Teacher Guide & Answers - Glencoe
Teacher Guide & Answers | |
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 1)
1. Science is a way or a process used to investigate what is happening around us.
2. Science is a part of your life.
3. Answers vary, but students may include
some of the following: descriptions of all of the
scientist’s observations; mathematical measurements or formulas; and descriptions of experiments listing procedures, materials, drawings of equipment setups, results, questions, and problems encountered.
4. Senses sometimes can be fooled. Senses also are not always precise. Sometimes measurements must be taken to confirm the observations of the senses.
Section 2 (page 2)
1. descriptive research
2. experimental research design
3. hypothesis
4. control
5. models
6. experiment
7. trials
8. variable
9. metric
10. bias
11. c
12. a
13. d
14. b
Section 3 (page 3)
1. knowledge
2. engineering, technology
3. techniques
4. discoveries
5. solutions
6. tested
7. Answers will vary. Students may say that
biotechnology is technology applied to living
organisms. Examples could include new drugs,
artificial limbs or joints, or genetic modification
technologies.
8. Answers will vary, but students may include the following: education, communications, entertainment, or health.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 5)
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. E
Sections 1 and 2 (page 6)
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Section 3 (page 7)
1. Answers will vary. Possible answers: computer, CD player, automobile
2. Answers will vary. Possible answers: assembly line, medical imaging, computer program
3. Answers will vary. Possible answers: medical
facility, the internet, transportation.
4. Engineering
5. problem
6. science
7. testing
8. technology
9. pilot plant
10. solutions
Key Terms (page 8)
1. model
2. constant
3. independent variable
4. control
5. hypothesis
6. science
7. technology
8. descriptive research
9. experimental research design
10. scientific methods
11. dependent
12. biotechnology
13. constraint
Chapter Review
Part A Vocabulary Review (page 9)
1. technology (5/3)
2. hypothesis (2/1)
3. measurement (2/1)
4. control (4/2)
5. random sample (4/2)
6. variable (4/2)
7. science (1/1)
8. data table (2/1)
9. your mind (2/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 9)
1. a. 3 (3/2)
b. 4 (3/2)
c. 1 (3/2)
d. 2 (3/2)
e. 6 (3/2)
f. 5 (3/2)
2. observations and experiments (4/2)
3. several (1/1)
4. Identifying the problem (2/1)
5. technology (6/3)
6. define a problem (7/3)
7. New discoveries lead to new products that people can use every day. Examples of new products include movies, videotapes, DVDs, medicines, and satellite tracking systems. (5/3)
8. Data may be recorded or summarized in the form of tables, charts, graphs, or written text. (2/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 11)
1. fish, swan, dragonfly, deer, trees
2. sun, wind, water, soil, rocks
3. d
4. a
5. c
6. b
Section 2 (page 12)
1. Competition limits living space, food, and other resources that slow population growth.
2. A limiting factor affects a population by limiting a resource the population needs.
3. a pumpkin, it has more seeds
4. 100
5. competition, a limiting factor
6. The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time.
7. Birds fly south for the winter. The northern bird population is greatly diminished.
8. Yes, if more of the population dies than is born, the population will decrease.
9. They trap the animals without injuring them,
mark the rabbits, and release them. Later,
another sample of rabbits is captured. Some will
have marks, but many won’t. By comparing the
number of marked and unmarked rabbits in the
second sample, ecologists can estimate the
population size.
Section 3 (page 13)
1. d
2. g
3. h
4. f
5. a
6. c
7. e
8. b
9. commensalism
10. mutualism
11. parasitism
12. niche
13. habitat
14. habitat
15. niche
16. niche
17. niche
18. niche
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 15)
1. population
2. community
3. ecosystem
4. biosphere
5. producers
6. consumers
7. herbivores
8. carnivores
9. omnivores
10. decomposers
Sections 1 & 2
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1. biosphere
2. Ecologists
3. population
4. community
5. habitat
6. size
7. limiting
8. Carrying
9. biotic
Section 3 (page 17)
1. niche
2. consumer
3. producer
4. mutualism
5. commensalism
6. symbiosis
7. ecology
Key Terms (page 18)
1. niche
2. habitat
3. population
4. community
5. ecosystem
6. biosphere
7. limiting factor
8. carrying capacity
9. ecology
10. producers
11. consumers
12. symbiosis
13. mutualism
14. commensalism
15. parasitism
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 19)
1. limiting factor (6/2)
2. niche (9/3)
3. producers (7/3)
4. community (3/1)
5. ecology (2/1)
6. consumers (7/3)
7. biosphere (1/1)
8. population (3/1)
9. carrying capacity (6/2)
10. ecosystem (1/1)
11. habitat (3/1)
12. symbiosis (8/3)
13. commensalism (8/3)
14. parasitism (8/3)
15. mutualism (8/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 20)
1. a. top portion of Earth’s crust
b. all the water on Earth’s surface
c. the atmosphere that surrounds Earth (1/1)
2. A termite’s habitat is where it lives, perhaps in a dead tree. Its niche is how it survives, including what it eats, how it cooperates with other organisms, and how it avoids danger. (9/3)
3. Answers will vary, but they should correctly identify organisms that reflect each type of relationship. (8/3)
4. A limiting factor is anything that restricts the
number of organisms that can survive in an
area. A carrying capacity is the population of
one species that an area can support over time.
