eye, fur, color, statistics, probability, house, punnett, squares, biology, life, LSMouse Genetics (One Trait)Breed "pure" mice with known genotypes that exhibit specific fur colors, and learn how traits are passed on via dominant and recessive genes. Mice can be stored in cages for future breeding, and the statistics of fur color are reported every time a pair of mice breed. Punnet squares can be used to predict results.mouse, mice, genetics, fur, color, statistics, probability, house, punnet, squares, dominant, recessive, genes, traits, life, biologyLSMouse Genetics (Two Traits)Breed "pure" mice with known genotypes that exhibit specific fur and eye colors, and learn how traits are passed on via dominant and recessive genes. Mice can be stored in cages for future breeding, and the statistics of fur and eye color are reported every time a pair of mice breed. Punnet squares can be used to predict results.mouse, mice, genetics, eye, fur, color, statistics, probability, house, punnet, squares, dominant, recessive, genes, allele, Mendel, trait, character, chromosome, Punnett, biology, life, independent-events, independent, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, purebred, peaLSNatural SelectionYou are a bird hunting moths (both dark and light) that live on trees. As you capture the moths most easily visible against the tree surface, the moth populations change, illustrating the effects of natural selection.moth, adaptation, evolution, pollution, environmental, impact, species, hunt, peck, peppered, life, biology, earth, physical, Darwin, selection, variety, adapt, predator, competition, survival, fittest, fitness, camouflage, life, scienceLSOsmosisAdjust the concentration of a solute on either side of a membrane in a cell and observe the system as it adjusts to the conditions through osmosis. The initial concentration of the solute can be manipulated, along with the volume of the cell.osmosis, concentration, cell, wall, blood, nucleus, size, explode, solution, equilibrium, biology, life, chemistryLSParamecium HomeostasisObserve how a paramecium maintains stable internal conditions in a changing aquatic environment. Water moves into the organism by osmosis, and is pumped out by the contractile vacuole. The concentration of solutes in the water will determine the rate of contractions in the paramecium.paramecium, euglena, ameba, amoeba, homeostasis, hypertonic, hypotonic, concentration, regulation, water, membrane, osmosis, diffusion, vacuole, contractile, unicellular, protist , protista, protozoa, microorganism, solute, runoff, nutrient, salt, pond, life, biology, cell, transport, activeLSPhotosynthesis LabStudy photosynthesis in a variety of conditions. Oxygen production is used to measure the rate of photosynthesis. Light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and wavelength of light can all be varied. Determine which conditions are ideal for photosynthesis, and understand how limiting factors affect oxygen production.photosynthesis, light, wavelength, plants, oxygen, carbon, dioxide, green, biology, life, chlorophyll, chloroplast, dark, reaction, glucose, water, temperature, wavelength, color, sun, BlackmanLSPopulations and SamplesCompare sample distributions drawn from population distributions. Predict characteristics of a population distribution based on a sample distribution and examine how well a small sample represents a given population.frequency, histogram, population, distribution, statistics, stats, math, mean, sampling, stats, confidence, sampleLSRabbit Population by SeasonObserve the population of rabbits in an environment over many years. The land available to the rabbits can be adjusted, as well as the weather conditions, in order to compare the effects of urban sprawl and unusual weather on wildlife populations.rabbits, seasons, fence, population, winter, summer, fall, grass, yard, weather, human, sprawl, urban, farmland, biology, life, carrying, capacity, ecosystem, habitat, overpopulation, equilibrium, cycleLSRainfall and Bird BeaksStudy the thickness of birds' beaks over a five year period as you control the yearly rainfall on an isolated island. As the environmental conditions change, the species must adapt (a real-world consequence) to avoid extinction.rainfall, bird, beak, change, response, extinct, thickness, evolution, adaptation, biology, life, Darwin, adapt, finch, Galapagos, island, speciation, species, habitat, droughtLSRNA and Protein SynthesisGo through the process of synthesizing proteins through RNA transcription and translation. Learn about the many steps involved in protein synthesis including: unzipping of DNA, formation of mRNA, attaching of mRNA to the ribosome, and linking of amino acids to form a protein.RNA, DNA, protein, synthesis, nucleus, enzyme, strand, mrna, transcription, translation, chemistry, physical, biology, life, Watson, Crick, amino, mutationLSSeed GerminationPerform experiments with several seed types to see what conditions yield the highest germination (sprouting) rate. Three different types of seeds can be studied, and the temperature, water and light in the germination chamber can be controlled. No two trials will have the same result, so repeated trials and data analysis can be used.seeds, plant, grow, sprouts, germination, germinate, biology, lifeLSSight vs. Sound ReflexesMeasure your reaction time by clicking your mouse as quickly as possible when visual or auditory stimuli are presented. The individual response times are recorded, as well as the average and standard deviation for each test. A histogram of data shows overall trends in sight and sound response times. The type of test as well as the symbols and sounds used are chosen by the user.sight, sound, reflexes, response, time, life, reaction, response, stimulus, stimuli, nerve, neuron, nervous, human, behavior, conditioning, learn, learning, somatic, voluntary, involuntary, motor, sense, sensory, hear, ear, see, eye, eyesight, organ, test, science, biology, statistics, standard, deviation, spread, variance, mean, average, scientific, method, histogram, normal, curve, experiment, fair, projectLSVirus Life Cycle (Lytic)Release a lytic virus in a group of cells and observe how cells are infected over time and eventually destroyed. Data related to the number of healthy cells, infected cells, and viruses can be recorded over time to determine the time required for the virus to mature within a cell.virus, virii, viruses, disease, hiv, infected, cells, life, biology, exponentialMeasurementTriple