Duval County Public Schools



Passage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500According to the passage, exposure to road traffic noise:is the strongest predictor of obesity in individuals.has not been associated with weight gain.may substantially impact public health.has been unequivocally linked to obesityPassage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500The title suggests that:the association between obesity and noise is widely accepted.the scientific study of obesity and noise is a relatively novel concept.the author disagrees with the idea that noise can cause increased weight.the link between increased weight and noise is a long-standing concept.Passage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500According to the article, what is one issue with the study?The absence of data o noise annoyance and sensitivity.The small number of studies conducted in the field. The lack of linear association throughout the exposure range.The number of subject involved in the study.Passage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500Which is NOT identified as a possible reason that noise exposure can affect weight?Activation of “fight or flight” responseDisruption of hunger-related hormonesIncreased levels of cortisolHeightened risk for diabetesPassage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500Which title would be an appropriate substitute?Noise and Obesity: A Definitive Link UnveiledLack of Sleep and Larger Waist SizeNoise Exposure and Weight-Related DiseasesStudy Uncovers Link between Adiposity and Noise ExposurePassage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500Which is NOT a measure of adiposity in this study?waist circumferencebody fat mass indexbody weightlean body max indexPassage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500As used in context, dysregulation most nearly means:Impaired responseNormal developmentGenetic transmissionCongenital defectPassage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500What is the main idea of the first paragraph?Decreased exposure to environmental noise will result in better overall health.There is a definitive link between environmental noise and increased weight.Exposure to environmental noise is being explored as a possible cause of weight gain.Cardiovascular disease and diabetes risks increase with exposure to environmental noise.Passage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500As used in context, the phrase metabolic effects are:Repercussions of environmental factors that affect cardiovascular health.Outcomes of exposure to environmental factors that affect the regulation of weight. Results of increased exposure to environmental factors that affect overall health.Consequences of increased exposure to environmental factors that affect mental health. Passage 1:Directions: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Adapted from Noise and Body Fat: Uncovering New ConnectionsWendee NicholeReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesStudies on environmental noise and human health have uncovered associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. New research is delving further into possible metabolic effects of noise – specifically a possible link to weight gain. Investigators report that exposure to traffic noise at home was associated with body composition outcomes such as larger waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI)The cross-sectional study used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort, assessing 52,456 Danes, between the ages of 50 and 64. The study tracked each participant’s residential address history for the previous 5 years. The authors used noise-mapping software to estimate exposures from road traffic, railways, and air traffic for each address based on the most noise-exposed fa?ade of the home. Four measures of body composition were recorded for each participant – BMI, wait circumference, body fat mass index (BFMI), and lean body mass index (LBMI).Residential exposure to traffic noise has been associated with measure of weight gain. The body’s response to both stress and lack of sleep may help explain why. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic status, age, sex, and exposure to railway and aircraft noise), the researchers found that all measures of adiposity were significantly associated with road traffic noise. Each 10-dB increase in average road traffic noise exposure over 5 years was associated with an average increase in waist circumference of 0.35 cm and an average increase in BMI of 0.18 points. BFMI and LBMI also showed small but statistically significant increases in association with greater road traffic noise exposure. Co-exposure to railway noise louder than 60 decibels appeared to heighten the associations with BMI, waist circumference, and BFMI.“The linear association we observed was consistent throughout the exposure range,” says lead author Jeppe Christensen, a PhD candidate in epidemiology with the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. This is in line with other studies of similar health effects.The authors propose that noise may activate the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system – the body’s “fight or flight” response. Evidence for this mode of action from other studies includes increased level of cortisol associated with exposure to louder road noise. Noise may also disturb sleep, which is associated with increased food intake possible due to dysregulation of hunger-related hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. Epidemiological studies have also reported that a lack of sleep in children and young adults is associated with higher percentage of body fat and increased waist circumference. A major strength of the study was its sheer size, and according to Bente Oftedal, an epidemiologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the results and conclusions matched the rigor of the performed analyses. “The main weakness is the lack of data on noise-related individual characteristics, such as noise annoyance and noise sensitivity,” she says. “Both characteristics may modify associations between traffic noise and health outcomes, representing vulnerable subpopulations to noise exposure.” Oftedal was not involved with the study.“This is one of only a handful of studies investigating the association between exposure to noise in the environment and metabolic effects,” says Charlotta Eriksson, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute’s Institute of Environmental Medicine in Stockholm, who led one of the first studies to link aircraft noise with obesity. “The study by Christensen therefore adds valuable knowledge into this field of research.”The estimated effects of noise are small, Eriksson adds, but she says this is to be expected because other risk factors, such as heredity and lifestyle factors, are much stronger predictors of obesity for the individual. “Nevertheless,” she says, “since a large proportion of the population is exposed to road traffic noise, the public health impact may be substantial.”left6286500Which statement contradicts information presented in the passage?Heredity and lifestyle factors have a minor impact on obesity.Exposure to traffic noise may increase the risk for obesity.Noise exposure is just one risk factor for obesity. Noise pollution affects a large part of the population. Passage 2Questions 11-20 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations. Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.05651500The author of Passage 1 mentions several companies primarily tonote the technological advances that make space mining possibleprovide evidence of the growing interest in space mining.emphasize the large profits to be made from space mining.highlight the diverse ways to carry out space mining operations.Passage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.The author of Passage 1 indicates that space mining could have which positive effect?It could yield materials important to Earth’s economy.It could raise the value of some precious metals on Earth.It could create unanticipated technological innovations.It could change scientists’ understanding of space resources.Passage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.In the passage, “demands” most nearly meansoffersclaimsinquiriesdesiresPassage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.What function does the discussion of water in Passage 1?It continues an extended comparison that begins in the previous paragraph.It provides an unexpected answer to a question raised in the previous paragraph.It offers hypothetical examples supporting a claim made in the previous paragraph.It examines possible outcomes of a proposal put forth in the previous paragraph.Passage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.The central claim of Passage 2 is that space mining has positive potential butit will end up encouraging humanity’s reckless treatment of the environment.its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearing on Earth.experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.Passage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.As used in the passage, “hold” most nearly meansmaintaingriprestrainwithstandPassage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.Which statement best describes the relationship between the passages? Passage 2 refutes the central claim advanced in Passage 1.Passage 2 illustrates the phenomenon described in more general terms in Passage 1.Passage 2 argues against the practicality of the proposals put forth in Passage 1.Passage 2 expresses reservations about developments discussed in Passage 1.Passage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the discussion of the future of space mining in Passage 1, by claiming that such a futureis inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.seems certain to affect Earth’s economy in a negative way.Passage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?Lines 60-63 (“Some . . . pristine”)B) Lines 74-76 (“The resources . . . Earth”)C) Lines 81-83 (“One . . . avoided”)D) Lines 85-87 (“Without . . . insecure”)Passage 2Questions 11-21 are based on the followingpassage.Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:the Next Gold Rush?” ?2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 isfrom the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the FinalFrontier.” ?2013 by New Scientist.Passage 1Follow the money and you will end up in space.That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum onmining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre forSpace Engineering Research, the event broughttogether mining companies, robotics experts, lunarscientists, and government agencies that are allworking to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms.Planetary Resources of Washington says it willlaunch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to beharvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Anothercommercial venture that sprung up in 2012,Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips tothe moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may bemeeting earthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vitalfor personal electronics, such as yttrium andlanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers whotransformed the western United States, the first spaceminers won’t just enrich themselves. They also hopeto build an off-planet economy free of any bondswith Earth, in which the materials extracted andprocessed from the moon and asteroids are deliveredfor space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from otherworlds could become the most desired commodity.“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of goldor a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny ofHoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent toastronauts on the International Space Station fordrinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water intooxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, soice-rich asteroids could become interplanetaryrefuelling stations.57157385000 Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, andaluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which couldbe used in 3D printers to make spare parts ormachinery. Others want to turn space dirt intoconcrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.Passage 2The motivation for deep-space travel is shiftingfrom discovery to economics. The past year has seena flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial richesdown to Earth. No doubt this will make a fewbillionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies couldenrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets,we should pause for thought. At first glance, spacemining seems to sidestep most environmentalconcerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences—both here on Earth and in space—merit carefulconsideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will arguethat space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours todespoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s polesshould remain pristine. Others will suggest thatglutting ourselves on space’s riches is not anacceptable alternative to developing more sustainableways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines tohold, and it may be difficult to persuade the publicthat such barren environments are worth preserving.After all, they exist in vast abundance, and evenfewer people will experience them than have walkedthrough Antarctica’s icy landscapes.There’s also the emerging off-world economy toconsider. The resources that are valuable in orbit andbeyond may be very different to those we prize onEarth. Questions of their stewardship have barelybeen broached—and the relevant legal and regulatoryframework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, areoften reluctant to engage with such questions.One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum inSydney, Australia, concluded with a plea thatregulation should be avoided. But miners have muchto gain from a broad agreement on the for-profitexploitation of space. Without consensus, claims willbe disputed, investments risky, and the gains madeinsecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seekone out.Which point about the resources that will be highly valued in space is implicit in Passage 1 and explicit in Passage 2?They may be different resources from those that are valuable on Earth.They will be valuable only if they can be harvested cheaply.They are likely to be primarily precious metals and rare earth elements.They may increase in value as those same resources become rare on Earth.Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?The main purpose of the passage is toemphasize the value of a tradition.stress the urgency of an issue.highlight the severity of social divisions.question the feasibility of an undertaking.Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?The central claim of the passage is thateducated women face a decision about how to engage with existing institutions.women can have positions of influence in English society only if they give up some of their traditional roles.the male monopoly on power in English society has had grave and continuing effects.the entry of educated women into positions of power traditionally held by men will transform those positions.Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?Woolf uses the word “we” throughout the passage mainly toreflect the growing friendliness among a group of people.advance the need for candor among a group of people.establish a sense of solidarity among a group of people.reinforce the need for respect among a group of people.Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?According to the passage, Woolf chooses the setting of the bridge because itis conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection.provides a good view of the procession of the sons of educated men.is within sight of historic episodes to which she alludes.is symbolic of the legacy of past and present sons of educated menPassage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?Woolf indicates that the procession she describes inhas come to have more practical influence in recent years.has become a celebrated feature of English public life.includes all of the richest and most powerful men in England.has become less exclusionary in its membership in recent years.Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Lines 12-17 (“There . . . money”)Lines 17-19 (“It . . . desert”)Lines 23-24 (“For . . . ourselves”)Lines 30-34 (“We . . . pulpit”)Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?Woolf characterizes the questions in lines 53-57 (“For we . . . men”) as bothcontroversial and threatening.weighty and unanswerable.momentous and pressing.provocative and mysterious.Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?Lines 46-47 (“We . . . questions”)Lines 48-49 (“And . . . them”)Line 57 (“The moment . . . short”)Line 62 (“That . . . Madam”)Passage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?Which choice most closely captures the meaning of the figurative “sixpence”?ToleranceKnowledgeOpportunityPerspectivePassage 3Questions 21-30 are based on the followingpassage.This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.?1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situationof women in English society.Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,an admirable vantage ground for us to make asurvey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, ladenwith timber, bursting with corn; there on one side arethe domes and spires of the city; on the other,Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is aplace to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But notnow. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are hereto consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon theprocession—the procession of the sons of educatedmen.There they go, our brothers who have beeneducated at public schools and universities,mounting those steps, passing in and out of thosedoors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,administering justice, practicing medicine,transacting business, making money. It is a solemnsight always—a procession, like a caravanseraicrossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twentyyears or so, it is no longer a sight merely, aphotograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls oftime, at which we can look with merely an estheticappreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tailend of the procession, we go ourselves. And thatmakes a difference. We who have looked so long atthe pageant in books, or from a curtained windowwatched educated men leaving the house at aboutnine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the houseat about six-thirty from an office, need look passivelyno longer. We too can leave the house, can mountthose steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . makemoney, administer justice. . . . We who now agitatethese humble pens may in another century or twospeak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict usthen; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divinespirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can saywhether, as time goes on, we may not dress inmilitary uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,swords at our sides, and something like the old571511982500 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that thatvenerable object was never decorated with plumes ofwhite horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow ofthe private house still makes those dresses look alittle queer. We have worn private clothes solong. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or totalk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.And they are very important questions; and we havevery little time in which to answer them. Thequestions that we have to ask and to answer aboutthat procession during this moment of transition areso important that they may well change the lives ofall men and women for ever. For we have to askourselves, here and now, do we wish to join thatprocession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we jointhat procession? Above all, where is it leading us, theprocession of educated men? The moment is short; itmay last five years; ten years, or perhaps only amatter of a few months longer. . . . But, you willobject, you have no time to think; you have yourbattles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars toorganize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.As you know from your own experience, and thereare facts that prove it, the daughters of educated menhave always done their thinking from hand tomouth; not under green lamps at study tables in thecloisters of secluded colleges. They have thoughtwhile they stirred the pot, while they rocked thecradle. It was thus that they won us the right to ourbrand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go onthinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Thinkwe must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; whilewe are standing in the crowd watching Coronationsand Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in thegallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.Let us never cease from thinking—what is this“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What arethese ceremonies and why should we take part inthem? What are these professions and whyshould we make money out of them? Where inshort is it leading us, the procession of the sons ofeducated men?The range of places and occasions listed in lines 72-76 (“Let us . . . funerals”) mainly serves to emphasize hownovel the challenge faced by women is.pervasive the need for critical reflection plex the political and social issues of the day are.enjoyable the career possibilities for women are.