Limiting factors affect carrying capacity. (5, 6/2)
5. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers (7/3)
6. A population is all the organisms of one species that lives in an area. A community includes all the species in the area. (2/1)
7. Leaves and other vegetation are producers,
giraffes are consumers that eat the producers, and lions are consumers that prey on giraffes. (7/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 21)
1. abiotic factors: sun, wind, water, rocks, soil
2. biotic factors: trees, duck, fish, deer, butterfly, soil (humus)
3. Air contains 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent
oxygen, and 0.03 percent carbon dioxide.
4. Organisms that are capable of photosynthesis are called producers.
5. true
6. true
7. Ecosystems with a lot of water support more
organisms than ecosystems with little water.
Section 2 (page 22)
1. h
2. c
3. f
4. j
5. g
6. a
7. b
8. d
9. b
10. c
11. c
12. b
13. a
14. evaporation, condensation, precipitation
15. Nitrogen is needed to make proteins and DNA.
Section 3 (page 23)
1. chemosynthesis
2. food web
3. producers
4. consumers
5. energy pyramid
6. photosynthesis
7. a. 4
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
8. a. 3
b. 1
c. 2
9. a. 1
b. 4
c. 3
d. 2
10. a. 2
b. 1
c. 3
11. First-step organisms are all producers. Second-step organisms are all herbivores.
12. The bottom level is all producers, with the
greatest amount of total energy. Each successive level receives less total energy from the level below and, therefore, has fewer organisms.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 25)
1. biotic factors
2. abiotic factors
3. temperature
4. food chains
5. water
6. soil
7. condensation
8. photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
Sections 1 (page 26)
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Section 2 and 3 (page 27)
1. condensation 8. water cycle
2. sugar 9. nitrogen cycle
3. bacteria 10. carbon cycle
4. carbohydrates 11. sulfur/chemicals
5. chemosynthesis 12. food web
6. producers 13. omnivores
7. pyramid 14. evaporation
Key Terms (page 28)
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1. abiotic 6. water cycle
2. soil 7. condensation
3. evaporation 8. biotic
4. energy pyramid 9. food web
5. climate 10. chemosynthesis
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 29)
1. climate (3/1)
2. abiotic (1/1)
3. consumers (5/2 and 7, 8, 9/3)
4. food web (8, 9/3)
5. carbon dioxide (5/2)
6. humus (1/1)
7. chemosynthesis (7/3)
8. atmosphere (2/1)
9. energy pyramid (8, 9/3)
10. soil (1/1)
11. photosynthesis (5/2, 7/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 29)
1. a. 3 (8, 9/3)
b. 1 (8, 9/3)
c. 2 (8, 9/3)
2. a. 2 (2/1)
b. 1 (2/1)
c. 4 (2/1)
d. 3 (2/1)
3. respiration (2/1)
4. sunlight (3/1)
5. chemosynthesis (7/3)
6. Order of answers may vary. (4/2)
a. evaporation—conversion of liquid water to
water vapor
b. condensation—conversion of water vapor to
liquid water
c. precipitation—as condensed water droplets
combine and become heavier, they eventually
fall to ground.
7. Atmospheric nitrogen can be converted to a
compound usable by plants either by lightning
or in the soil by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Nitrogen fixation. (6/2)
8. The higher the level, the larger the organism is and the more energy is required, but the
less energy is available from the lower levels. (9/3)
9. Sample answer: bacteria, fungi, insects, worms, decaying animals (1/1)
10. Soil contains abiotic components, such as small pieces of rock and sand, as well as biotic components, such as living organisms and humus. (1/1)
11. Carbon exhaled as CO2 as a waste product of
respiration is used by plants and algae to produce
high-energy sugar molecules, or food. The
producers are then eaten by consumers who, in
turn, release the CO2 again as waste. (5/2)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 31)
1. secondary succession
2. secondary succession
3. primary succession
4. secondary succession
5. The normal gradual changes that occur in the
types of species that live in an area.
6. pioneer species
7. Lichens and the forces of weather and erosion
help break down rocks into smaller pieces,
which become soil. As lichens die and decay,
organic matter is added to the new soil.
8. After a fire, the remaining soil may already contain the seeds of weeds, grasses and trees. More seeds are carried to the area by wind and by birds and
other wildlife that move in.