Beam BalanceLearn how to determine the mass of an object using a triple beam balance. The mass of a variety of objects can be determined using this simulated version of a common real-world laboratory tool for measurement.balance, weight, scale, triple, beam, mass, measurement, device chemistry, physical, physicsPS2D CollisionsInvestigate elastic collisions in two dimensions using two frictionless pucks. The mass, velocity, and initial position of each puck can be modified to create a broad array of scenarios.collisions, elastic, pucks, frictionless, momentum, conservation, kinetic, energy, vectors, physics, momenta, friction, two, dimensions, vector, physical, component, collide, center, mass, speed, velocityPSAdditive Color v2Control red, green, and blue spotlights (primary colors or RGB). Observe the additive colors as the spotlights overlap. The intensity of the red, green, and blue lights can be adjusted, and the RGB value of the overlap region can be measured.color, addition, additive, RGB, spotlight, rgb, physics, physicalPSAdditive ColorsControl red, green, and blue spotlights (primary colors or RGB). Observe the additive colors as the spotlights overlap.color, addition, additive, RGB, rgb, spotlight, physics, physical, PSAdvanced CircuitsBuild compound circuits with series and parallel elements. Calculate voltages, resistance, and current across each component using Ohm's law and the equivalent resistance equation. Check your answers using a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. Learn the function of fuses as a safety device.physics, electricity, electrical, electric, circuit, ohm, ohmmeter, ampere, amp, ammeter, resistor, resistance, current, electron, volt, voltmeter, voltage, potential, energy, light, bulb, wire, fuse, switch, battery, meter, board, parallel, series, faraday, volta, Edison, power, watt, wattage, breaker, shortPSAir TrackAdjust the mass and velocity of two gliders on a frictionless air track. Measure the velocity, momentum, and kinetic energy of each glider as they approach each other and collide. Collisions can be elastic or inelastic.air, track, momentum, energy, conservation, restitution, collision, elastic, elasticity, glider, friction, motion, velocity, mass, physics, physical, sciencePSAtwood MachineMeasure the height and velocity of two objects connected by a massless rope over a pulley. Observe the forces acting on each mass throughout the simulation. Calculate the acceleration of the objects, and relate these calculations to Newton?s Laws of Motion. The mass of each object can be manipulated, as well as the mass and radius of the pulley.atwood, machine, pulley, mass, force, motion, Newton, acceleration, velocity, height, energy, friction, physics, physical, vector, kilogram, gravity, gravitation, kinetic, kinetics, potential, resistance, inertia, torque, rotationPSBalancing Chemical EquationsAttempt to balance specific types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement. While balancing the reactions, the number of atoms on each side is presented as visual, histogram, and numerical data.chemistry, equations, balance, reaction, combination, decomposition, replacement, single, double, chemical, physicalPSBasic Prism (Classic)Explore Snell's Law by shining white light, or light of a specific frequency, through a prism. The angle of incidence and refraction can be measured.Snell, snell, prism, angle, incidence, refraction, optics, physics, physicalPSBohr Model of HydrogenShoot a stream of photons through a container of hydrogen gas. Observe how photons of certain energies are absorbed, causing changes in the orbits of electrons. Build the spectrum of hydrogen based on photons that are absorbed and emitted.chemistry, physics, atom, atomic, electron, energy, level, orbital, bohr, einstein, heisenberg, rutherford, thomson, configuration, absorb, absorption, emit, emission, photon, quantum, quanta, laser, spectrum, spectra, light, radiation, prism, photoelectric, planck, lewis, periodic, bond, chemicalPSBohr Model: IntroductionFire photons to determine the spectrum of a gas. Observe how an absorbed photon changes the orbit of an electron, and how a photon is emitted from an excited electron. Calculate the energies of absorbed and emitted photons based on energy level diagrams. The light energy produced by the laser can be modulated, and a lamp can be used to view the entire absorption spectrum at once.chemistry, physics, atom, atomic, electron, energy, level, orbital, Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, Rutherford, configuration, absorb, absorption, emit, emission, photon, quantum, quanta, laser, spectrum, spectra, light, radiation, prism, physical, gasPSBoyle's Law and Charles' LawInvestigate the properties of an ideal gas by performing experiments in which the temperature is held constant (Boyle's Law), and others in which the pressure remains fixed (Charles' Law). The pressure is controlled through the placement of masses on the lid of the container, and temperature is controlled with an adjustable heat source.Boyle, Charles, gas, law, pressure, volume, temperature, ideal, chemistry, physicalPSCalorimetry LabInvestigate how calorimetry can be used to find relative specific heat values when different substances are mixed with water. Modify initial mass and temperature values to see effects on the system. One or any combination of the substances can be mixed with water. A dynamic graph (temperature vs. time) shows temperatures of the individual substances after mixing.calorimetry, chemistry, physical, specific, heat, temperature, calorimeter, energy, mixing, change, transfer, substance, mass, thermochemistry, thermodynamics, unknown, algebra, thermo, caloriePSCenter of MassDrag blocks onto a two-dimensional surface and observe the effects on the center of mass. Use a grid to calculate the coordinates of the center of mass. Investigate predefined shapes or your own arrangements of blocks.center, mass, barycenter, centroid, median, physics, rotation, moment, inertia, torque, torsion, rotate, gravity, sun, earth, moon, Pluto, solar, Calder, mobile, sculpture, physics, block, physical, sciencePSChemical Equation BalancingPractice balancing chemical equations by changing the coefficients of reactants and products. As the equation is manipulated, the amount of each element is shown as individual atoms, histograms, or numerically. Molar masses of reactants and products can also be calculated and balanced to demonstrate conservation of