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalacia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500According to the passage, why do health researchers fear there are more black lung cases that have yet to be discovered?Miners are not seeking medical care.Black lung advances within 7.5 – 10 years.Some cases will process more slowly.The average age for onset cases is decreasing.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalacia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500It can be inferred from context that a septuagenarian is:Younger than 50 years of age.Older than 60 years of age.Between 50 and 60 years of age.Younger than 60 years of age. Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalacia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500It can be reasonably assumed that laws enacted in the 1970s:Reduced the cases of the most severe form of black lung but did not eradicate the disease.Increased the cases of the most severe form of black lung temporarily.Had no effect on the number of cases of the most severe form of black lung.Permanently eradicated the most severe form of black lung.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalacia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500According to the passage, clusters of quick-progressing black lung cases:Were first noticed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in west Virginia, with later studies pinpointing Appalachia as a hard-hit area. Went unnoticed for years by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in Appalachia and West Virginia.Were quickly brought under control through government-mandated programs offered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)Were first noticed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in Appalacia, with later studies pinpointing West Virginia as a hard-hit area.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalachia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500Which statement would the author most likely agree with?The increase in black lung cases is a national health crisis.Black lung cases are worse among those who smoke.It is concerning that many new cases of black lung advance rapidly.Stricter dust laws need to be adopted to decrease new cases of black lung.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalachia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500As used in the context of the passage, tortuous most nearly means:laboriousmeanderingsinuous.StraightforwardPassage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalachia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500What is the purpose of the first paragraph of the passage?To introduce the negative effects of pneumoconiosis on coal miners.To highlight the poverty-stricken area in southern West Virginia.To entice new members to join the Fayette County Black Lung Association.To emphasize the human side of a disturbing health tend in southern West Virginia.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalachia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500Which title would NOT be an acceptable replacement?Appalachian Coal Miners Afflicted by Resurgence of Black LungRetired Coal Miners Gear Up for Class Action Law SuitConversation, Coffee, and Coughs: The Plight of Appalachian Coal MinersNew Wave of Pneumoconiosis Cases Sweeping Appalachia.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalachia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500According to the information in the passage, which statement is NOT accurate?The percentage of smokers is drastically higher among coal miners than the general public.Researchers are concerned that more cases of pneumoconiosis have not yet been diagnosed.The government provides benefits for coal miners suffering from black lung.Dust laws seemed to decrease the number of new black lung cases when instituted in the 1970s.Passage 4Carrie ArnoldReproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesOnce a month, a group of men in t-shirts, jeans, and baseball caps gather around a long table at the New River Health Clinic. The clinic, a small, one-story yellow clapboard building, is located in the tiny town of Scarbro, nestled in the bituminous hills southern West Virginia. The members of the Fayette County Black Lung Association greet each other by name while they pour bitter black coffee into small Styrofoam cups.In the early 1970s, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, or black lung, affected around one-third of long-term underground miners. After new dust regulation took effect, rates of black lung plunged. Today, however, they are once again rising dramatically. Admist the chatter and the coffee are the coughs. Some of the men hack loudly, others more quietly. All of the have advanced black lung, a disease they acquired working in the local mines. Although roughly 22% of underground miners smoke1, compared with about 18% of U.S. adults in general2, none of these men do. They gather not just as a support group but also to help one another complete the stacks of paperwork necessary to apply for government-mandated benefits for black lung and navigate the tortuous appeals process.Aside from the group’s leader, a bespectacled septuagenarian named Joe Massie, all the other members are in their 50s or early 60s. That’s relatively young for someone with advanced black lung, and other workers are getting sick even earlier. These miners, who have gotten so sick so fast, are on the forefront of a wave of new black lung cases that are sweeping through Appalachia.Scientists first noticed a troubling trend in 2005, when national surveillance conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identified regional clusters of rapidly professing severe black lung cases, especially in Appalachia. These concerns were confirmed in follow-up studies using a mobile medical unit providing outreach to coal mining areas, with later research showing that West Virginia was hit particularly hard. Between 2000 and 2012, the prevalence of the most severe form of black lung rose to levels not seen since the 1970s, when modern dust laws were enacted.Scarier still, the new generation of black lung patients have disease that in many cases progresses far more rapidly than in previous generations. Today, advanced black lung can be acquired within as little as 7.5 – 10 years of beginning work, says Edward Petsonk, a pulmonologist at West Virginia University. But not all cases progress so quickly; thus, occupational health researchers fear that what they are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.05651500Which best expresses the author’s attitude toward the plight of the Appalachian coal miners?angerbitternessconcernapathy ................
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