9. Because soil is already present at the beginning of secondary succession, it occurs faster than primary succession.
10. climax community
Section 2 (page 32)
1. cold, dry; lichens, mosses, grasses, small shrubs; biting insects, arctic hares, reindeer, caribou, snowy owls, ducks, geese, hawks, willow grouse
2. long, cold winters, wetter and warmer than
tundra; cone-bearing evergreen trees; moose, lynx, shrews, bears, foxes
3. cold winters, hot summers, mild springs and falls; deciduous trees; white-tailed deer
4. 9–12ºC, 200–400 cm precipitation per year;
Douglas fir, western red cedar, spruce; black bear, cougar, bobcat, northern spotted owl, marbled murrelet, salamanders
5. warm, wet; very diverse; ants and other insects, macaw, reptiles, amphibians, large mammals
6. very dry; cactus plants; kangaroo rats, scorpions
7. both temperate and tropical, 25–75 cm precipitation per year, with a dry season; grasses and grains; wildebeests, zebras, kangaroos, gazelles, impalas, cattle, sheep
Section 3 (page 33)
1. The upper 200 m or so of water is the light
zone. The light and nutrients support plankton,
which are the foundation of the food chain.
2. The dark zone is below the light zone. Animals in this zone feed on material floating down in this zone or on each other. A few can produce their own food.
3. The pond supports more species because its water is standing. Swiftly flowing water loses nutrients as they are washed to shore.
4. It is the area where a river meets an ocean. Many ocean fish use estuaries as breeding grounds.
5. Wetlands contain many important organisms, including fish, shellfish, cranberries, and other plants.
6. Coral reefs are formed from the calcium carbonate shells secreted by animals called corals. When the corals die, their shells remain. The shell deposits collect over time, forming reefs. Because coral reefs are a living system of organisms, they do not do well when subjected to long-term pollution and increased sedimentation.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 35)
1. tundra 6. both
2. desert 7. freshwater
3. grassland 8. saltwater
4. cold forest region 9. freshwater
5. saltwater 10. both
Section 1 (page 36)
1. succession
2. secondary
3. pioneer
4. climax
5. primary
6. climax
7. primary
8. climax
9. primary
10. a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 1
Sections 2 and 3 (page 37)
1. temperate rain forest
2. tundra
3. temperate deciduous forest
4. grassland
5. taiga
6. desert
7. e
8. f
9. a
10. c
11. g
12. b
13. d
Key Terms ( page 38)
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Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 39)
1. climax community (3/1)
2. succession (1/1)
3. intertidal zone (8/3)
4. grasslands (5/2)
5. tropical rain forest (5/2)
6. temperate deciduous forest (5/2)
7. biomes (5/2)
8. tundra (5/2)
9. taiga (5/2)
10. desert (5/2)
11. estuary (8/3)
12. wetlands (5/2)
13. coral reefs (8/3)
14. pioneer species (2/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 40)
1. C (3/1)
2. P(3/1)
3. P (3/1)
4. P(2/1)
5. P (2/1)
6. S (1/1)
7. g (5/2)
8. b (5/2)
9. d (5/2)
10. a (5/2)
11. e (5/2)
12. b (5/2)
13. c (5/2)
14. f (5/2)
15. e (5/2)
16. water temperature, the amount of sunlight, and the amounts of dissolved oxygen and salt in the water (7/3, 8/3)
17. lakes, ponds, and wetlands (7/3)
18. They are fertile ecosystems that produce organisms such as fish, shellfish, cranberries, and other useful plants. (7/3)
19. The gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon (8/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 41)
1. optical
2. electromagnetic
3. mechanical
4. reflecting telescope
5. radio telescopes
6. rocket
7. refracting telescope
8. radio waves
9. speed
10. Light
11. dish
12. reflectors
13. reflecting
14. visible light
15. concave
16. observatories
17. electromagnetic spectrum
18. Hubble Space Telescope
19. atmosphere
Section 2 (page 42)
1. satellite
2. Armstrong
3. orbit
4. Project Apollo
5. Voyager
6. Glenn
7. Project Gemini
8. space probe
9. atmosphere
10. Mars
11. Galileo
12. Sputnik
13. rocket
14. Earth
15. Mercury
[pic]
Section 3 (page 43)
A. space station
B. space shuttle
1. both
2. both
3. space shuttle
4. space station
5. space shuttle
6. space station
7. space shuttle
8. space station
9. space station
10. space shuttle
11. space station
12. space shuttle
13. space station
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 45)
1. visible light
2–3. reflecting telescopes, refracting telescopes
4. radio telescopes
5. rockets
6–8. space probes, space shuttles, satellites
Sections 1 (page 46)
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Section 2 and 3 (page 47)
1. These probes explored the planets in our solar
system, sending data back to Earth that may
someday help us send manned missions to
the planets. The probes are now outside the
solar system.
2. It will be a permanent laboratory designed for
long-term research projects. Among the topics
to be studied are the growth of protein crystals
that could enhance work on drug design and
the treatment of many diseases. It also could be a
construction site for ships that will travel to the
Moon or Mars.
3. Successor to the Hubble Telescope, the Next Generation Space Telescope will allow scientists to study the evolution of galaxies, the production of elements by stars, and the process of star and planet formation.