mass.chemistry, chemical, element, mass, atom, atomic, conservation, equation, balance, balancing, formula, reaction, reactant, product, mole, molar, molarity, molecule, compound, polyatomic, coefficient, subscript, acid, salt, ionic, covalent, diatomic, bond, synthesis, combination, replacement, decomposition, combustion, periodicPSCircuitsBuild electrical circuits using batteries, light bulbs, resistors, fuses, wires, and a switch. An ammeter, a voltmeter and an ohmmeter are available for measuring current, voltage and resistance throughout the circuit. The voltage of the battery and the precision of the meters can be adjusted. Multiple circuits can be built for comparison.electricity, circuits, resistors, parallel, series, amperes, ohms, light, bulbs, batteries, battery, ammeter, voltmeter, current, voltage, physics, physicalPSColligative PropertiesDetermine how the physical properties of a solvent are dependent on the number of solute particles present. Different solutes can be chosen and the concentration of the solute can be manipulated to determine the boiling point, freezing point, osmotic pressure and vapor pressure of pure water as well as various solutions.colligative, property, properties, dissociation, chemistry, physical, molality, molarity, osmotic, vapor, pressure, boiling, freezing, melting, solute, solvent, temperaturePSCollision TheoryObserve a chemical reaction with and without a catalyst. Determine the effect of concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts on reaction rate. Reactant and product concentrations through time are recorded, and the speed of the simulation is controlled by the user.Collision, theory, kinetic, chemical, reaction, molecule, catalyst, enzyme, atom, element, chemistry, surface, area, temperature, Celsius, Kelvin, reactant, product, equilibrium, constant, rate, activation, energy, active, site, heat, lock, key, substrate, mole, molarity, molecular, concentration, half, life, Arrhenius, orientationPSCoulomb ForcePlace fixed charges on a twodimensional grid before firing a moving charge (velocity can be adjusted). The velocity of the charge will be acted on and altered by the Coulomb forces.Coulomb, charge, force, repulsion, attraction, physics, physicalPSCoulomb Force (Static)Drag two charged particles around and observe the Coulomb force between them as their positions change. The charge of each object can be adjusted, and the force is displayed both vectorally and numerically as the distance between the objects is altered.Coulomb, physics, physical, charge, force, equilibrium, change, unknown, algebra, particle, interaction, magnitude, vector, direction, component, attraction, repulsion, attract, repel, electrostatics, neutral, static, electricity, field, positive, negativePSCovalent BondsChoose a substance and move electrons between atoms to build covalent bonds and molecules. Observe the orbits of shared electrons in single, double, and triple covalent bonds. Compare the completed molecules to the corresponding Lewis diagrams.ammonia, atom, atomic, bohr, bond, carbon, chemistry, chlorine, cloud, compound, configuration, covalent, d, dalton, diagram, diatomic, dioxide, dot, double, electron, element, emission, energy, f, fluorescence, fluorine, hydrogen, joint, jump, level, lewis, methane, model, molecule, neutron, nitrogen, nucleus, orbit, orbital, oxygen, p, pair, particle, proton, quanta, quantum, radii, radius, represent, representation, s, share, silica, spontaneous, stability, stable, substance, theory, triple, unstable, valence, waterPSDehydration SynthesisBuild a glucose molecule, atom-by-atom, to learn about chemical bonds and the structure of glucose. Explore the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in carbohydrate molecules.dehydration, synthesis, hydrolysis, chemistry, biochemistry, water, carbohydrate, protein, energy, glucose, maltose, amylose, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, molecule, molecular, structure, valence, biochemistry, organic, chemical, structure, chemical, formula, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, balance, balancing, equation, reactant, productPSDensity Experiment: Slice and DiceDrop a chunk of material in a beaker of water and observe whether it sinks or floats. Cut the chunk into smaller pieces of any size, and observe what happens as they are dropped in the beaker. The mass and volume of each chunk can be measured as a clear understanding of density, buoyancy, and floatation is investigated.slice, dice, cut, density, float, sink, water, materials, buoyancy, chemistry, physicalPSDensity LabWith a scale to measure mass, a graduated cylinder to measure volume, and a large beaker of liquid to observe floatation, the relationship between mass, volume, density, and floatation can be investigated. The density of the liquid in the beaker can be adjusted, and many different objects can be studied during the investigation.mass, volume, density, float, sink, properties, matter, pail, bucket, liquid, physics, physical, chemistry,PSDensity LaboratoryWith a scale to measure mass, a graduated cylinder to measure volume, and a large beaker of liquid to observe floatation, the relationship between mass, volume, density, and floatation can be investigated. The density of the liquid in the beaker can be adjusted, and a variety of objects can be studied during the investigation.mass, volume, density, float, sink, properties, matter, pail, bucket, liquid, chemistry, physical, physics, bouyancy, Archimedes, Eureka, goldPSDensity via ComparisonUsing four beakers of different liquids with a known density, try to determine the density of a variety of unknown objects. Compare the buoyancy of each object in each beaker to determine an approximate value of density without knowing the mass or volume of the objects.buoyancy, floatation, sinking, shelf, beakers, chemistry, physicalPSDetermining a Spring ConstantPlace a pan on the end of a hanging spring, and continue to add additional objects with mass to the pan. As the string stretches the length of the spring can be measured. Using the data points, a best?fit line can be used to find the spring constant.spring, constant, stretch, mass, pan, pull, physics, physical, linear, direct-variationPSDetermining Density via Water DisplacementDrop objects in a beaker that is filled with water and measure the water that flows over the edge. Using Archimedes principle, the amount of water displaced by the floating objects and the water displaced when you force the object under water, will allow you