Key Terms (page 48)
1. satellite
2. reflecting
3. orbit
4. Project Apollo
5. refracting
6. space shuttle
7. space probe
8. Project Gemini
9. observatory
10. spectrum
11. rocket
12. space station
13. Sputnik 1
14. Mars
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 49)
1. observatories (3/1)
2. orbit (4/2)
3. Project Apollo (6/2)
4. satellite (4/2)
5. Cassini (5/2)
6. electromagnetic spectrum (1/1)
7. Project Mercury (6/2)
8. space station (8/3)
9. reflecting telescopes (2/1)
10. space probes (5/2)
11. radio telescopes (3/1)
12. Project Gemini (6/2)
13. space shuttle (7/3)
14. refracting telescopes (2/1)
15. rockets (6/2)
16. N (4/2)
17. A (4/2)
18. A (4/2)
19. N (4/2)
20. A (4/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 50)
1. a. 3 (6/2)
b. 4 (6/2)
c. 1 (6/2)
d. 2 (6/2)
2. ultraviolet (1/1)
3. radio waves (1/1)
4. infrared (1/1)
5. gamma rays (1/1)
6. longer (1/1)
7. The space shuttle orbiter can be reused, as can
its solid-fuel booster rockets. Reusing the shuttle
saves money and conserves resources. Earlier
spacecraft could be used only once. (7/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 51)
[pic]
1. equinox 8. ellipse
2. rotation 9. winter
3. summer 10. day
4. sphere 11. year
5. revolution 12. equator
6. axis 13. solstice
7. tilt
Section 2 (page 52)
1. full moon
2. third quarter
3. new moon
4. first quarter
5. waning gibbous
6. waning crescent
7. waxing crescent
8. waxing gibbous
9. total lunar eclipse
10. total solar eclipse
11. A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon. Once the Moon moves into Earth’s umbra, a total eclipse occurs. Anyone on the nighttime side of Earth is able to see the eclipse.
12. It occurs when the Moon moves directly
between Earth and the Sun and casts a shadow
on part of Earth. In a total eclipse, the Moon
blocks all of the Sun except for its atmosphere.
Only people standing in an area of Earth within
the Moon’s umbra are able to see the total solar
eclipse.
Section 3 (page 53)
1. crust
2. core
3. water
4. basin
5. lunar
6. shadow
7. surface
8. ice
9. thinner
10. minerals
11. Sunlight for power and melted ice for water
might be available on a plateau near the basin.
12. It was named after the miner’s daughter in the song “My Darling Clementine.”
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 55)
1. axis
2. orbit
3. 24 hours
4. about 365 days
5. day and night
6. the passage of a year
7. waxing crescent, waning gibbous
8. Comets impacting the Moon deposited ice which
may still exist in craters at the Moon’s poles.
Sections 1 (page 56)
[pic]
1. sphere 4. solstice
2. ellipse 5. spring
3. tilt 6. radiation
Section 2 and 3 (page 57)
1. In a lunar eclipse, the Moon moves into Earth’s shadow and the shadow blocks light coming from the Sun. From Earth, you first see a curved shadow on the Moon’s surface, then the Moon becomes dark red.
2. In a solar eclipse, the Moon moves directly
between Earth and the Sun, casting a shadow on
part of Earth’s surface. From Earth, the Moon
appears as a dark disk, and the only part of the
Sun you can see is the atmosphere. It makes a pearly white glow around the edge of the Moon.
3. It took high-resolution photographs of the
Moon’s surface, leading to accurate and detailed
maps; it collected data on the mineral content of
moon rocks.
Key Terms (page 58)
1. b 7. a
2. a 8. a
3. b 9. a
4. a 10. b
5. b 11. b
6. b 12. a
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 59)
1. b (1/1) 8. a (1/1)
2. d (2/1) 9. d (2/1)
3. c (3/1) 10. d (6/2)
4. c (4/2) 11. c (4/2)
5. b (6/2) 12. b (1/1)
6. a (7/3) 13. a (4/2)
7. d (5/2)
Part B. Concept Review (60)
1. lunar eclipse (5/2)
2. solar eclipse (5/2)
3. penumbra (5/2)
4. partial eclipse (5/2)
5. Earth comes directly between the Sun and the
Moon, and Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon. (5/2)
6. The Moon moves directly between Earth and the Sun and casts a shadow on Earth. (5/2)
7. The umbra is larger during a lunar eclipse,
because Earth is larger than the Moon and
therefore casts a larger shadow. (5/2)
8. Because Earth is tilted on its axis, direct sun rays reach different parts of Earth at different times. The different angles of the rays cause seasons. (1/1), (3/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 61)
1. The Earth-centered model has Earth as the center of the solar system with the Sun, the Moon, the stars and the planets revolving around it in separate spheres. The Sun-centered model has the Sun as the center of the solar system with the planets and other objects revolving around it.
2. The solar system formed more than 4.6 billion
years ago from a cloud of gas and dust. Gravitational attraction among the particles caused them to drift toward the center of the cloud. The faster the cloud rotated, the more gas and dust moved to the center. Eventually, the core became so dense and hot that nuclear fusion
began, and the Sun formed. Gas and dust particles in the outer rim of the cloud clumped
together to form the planets.
3. Inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—are solid, rocky planets with iron cores; because easily vaporized elements could not condense into solids, lighter elements are scarce on the planets close to the Sun. Outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune—are all the planets farthest from the Sun; they are made of lighter elements such as hydrogen.
4. Copernicus: The Moon revolves around Earth; Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. The movement of the planets and stars as seen from Earth is caused by Earth’s rotation.
5. Galileo: Venus goes through phases like the
Moon; Venus revolves around the
Sun. This information supported Copernicus’s
model of the solar system.
6. Kepler: Planets travel at different speeds; the
orbits of the planets are not circular but elliptical,
with the Sun offset from the center.
Section 2 (page 62)
1. Mercury
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
5. small, solid, rocky
6. small, solid rocky
7. small, solid, rocky
8. small, solid, rocky
9. no true atmosphere
10. dense clouds of mostly carbon dioxide, droplets of sulfuric acid
11. nitrogen, oxygen, other gases
12. thin; carbon dioxide, some nitrogen and argon
13. great extremes, 425°C in day, –170°C at night
14. greenhouse effect, 450°C to 475°C
15. allow water to exist as solid, liquid, and gas
16. –125°C to 35°C
17. craters, high cliffs, moon-like surface
18. craters, cracks, volcanoes with lava flows
19. oceans, land masses, polar ice caps
20. reddish-yellow rocks, rifts, craters, channels,
volcanoes, polar ice caps
21. 1
22. 2—Phobos, Deimos
23. Mariner 10
24. Mariner 2, Venera 7, Magellan
25. Mariner 9, Viking 1 and 2, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Pathfinder, Mars Odyssey
Section 3 (page 63)
1. Jupiter
2. Saturn
3. Uranus
4. Neptune
5. Pluto
6. large, gaseous
7. large, gaseous
8. large, gaseous
9. large, gaseous
10. hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane, water
vapor
11. hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane, water
vapor
12. hydrogen, helium, methane
13. hydrogen, helium, methane
14. ocean of liquid hydrogen and helium, perhaps a core of ice and rock
15. liquid hydrogen and helium, perhaps a core of ice and rock
16. liquid water, methane, ammonia, rocky core
17. liquid water, methane, ammonia, rocky core
18. white, tan, red, brown clouds (Great Red Spot), faint rings
19. hundreds of rings, lowest density of all planets
20. thin dark rings, blue-green color, sideways rotation
21. blue-green color, storms in atmosphere, rings
with gases
22. at least 61: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Castillo
23. 31: Titan
24. 21: Titania
25. 11: Triton
26. Voyager 1 and 2, Galileo, Cassini
27. Voyager 1 and 2
28. Voyager 2
29. Voyager 2
Section 4 (page 64)
1. The Oort Cloud is a large collection of comets; it surrounds the solar system beyond the orbit of Pluto.
2. An asteroid is a piece of rock similar to the
material that formed the planets; most asteroids
are located between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter.
3. comet; A. coma; B. nucleus; C. tail
4. It is pulled from the Oort Cloud by the gravity
of a nearby star or by the Sun’s gravity, which
can pull it to the center of the solar system. At
first it is like a large, dirty snowball. Then, each
time it orbits close to the Sun, heat from the
Sun vaporizes its ice into gases, until all that’s
left is dust and rock.
5. A. meteoroids B. meteors C. meteorites
6. Most meteorites are probably debris from
asteroid collisions or broken-up comets.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 65)
1. comets*
2. asteroids*
3. Mercury
4. Earth
5. Mars
6. Saturn
7. Neptune
*Students could answer either comets or asteroids, as long as they use each term for one of the answers.