to determine the density of the objects.density, displacement, water, floatation, beaker, sink, archimedes, principle, physical, chemistry, eurekaPSDiffusionExplore the motion of particles as they bounce around from one side of a room to the other through an adjustable gap or partition. The mass of the particles can be adjusted, as well as the temperature of the room and the initial number of particles. In a realworld context, this can be used to learn about how odors travel, fluids move through gaps, the thermodynamics of gases, and statistical probability.diffusion, equilibrium, particles, flow, rooms, statistics, statistical, probability, thermodynamics, physics, physicalPSDistance-Time and Velocity-Time GraphsCreate a graph of a runner's position versus time and watch the runner run a 40-meter dash based on the graph you made. Notice the connection between the slope of the line and the velocity of the runner. Add a second runner (a second graph) and connect real-world meaning to the intersection of two graphs. Also experiment with a graph of velocity versus time for the runners, and also distance traveled versus time.rates, speeds, slopes, ratios, linear-functions, distance-time, rate-of-change, graphs, graphing, algebra, velocity, positionPSDistance-Time GraphsCreate a graph of a runner's position versus time and watch the runner run a 40-meter dash based on the graph you made. Notice the connection between the slope of the line and the speed of the runner. What will the runner do if the slope of the line is zero? What if the slope is negative? Add a second runner (a second graph) and connect real-world meaning to the intersection of two graphs.rates, speeds, slopes, ratios, linear-functions, distance-time, rate-of-change, graphs, graphing, algebraPSDoppler Effect (1 source)Visually observe sound waves produced by a moving source. Gain an understanding of the Doppler shift and recognize why the pitch of a train whistle changes as it passes and why a sonic boom occurs as planes travel at high speeds.doppler, shift, effect, sound, wave, sonic, boom, train, whistle, physics, physicalPSDoppler Effect (2 sources)Control the velocity of two sound sources in which the wave crests are visually represented. As the sound sources move, interference patterns and evidence of the Doppler effect can be observed and measured.doppler, shift, effect, sound, wave, sonic, boom, train, whistle, interference, pattern, physics, physical, ExploreSciencePSDoppler ShiftObserve sound waves emitted from a moving vehicle. Measure the frequency of sound waves in front of and behind the vehicle as it moves, illustrating the Doppler effect. The frequency of sound waves, speed of the source, and the speed of sound can all be manipulated. Motion of the vehicle can be linear, oscillating, or circular.doppler, shift, effect, sound, wave, sonic, boom, train, whistle, physics, physical, red, blue, Hubble, frequency, pitch, note, supersonic, SST, wavelength, motion, velocityPSDoppler Shift AdvancedDerive an equation to calculate the frequency of an oncoming sound source and a receding sound source. Also, calculate the Doppler shift that results from a moving observer and a stationary sound source. The source velocity, sound velocity, observer velocity and sound frequency can all be manipulated.Doppler, effect, shift, sound, frequency, pitch, hertz, wave, wavelength, tone, hearing, velocity, motion, measurement, radar, sonic, boom, jet, mach, physical, physics, science, quantitative, equation, derive, algebraPSDriven Harmonic Motion (1 mass)A traditional lab where a sinusoidal driving force can be applied to a system consisting of a mass between two springs. Many variables can be adjusted, including oscillation frequency, the drag coefficient, and each spring constant, in an effort to find resonant frequencies.frequency, spring, constant, driven, harmonic, resonant, sinusoidal, physics, physicalPSDriven Harmonic Motion (2 masses)A traditional lab where a sinusoidal driving force can be applied to a system consisting of two masses between three springs. Many variables can be adjusted, including oscillation frequency, the drag coefficient, and each spring constant, in an effort to find resonant frequencies.frequency, spring, constant, driven, harmonic, resonant, sinusoidal, physics, physicalPSElectron ConfigurationCreate the electron configuration of any element by filling electron orbitals. Determine the relationship between electron configuration and atomic radius. Discover trends in atomic radii across periods and down families/groups of the Periodic Table.Aufbau, Pauli, exclusion, hund, electron, proton, neutron, nucleus, configuration, atomic, atom, radii, radius, number, Bohr, Heisenberg, model, principle, energy, level, valence, subatomic, particle, proton, atom, periodic, table, family, group, period, element, trend, sublevel, orbital, shell, subshell, quantum, quanta, chemistry, physicsPSElement BuilderUse protons, neutrons, and electrons to build elements. As the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons changes, information such as the name and symbol of the element, the Z, N, and A numbers, the electron dot diagram, and the group and period from the periodic table are shown. The state of the element at room temperature is provided, along with the metallicity of the element.periodic, table, elements, protons, neutrons, electrons, shell, solid, liquid, gas, chemistry, physicalPSEnergy Conversion in a SystemAllow a falling object to stir a beaker of water using a pulley system. The mass and height of the object, and the quantity of water can be adjusted. The temperature of the water is measured as energy is being converted from one form to another.energy, conversion, heat, pulley, dropping, temperature, water, swirl, system, physics, physical, chemistryPSEnergy of a PendulumPerform experiments with a pendulum to gain an understanding of energy conservation in simple harmonic motion. The gravity, length and mass of the pendulum can be adjusted, as well as the initial starting angle of the pendulum. Data (tables, bar chart, and graphs) of the potential and kinetic energies are shown as the pendulum oscillates.pendulum, period, oscillation, oscillate, harmonic, potential, kinetic, energy, conserve, conservation, physics, physicalPSExponential Growth and Decay - Activity AExplore the graph of the exponential growth or decay function. Vary the initial amount and the rate of growth or decay and investigate the changes to the