Sections 1 and 2 (page 66)
1. Mercury
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
5. Mercury; Possible answers: closest to the Sun; second smallest; many cliffs and craters on surface; large iron core; no real atmosphere; extreme temperatures; no moons
6. Venus; Possible answers: second from the Sun; size and mass similar to Earth’s; greenhouse effect; dense atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide; very hot; huge craters and volcanoes on surface
7. Earth; Possible answers: third from the Sun; one AU from the Sun; water exists as solid, liquid, and gas; atmosphere protects life from the Sun’s radiation; 70% surface covered by liquid water
8. Mars; Possible answers: fourth from the Sun; reddish-yellow because of iron oxide in soil; polar ice caps; largest volcano in solar system; thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide; two moons
Section 3 and 4 (page 67)
[pic]
Key Terms (page 68)
1. meteorite
2. Venus
3. Pluto
4. Great Red Spot
5. comet
6. Mercury
7. asteroid
8. solar system
9. Neptune
10. Saturn
11. Earth
12. Jupiter
13. Mars
14. meteor
15. Uranus
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 69)
1. true (9/4)
2. comet (9/4)
3. Mercury (4/2)
4. Earth (4/2)
5. true (4/2)
6. Jupiter (6/3)
7. asteroids (9/4)
8. Uranus (6/3)
9. Meteoroids (9/4)
10. true (1/1)
11. true (6/3)
12. Venus (4/2)
13. true (3/2)
14. meteorite (9/4)
15. Mars (4/2)
16. true (6/3)
17. Great Red Spot (6/3)
18. inner planets (3/2)
19. true (6/3)
20. outer planets (2/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 70)
1. They are similar in size. Both have greenhouse
effects, but Venus has much higher temperatures
and no life. (5/2)
2. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are large,
gaseous planets with dense atmospheres. Pluto
has a solid, rocky core. (7/3)
3. Scientists hypothesize that the solar system was formed 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of dust and gas. Gravitational attraction among the particles caused them to drift gradually toward the center of the cloud. The center eventually formed the Sun, and the surrounding materials formed the planets. (2/1)
4. A comet is pulled from the Oort Cloud, which lies outside the solar system, by the Sun. The comet begins as a mass of frozen ice and rock. As it moves toward the Sun, it develops a cloud of vaporized gases, or a coma, around its solid
nucleus and a bright tail of charged particles.
(8/4).
5. There are polar ice caps; iron in Mars’s crust may have been leached out by groundwater; there are gullies and sediment deposits possibly formed by water flows; many dried-up channels exist on the planet’s surface. (4/2)
6. Uranus’s rotational axis is nearly parallel to the plane of its orbit. (6/2)
7. Answers will vary: Jupiter—a faint dust ring, colorful clouds, a volcano on one moon; Saturn— complexity of ring system; Neptune—11 moons, several rings, Great Dark Spot (7/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 71)
[pic]
Section 2 (page 72)
1. photosphere
2. chromosphere
3. prominence
4. sunspot
5. corona
6. core
7. The Sun is a yellow main sequence star.
8. The energy of the Sun is produced by the fusion of hydrogen, which becomes helium.
9. Most main sequence stars are in a binary system or cluster in which two or more stars orbit one another. The Sun is not in a binary system or cluster.
10. CMEs can disrupt radio signals and interact
with Earth’s magnetic field, causing aurora near
the polar regions.
11. The intense magnetic field of sunspots can
cause prominences that erupt from the Sun. The
gases near sunspots sometimes brighten up suddenly, causing eruptions known as solar flares.
Section 3 (page 73)
[pic]
1. nebula
2. H-R diagram
3. giant
4. fusion
5. color
6. main sequence
7. supernova
8. blue
9. yellow
10. white dwarf
11. supergiant
12. neutron star
13. black hole
14. Einstein proposed that mass can be converted
into energy.
Section 4 (page 74)
1. spiral
2. cluster
3. irregular
4. Andromeda
5. elliptical
6. Clouds of Magellan
7. galaxy
8. big bang theory
9. Milky Way
10. one trillion stars
11. Local Group
12. Doppler shift
13. steady state theory
14. oscillating model
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 75)
1. galaxies
2. stars
3. white dwarfs
4. main sequence
5. giants
6. supergiants
7. main sequence
8. giants; supergiants
9. white dwarf
10. galaxies
Sections 1 and 2 (page 76)
1. constellations
2. circumpolar
3. spectographs
4. light-years
5. magnitude
6. apparent
7. surface
8. prominence
9. sunspot
Section 3 and 4 (page 77)
1. nebula
2. main sequence
3. giant
4. white dwarf
5. spiral
6. irregular
7. elliptical
8. Milky Way
9. red shift
10. Big Bang
Key Terms (page 78)
1. b
2. b
3. b
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. a
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 79)
1. r (8/3)
2. g (2/1)
3. l (2/1)
4. q (2/1)
5. c (1/1)
6. f (6/3)
7. k (8/3)
8. m (6/3)
9. d (2/1)
10. b (6/3)
11. j (6/3)
12. n (8/3)
13. s (5/2)
14. o (4/2)
15. t (4/2)
16. i (8/3)
17. h (6/2)
18. e (4/2)
19. p (9/4)
20. a (10/4)
Part B. Concept Review (page 80)
1. 1; 2; 3 (6/3)
2. 1; 4; 3; 2 (8/3)
3. yes (9/4)
4. yes (9/4)
5. no (9/4)
6. yes (7/3)
7. no (9/4)
8. yes (9/4)
9. Like most stars, the Sun is a main sequence star. It is yellow in color. The Sun is not in a binary system or cluster as many stars are. (6/3)
10. The Big Bang theory states that the universe
began expanding out of an explosion, causing
matter to expand and disperse. The Doppler
shift indicates that galaxies outside of the Local
Group are moving farther apart. (10/4)
11. In the Sun’s core, hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium atoms, which release energy. (4/2)
12. Apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude
both refer to the brightness of a star. Apparent
magnitude is the amount of light received on
Earth. Absolute magnitude is the amount of
light a star actually gives off. (2/1)
13. Sunspots are associated with intense magnetic fields. They may cause prominences, which are huge arching columns of gas. Gases near sunspots sometimes shoot outward at high speed. These violent eruptions are called solar flares. (5/2)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 81)
1. landforms
2. plains
3. plateaus
4. mountains
5. flat
6. Coastal
7. lowlands
8. Atlantic
9. Gulf
10. Interior
11. Great Plains
12. plateaus
13. uplifted
14. Colorado Plateau
15. River
16. Grand Canyon
17. Answers for the examples will vary; folded—Appalachians
18. upwarped—Black Hills
19. fault block—Grand Tetons
20. volcanic—Mount St. Helens
Section 2 (page 82)
1. A
2. C
3. F
4. K
5. J
6. I
7. L
8. N
9. M
10. O
11. 6:00 A.M.