graph.exponentials, nonlinear, non-linear, system, exponents, exponential-functions, bases, coefficients, x-intercepts, y-intercepts, graphs, graphing, growth, decay, interest, principles, initial-amounts, rates, times, logarithms, logarithmic, intersections, algebraPSFan Cart PhysicsGain an understanding of Newton's Laws by experimenting with a cart (on which up to three fans are placed) on a linear track. The cart has a mass, as does each fan. The fans exert a constant force when switched on, and the direction of the fans can be altered as the position, velocity, and acceleration of the cart are measured.newton, Newton, laws, cart, fan, push, force, velocity, acceleration, physics, physical, position, velocity, accelerationPSFermat's PrincipleA "person" travels across the screen from one side to the other. The maximum velocity can be adjusted in each half of the screen, and the direction of motion can be controlled as the person walk or runs. Explore Fermat's principle in this realworld application as a person tries to minimize the time required for a trip.Fermat, straight, line, minimize, time, quickest, fastest, trip, fermat, physics, physicalPSForce on a WingUsing an airplane wing placed in a wind tunnel, observe the magnitude of both the lift and drag forces acting on the wing as the angle of attack is adjusted.drag, lift, airplane, wing, forces, thrust, physics, physicalPSFreefall Lab - Terminal VelocityInvestigate the motion of a ball, including terminal velocity, as it is dropped to the ground. The mass, radius, and initial height of the ball can be changed (along with the air density and vertical wind speed) as the position, velocity, and acceleration are measured.freefall, drag, air, resistance, bounce, terminal, velocity, acceleration, gravity, physics, physical, freefallPSFreefall LaboratoryInvestigate the motion of an object as it falls to the ground. A variety of objects can be compared, and their motion can be observed in a vacuum, in normal air, and in denser air. The position, velocity, and acceleration are measured through time, and the forces on the object can be displayed. Using the manual settings, the mass, radius, height, and initial velocity of the object can be adjusted, as well as the air density and wind.free, fall, drop, plummet, accelerate, acceleration, gravity, gravitation, height, time, drag, buoyancy, resistance, terminal, velocity, parachute, force, universal, law, Aristotle, Galileo, Newton, physics, physical, shuttlecock, badminton, tennis, rock, cottonPSFreezing Point of Salt WaterControl the temperature of a beaker of water. As the temperature drops below the freezing point, a transformation of state will occur which can be viewed on a molecular level. Salt can be added to the water to see its effect on the freezing point of water.freezing, freeze, states, change, solid, liquid, salt, ice, water, molecular, chemistry, earth, physicalPSGolf Range!Try to get a hole in one by adjusting the velocity and launch angle of a golf ball. Explore the physics of projectile motion in a frictional or ideal setting. Horizontal and vertical velocity vectors can be displayed, as well as the path of the ball. The height of the golfer and the force of gravity are also adjustable.Keywords: Golf, range, velocity, acceleration, gravity, force, gravitational, gravitation, air, resistance, projectile, trajectory, motion, launch, cannon, cannonball, missile, artillery, shoot, shot, angle, vector, physics, physical, Newton, newtonian, Galileo, parabola, freefallPSHalf-lifeInvestigate the decay of a radioactive substance. The half-life and the number of radioactive atoms can be adjusted, and theoretical or random decay can be observed. Data can be interpreted visually using a dynamic graph, a bar chart, and a table. Determine the half-lives of two sample isotopes as well as samples with randomly generated half-lives.Half, life, half-life, radioactive, radioactivity, radiometric, element, isotope, daughter, unstable, stable, decay, neutron, proton, nucleus, nuclear, energy, gamma, atom, atomic, emission, uranium, carbon, dating, carbon dating, fossil, age, time, absolute, date, science, physical, physicsPSHearing: Frequency and VolumeTest your hearing range by listening to low-, medium-, and high-frequency sounds. Compare the relative loudness of sounds at each frequency to create an equal-loudness curve. In a quiet room, measure your threshold of audibility for each frequency, and compare your results to others. The volume of each sound can be adjusted.hear, hearing, decibel, frequency, hertz, sound, wave, level, sine, curve, graph, physics, physical, wavelength, threshold, music, pitch, tone, harmonic, ear, eardrum, deafness, deaf, tinnitus, tuning, range, listen, nerve, nervous, system, auditory, audio, oscilloscope, headphone, acoustics, db, phon, sone, amplitude, humanPSHeat Transfer by ConductionAn insulated beaker of hot water is connected to a beaker of cold water with a conducting bar, and over time the temperature of the beakers becomes equal as heat flows through the conducting bar. The material of the conducting bar can be changed, and the temperature of each beaker is dynamically shown in various formats.transfer, heat, conduction, bar, thermometer, beakers, physics, physical, chemistryPSInclined Plane - Rolling ObjectsObserve and compare objects of different shapes as they roll or slide down an inclined plane. Compare the percentages of translational and rotational kinetic energy for each object, and see how this affects how quickly each object moves. The slope of each ramp can be adjusted, and a variety of materials can be used for the objects and ramp.roll, inclined, plane, rotational, kinetic, energy, potential, conservation, angular, moment, inertia, disk, sphere, ball, ring, physics, translational, ramp, rotatePSInclined Plane - Simple MachineInvestigate how an inclined plane redirects and reduces the force pulling a brick downward, with or without friction. A toy car can apply a variable upward force on the brick, and the mechanical advantage and efficiency of the plane can be determined. A graph of force versus distance illustrates the concept of work.inclined, plane, simple, machine, mechanical, advantage, work, friction, decomposition, force, potential, kinetic, energy, applied, physics, efficiency, ramp, free, body, diagram, weight, height, gravity, vector, decompose, physical, science, Newton, Galileo, brick, blockPSInclined Plane - Sliding ObjectsInvestigate the energy and motion of a block sliding down an inclined