12. 10:00 A.M.
13. 12 midnight
14. gain
Section 3 (page 83)
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. a
6. c
7. 20 m
8. 5 m
9. Figure 1, because the contour intervals are the
largest and the contour lines are closest together,
showing the steepest land.
10. southwest; the Vs of the contour lines point
upstream
11. Possible answers: slate, gneiss, phyllite, schist
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 85)
1. maps
2. latitude and longitude
3. contour lines
4. landforms
5. plains
6. mountains
7. plateaus
8. latitude, longitude
9. plains, plateaus
10. map legend
Section 1 (page 86)
1. plain
2. plateau
3. mountain
4. coastal plains
5. Great Plains
6. Appalachian
7. volcanic
8. folded
9. upwarped
10. sea level
Section 2 and 3 (page 87)
1. contour lines
2. elevation
3. latitude
4. longitude
5. interval
6. 5 m
7. 16 m
8. steeper
9. The hike between A and B covers the same
elevation as the hike between C and D, but in a
shorter distance so it is steeper.
Key Terms (page 88)
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. b
10. a
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 89)
1. latitude lines (3/2)
2. Robinson (6/3)
3. plains (1/1)
4. contour lines (7/3)
5. conic (6/3)
6. map scales (7/3)
7. Upwarped (2/1)
8. east/west (3/2)
9. International Date Line (5/2)
10. plateaus (1/1)
11. volcanic (2/1)
12. elevation (7/3)
13. Mercator (6/3)
14. latitude and longitude lines (4/2)
15. prime meridian (3/2)
16. folded (2/1)
17. fault-block (2/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 90)
1. along ocean shore; low; low hills, wetlands,
swamps; sediments from oceans or rivers (1/1)
2. center of the United States; high; flat, grassy, dry;
loose materials from the Rocky Mountains (1/1)
3. rocky areas; very high; flat, raised, rocky;
uplifted by forces within Earth (1/1)
4. squeezed from opposite sides (2/1)
5. Appalachian (2/1)
6. weathering (2/1)
7. crust is pushed up (2/1)
8. peaks and ridges (2/1)
9. Black Hills (2/1)
10. huge, tilted blocks (2/1)
11. cracks (2/1)
12. movement (2/1)
13. sharp, jagged (2/1)
14. Nevadas (2/1)
15. Volcanic (2/1)
16. weak area of the crust (2/1)
17. layers (2/1)
18. cone-shaped (2/1)
19. Hawaiian (2/1)
20. b (6/3)
21. d (6/3)
22. a (6/3)
23. c (6/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 91)
1. ionosphere
2. thermosphere, stratosphere
3. mesosphere, troposphere
4. the names and percentages of the gases found in the atmosphere
5. Nitrogen; it is the most abundant gas in air.
6. Oxygen; it is the second most abundant gas in air.
7. Water vapor; water vapor amount in air can vary between 0.0 and 4.0 percent.
Section 2 (page 92)