plane, with or without friction. The ramp angle can be varied and a variety of materials for the block and ramp can be used. Potential and kinetic energy are reported as the block slides down the ramp. Two experiments can be run simultaneously to compare results as factors are varied.plane, inclined, friction, slide, sliding, mu, brick, potential, kinetic, energy, conservation, velocity, ramp, inclination, physics, physical, sciencePSInterference PatternsThe wave crests of two sound sources are visually represented by concentric circles. The position of one sound source can be adjusted so that patterns of constructive and destructive interference can be observed.interference, pattern, wave, crest, constructive, destructive, sound, physics, physicalPSIntro to E & MThis introduction to the principles of electricity and magnetism provides an overview of static and moving charges, magnetism, creating electricity with magnets, magnetic fields produced by electrical currents, and a brief introduction to circuits.electricity, magnetism, charge, static, moving, pole, circuit, lightning, physics, physicalPSIntro to PlasmaAn introduction to plasma and the states of matter. Topics presented include atoms, elements, molecules, states of matter, density, and units (conversion and scientific notation).plasma, matter, states, atoms, molecules, elements, density, units, conversion, chemistry, physical, physicsPSIonic BondsSimulate ionic bonds between a variety of metals and nonmetals. Select a metal and a nonmetal, and transfer electrons from one to the other. Observe the effect of gaining and losing electrons on charge, and rearrange the atoms to represent the molecular structure. Additional metal and nonmetal atoms can be added to the screen, and the resulting chemical formula can be displayed.chemistry, chemical, atom, element, ion, ionic, bond, bonding, electron, charge, attraction, repulsion, crystal, crystalline, affinity, valence, formula, salt, molecule, compound, metal, nonmetalPSLaser ReflectionPoint a laser at a mirror and record the incoming angle as well as the angle after the reflection from the mirror. A protractor can be used to measure the angles of incidence and reflection, and the angle of the mirror can be adjusted. A beam splitter can be used to split the beam, and non-ideal mirrors can be used.light, reflection, angle, incidence, reflected, protractor, laser, physics, physicalPSLimiting ReactantsExplore the concept of limiting reactants, non-limiting reactants, and theoretical yield in a chemical reaction. Select from two different reactions, choose the number of molecules for the reactants, and then observe the products created and reactants left over.limiting, reactants, chemistry, chemical, reaction, stoichiometry, molecule, balance, equations, yield, products, physical, reagentsPSLongitudinal WavesObserve the propagation of longitudinal (compression) waves in a closed or open tube with evenly-spaced dividers. The strength and frequency of the waves can be manipulated, or waves can be observed as individual pulses. Compare the movement of dividers to graphs of displacement, velocity, acceleration and pressure.wave, longitudinal, long, compression, pressure, propagate, medium, sound, molecule, amplitude, wavelength, strength, pulse, displacement, interference, reflect, reflection, slinky, spring, rarefaction, rarefy, echo, standing, sine, sinusoidal, air, seismic, p-wave, p, standing, resonate, resonance, node, antinode, harmonic, mechanical, tuning, fork, cork, tube, disk, divider, firecracker, fire, cracker, dynamite, physics, physical, sciencePSMoment of Inertia (Classic)Wrap a string around a bike tire, run the string across a pulley, and place some mass at the end of the string. You will learn about the moment of inertia and rotational motion as the string pulls on the edge of the wheel, causing it to spin. Varying masses can be placed on the spokes of the bike tire.moment, inertia, rotational, motion, wheel, physics, physicalPSMystery Powder AnalysisPerform multiple experiments using several common powders such as corn starch, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and gelatin. The results of the research on the known powders can the be used to analyze several unknowns using the scientific method. The unknowns can be a single powder or a combination of the known powders.mystery, powder, corn, starch, test, tube, unknown, baking, soda, salt, gelatin, chemistry, physicalPSNuclear DecayObserve the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and electron capture. Write nuclear equations by determining the mass number and atomic number of daughter products and emitted particles.nuclear, decay, radiation, radioactivity, radioactive, physics, physical, chemistry, nucleus, nuclei, proton, electron, neutron, positron, alpha, beta, gamma, energy, weak, strong, quark, subatomic, atom, element, atomic, antimatter, uranium, radium, carbon, polonium, Curie, isotope, unstable, transmutation, cancerPSPeriod of a PendulumPerform experiments with a pendulum to gain an understanding of the period during simple harmonic motion. The gravity, length and mass of the pendulum can be adjusted, and data can be collected by measuring the time between swings of the pendulum.pendulum, period, oscillation, oscillate, harmonic, time, physics, physicalPSPeriod of a Pendulum - Large AnglePerform experiments with a pendulum to gain an understanding of the period and the dependence on the angular range of the swing. The gravity, the length and mass of the pendulum, along with the initial angle (which can be very large) can be adjusted, and data can be collected by measuring the time between pendulum swings.pendulum, period, oscillation, oscillate, harmonic, time, angle, large, physics, physicalPSPeriod of Mass on a SpringPerform experiments with a mass on the end of a spring to gain an understanding of the period during simple harmonic motion. The gravity, spring constant, and mass hanging from the spring can be adjusted, and data can be collected by measuring the time between oscillations of the mass.spring, period, oscillation, oscillate, harmonic, time, constant, physics, physicalPSpH AnalysisTest the acidity of many common everyday substances using pH paper. Materials including soap, lemon juice, milk, and oven cleaner can be tested by comparing the color of the pH strips to the calibrated scale.acids, bases, rain, soap, lemon, tests, strips, acidity, chemistry, physicalPSpH Analysis: Quad Color IndicatorTest the acidity of many common everyday substances using pH paper (four color indicators). Materials including soap, lemon juice, milk, and oven cleaner can be tested by comparing the color of the pH strips to the calibrated scale.acids, bases, rain, soap, lemon, tests, strips, acidity, chemistry, physicalPSPhase ChangesExplore the relationship between molecular motion, temperature, and phase changes. Compare the molecular structure of solids, liquids, and gases. Graph temperature changes as ice is melted and water is boiled. Find the effect of altitude on phase changes. The starting temperature, ice volume, altitude, and rate of heating or cooling can be adjusted.Phase, change, freeze, freezing, melt, melting, boil, boiling, vapor, vaporization, condensation, graph, molecule, temperature, solid, liquid, gas, ice, water, steam, condensation, kinetic, velocity, heat, energy, thermodynamics, condense, chemistry, physics, physicalPSPhased Array (Classic)Using four closely spaced objects that produce waves, the spacing, frequency, and phase shift of each wave source can be adjusted. Wave crests from each source is visible, and with all four sources you can see regions of constructive interference that move over time. This is known as a phased array and has real?world applications such as radar and ultrasound.phased, array, ultrasound, interference, constructive, shift, physics, physicalPSPhotoelectric EffectShoot a beam of light at a metal plate in a virtual lab and observe the effect on surface electrons. The type of metal as well as the frequency and intensity of the light can be adjusted. An electric field can be created to resist the electrons and measure their initial energies.physics, electron, photoelectric, photo-electric, light, wave, quanta, quantum, work function, frequency, wavelength, intensity, voltage, potential, kinetic, energy, emission, emit, Einstein, Planck, metalPSPith Ball LabPith balls with positive, negative, or no electrical charge are suspended from strings. The charge and mass of the pith balls can be adjusted, along with the length of the string, which will cause the pith balls to change position. Distances can be measured as variables are adjusted, and the forces (Coulomb and gravitational) acting on the balls can be displayed.coulomb, pith, charges, repel, repulsion, attraction, forces, gravitational, gravity, static, electricity, electrical, physics, physicalPSPotential Energy on ShelvesCompare the potential energy of several objects when you place them on shelves of different heights. Learn that two objects at different heights can have the same potential energy, while two objects at the same height can have different potential energy.potential, energy, shelf, shelves, mass, paper, clip, physics, physicalPSPulley LabUse a pulley system to lift a heavy weight to a certain height. Measure the force required to lift the weight using up to three fixed and three movable pulleys. The weight to be lifted and the efficiency of the pulley system can be adjusted, and the height of the weight and the total input distance are reported.simple, machine, pulley, work, force, joule, newton, weight, lift, block, tackle, energy, conservation, wheel, rope, system, efficiency, friction, physical, science, physicsPSRay TracingRays traced from an object to an image are shown as an object is dragged around, and the height changed. The converging lens can be moved to different locations and the focal length of the lens can be adjusted.converging, converge, lens, light, ray, tracing, image, object, focal, focus, length, earth, physicalPSRay Tracing (Lenses)Experiment with a dynamic lens. Manipulate the position of an object and measure the distance and size of the image cast by a lens of variable strength. Observe the focusing of various light rays emanating from the object.lens, lenses, magnify, magnification, focal, curvature, optics, ray, tracing, rays, focus, convergence, apparent, virtual, image, inverted, principal, axis, glasses, Galileo, telescope, microscope, concave, convex, light, candle, refract, refractionPSRefractionDetermine the angle of refraction for a light beam moving from one medium to another. The angle of incidence and each index of refraction can be varied. Using the tools provided, the angle of refraction can be measured, and the wavelength and frequency of the waves in each substance can be compared as well.wave, front, wavelength, frequency, peak, trough, normal, incidence, refraction, reflection, medium, substance, velocity, speed, particle, light, sound, pressure, rarefaction, compression, amplitude, length, angle, ray, physical, science, physicsPSRoller Coaster PhysicsAdjust the hills on a toy-car roller coaster and watch what happens as the car careens toward an egg (that can be broken) at the end of the track. The height of three hills can be manipulated, along with the mass of the car and the friction of the track. A graph of various variables of motion can be viewed as the car travels, including potential, kinetic, and total energies, and the x and y components of position, velocity, and acceleration.roller, coaster, friction, energy, potential, kinetic, crack, egg, break, hills, physics, physical, position, velocity, accelerationPSSee-Saw TorqueA see-saw lever is one type of a simple machine. Place up to four masses on a seesaw at different locations and try to balance the lever (equal torque on both sides of the fulcrum). The position of the fulcrum can be shifted.torque, see-saw, seesaw, see saw, lever, simple, machine, balance, physics, physicalPSShoot the Monkey!Fire a banana cannon at a monkey in a tree. The monkey drops from the tree at the moment the banana is fired from the cannon. Determine where to aim the cannon so the monkey catches the banana. The position of the cannon, launch angle and initial velocity of the banana can be varied. Students can observe the velocity vectors and the paths of the monkey and banana.shoot, monkey, banana, hunter, blood, spatter, cannon, fall, free, freefall, free-fall, projectile, motion, velocity, component, vector, magnitude, horizontal, vertical, acceleration, gravity, launch, angle, initial, decompose, decomposition, project, throw, drop, Galileo, Newton, trigonometry, trig, sine, cosine, tangent, sin, cos, tan, theta, physics, physical, sciencePSSimple Harmonic MotionObserve two different forms of simple harmonic motion: a pendulum and a spring supporting a mass. Use a stopwatch to measure the period of each as you adjust the gravity, spring constant, mass hanging from the spring, length of the pendulum, and mass of the pendulum.pendulum, spring, period, oscillation, oscillate, harmonic, bounce, swing, physics, physical, frequency, watch, clock, k, Hooke, Huygens, Galileo, HarrisonPSSolubility and TemperatureAdd varying amounts of a chemical to a beaker of water to create a solution, observe that the chemical dissolves in the water at first, and then measure the concentration of the solution at the saturation point. Either sodium chloride or potassium nitrate can be added to the water, and the temperature of the water can be adjusted.solubility, dissolve, stir, saturation, beaker, temperature, chemistry, physicalPSSound BeatsListen to sounds that have a similar frequency and you will hear pulses (or beats) due to the interference of the sound waves. After listening to beats caused by several known frequencies, you will use your knowledge to determine the frequency of unknown sounds. The beats are a common realworld application that is very useful when tuning musical instruments.sound, beats, frequency, tones, frequencies, interference, physics, physicalPSSound Beats and Sine WavesListen to and see interference patterns produced by sound waves with similar frequencies. Test your ability to distinguish and match sounds as musicians do when they tune their instruments. Calculate the number of "sound beats" you will hear based on the frequency of each sound. [Note: Headphones are recommended for this Gizmo.]hear, hearing, decibel, frequency, hertz, sound, wave, level, sine, curve, graph, physics, physical, wavelength, music, pitch, tone, harmonic, ear, eardrum, deafness, deaf, tinnitus, tuning, range, listen, nerve, nervous, system, auditory, audio, oscilloscope, headphone, acoustics, db, phon, sone, cosine, beat, interference, tartini, amplitude, human, harmonics, string, standing, harmonyPSStoichiometrySolve problems in chemistry using dimensional analysis. Select appropriate tiles so that units in the question are converted into units of the answer. Tiles can be flipped, and answers can be calculated once the appropriate unit conversions have been applied.stoichiometry, chemistry, chemical, equation, balance, mole, molar, molecule, atom, particle, reaction, molarity, molality, avogadro, compound, substance, particle, composition, reactant, product, conservation, dimensional, dimension, mass, volume, gram, liter, units, conversionPSSubtractive Color v2Move spots of yellow, cyan, and magenta paint on a white surface. As the colors overlap, other colors can be seen due to color subtraction. The color of most things you see, such as cars, leaves, paintings, houses and clothes, are due to color subtraction. The intensity of the cyan, magenta, and yellow can be adjusted, and the RGB values at any location can be measured.color, subtraction, subtractive, paint, splotches, blobs, RGB, rgb, physics, physicalPSSubtractive ColorsMove spots of yellow, cyan, and magenta paint on a white surface. As the colors overlap, other colors can be seen due to color subtraction. The color of most things you see, such as cars, leaves, paintings, houses and clothes, are due to color subtraction. Observe what colors appear as different paint colors overlap.color, subtraction, subtractive, paint, splotches, blobs, RGB, rgb, physics, physicalPSTemperature and Particle MotionObserve the movement of particles of an ideal gas at a variety of temperatures. A histogram showing the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution is shown, and the most probable velocity, mean velocity, and root mean square velocity can be calculated. Molecules of different gases can be compared.Temperature, molecule, particle, Maxwell, Boltzmann, distribution, statistical, mechanics, Kelvin, absolute, zero, Avogadro, velocity, kinetic, energy, heat, physics, chemistry, collision, speed, mass, motion, Celsius, gas, idealPSTorque and Moment of InertiaOne of the simplest machines is a see-saw lever. Place up to eight objects on the lever at different locations and try to balance it. Calculate net torque and moment of inertia based on the positions of the objects and the mass of the bar. The mass of each object can be changed, and the fulcrum position can be shifted as well.mass, newton, second, law, rotational, rotate, mechanics, kinematics, angular, momentum, moment, inertia, torque, balance, superposition, center, gravity, centroid, sum, frequency, physics, physical, mechanics, vector, force, seesaw, gravitational, weight, fulcrum, leverPSTwo-Dimensional Harmonic MotionA puck on a flat table is placed between four springs in the x/y plane. The mass, initial velocity, and position of the puck can be adjusted, as well as the spring constants. Explore the conditions needed to have linear, circular, or diagonal motion occur.harmonic, motion, spring, force, vibration, vibrate, puck, physics, physicalPSUltrasound: How Does it Work?Learn about the realworld principles behind an ultrasound scan, such as the phased array and reflection of waves. Perform a scan on a patient to get a clear visualization of the images produced during the ultrasound.ultrasound, medical, baby, image, phased, array, doctor, physics, physicalPSUniform Circular MotionMeasure the position, velocity, and acceleration (both components and magnitude) of an object undergoing circular motion. The radius and velocity of the object can be controlled, along with the mass of the object. The forces acting on the object can also be recorded.uniform, circular, motion, centripetal, centrifugal, spinning, physics, physical, sine, cosine, sinusoidal, trigonometryPSVector AdditionDrag two vectors around to see the sum of the vectors. The magnitude and direction of each vector can be manipulated. Components of all vectors are shown in equation form.vector, notation, addition, components, physics, physicalPSVectorsManipulate the magnitude and direction of two vectors to generate a sum and learn vector addition. The x and y components can be displayed, along with the dot product of the two vectors.vectors, dot, product, addition, components, physics, physicalPSX-ray ImagingUse x-ray imaging to peer inside a mystery patient. X-ray images may be taken from two different directions and, when working in pairs, one person can arrange and hide the objects inside the patient and have the other student try to determine the arrangement of objects.xray, x-ray, x ray, imaging, image, medical, medicine, bones, physics, physical. ................
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