1. Some of the energy is absorbed by clouds and the atmosphere, scattered, and/or reflected.
2. 45%
3. 5%
4. clouds and atmospheric gases
5. electromagnetic waves
6. contact of molecules
7. the flow of heated materials
8. conduction
9. radiation
10. convection
Section 3 (page 93)
1. wind
2. equator
3. doldrums
4. prevailing westerlies
5. trade winds
6. sea breezes
7. jet streams
8. land breezes
9. solar radiation
10. Coriolis effect
11. polar easterlies
12. air movement
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 95)
1. exosphere
2. ionosphere
3. coldest air temperature
4. stratosphere
5. weather
Sections 1 and 2 (page 96)
1. troposphere
2. nitrogen
3. stratosphere
4. ultraviolet radiation
5. chlorofluorocarbons
6. conduction
7. convection current
8. hydrosphere
9. condensation
10. evaporates
Section 3 (page 97)
1. land breeze
2. sea breeze
3. b
4. d
5. f
6. a
7. e
8. c
Key Terms (page 98)
1. ozone layer
2. conduction
3. jet stream
4. hydrosphere
5. condensation
6. troposphere
7. ionosphere
8. water cycle
9. Coriolis effect
10. sea breeze
familiar term: atmosphere
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 99)
1. troposphere (2/1)
2. ozone layer (2/1)
3. conduction (5/2)
4. polar easterlies (8, 9/3)
5. Coriolis effect (8/3)
6. doldrums (8, 9/3)
7. ionosphere (2/1)
8. sea breezes (9/3)
9. trade winds (8, 9/3)
10. radiation (5/2)
11. prevailing westerlies (8, 9/3)
12. land breezes (9/3)
13. ultraviolet radiation (2/1)
14. jet streams (9/3)
15. chlorofluorocarbons (2/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 100)
1. Some of the energy escapes back into space, some is absorbed by the atmosphere, and some is
absorbed by land and water surfaces. (4/2)
2. Too much ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancer. (2/1)
3. They are three methods of heat transfer. Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of molecules. Convection is the transfer of heat by the flow of a heated material. (5/2)
4. The chlorine atoms in CFCs can break up ozone molecules and destroy ozone’s ability to absorb UV radiation. (2/1)
5. Because Earth’s surface is curved, not all areas receive the same amount of radiation from the Sun. The equator receives more direct radiation, so its temperatures are higher. The poles receive less direct radiation, so their temperatures are lower. (7/3)
6. nitrogen and oxygen (1/1)
7. density and temperature (3/1)
8. Winds moving toward the equator are turned
westward, or to the left in the Northern Hemisphere due to Earth’s eastward rotation. (8/3)
9. Land absorbs and releases heat faster than water. This unequal heating causes local air circulation by convection currents. Cool, dense air pushes warm air. Thus the cooler land at night causes land breezes, and cooler sea air in the daytime causes sea breezes. (9/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 101)
1. The warmer the temperature, the more water
vapor the air can hold.
2. In cold air, the molecules move slowly, which
makes it easier for the water vapor molecules to
condense.
3. Clouds form as warm air is forced upward,
expands, and cools. This causes water vapor in
the air to condense around small particles, such
as dust or salt. These droplets are so small that
they remain suspended, forming a cloud.
4. Figure 1—cirrus, feathery, fair, cold
Figure 2—stratus, layered, light rain or snow
Figure 3—cumulus, puffy, fair
Figure 4—cumulonimbus, towering, thunderstorms
5. b
6. a
7. d
8. c
Section 2 (page 102)
1. cumulus, cumulonimbus
2. heavy rain showers
3. nimbostratus, stratus, cirrus
4. steady rain or snow
5. cold front
6. warm front
7. It will rise.
8. Topeka is colder than Kansas City.
9. a. Warm, moist air is pushed very high very rapidly and condenses. Water droplets then fall to Earth, colliding with other droplets.
b. Falling water drops cool the air around them,
which sinks and spreads across Earth’s surface.
c. current flowing between regions with opposing electrical charges
d. the heating and rapid expansion of the air around a lightning bolt, which forms a sound wave
e. warm air forced upward at great speed, creating low pressure at Earth’s surface—strong winds at the center of the low pressure collide and rotate, lowering air pressure even more and creating a funnel cloud
Section 3 (page 103)
1. station C
2. calm
3. station D
4. station D
5. warm front
6. station C
7. The temperature will drop as the cold front
passes.
8. An isobar is a line connecting areas of equal pressure. An isotherm is a line connecting places that have the same temperature.
9. Map B shows the higher winds because when isobars are close together it shows that large air pressure differences exists over a small area. Large pressure differences produce high winds.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 105)
Overview (page 19)
1. Sun
2. air
3. water
4. air masses
5. fronts
6. high pressure
7. low pressure
8. cools
9. upward
10. lower
Section 1 (page 106)
1. g
2. d
3. i
4. a
5. f
6. j
7. c
8. k
9. e
10. h
11. b
Sections 2 and 3 (page 107)
1. front
2. pressure
3. precipitation
4. temperature
5. direction
6. air mass
7. isotherm
8. station model
9. cool/moist
10. cold/dry
11. cool/moist
12. warm/moist
13. hot/dry
14. warm/moist
Key Terms (page 108)
1. Relative humidity
2. dew point
3. fog
4. air masses
5. hurricane
6. meteorologist
7. isotherm
8. isobar
9. tornado
10. front
[pic]
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 109)
1. tornado (5/2)
2. isotherm (8/3)
3. meteorologist (7/3)
4. isobar (8/3)
5. front (4/2)
6. air mass (4/2)
7. weather (1/1)
8. relative humidity (1/1)
9. station model (8/3)
10. dew point (2/1)
11. hurricane (4/2)
12. air pressure (4/2)
13. precipitation (3/1)
14. cloud (2/1)
15. fog (2/1)
16. saturated (3/1)
17. nimbostratus cloud (2/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 110)
1. thin and feathery, fair weather
2. puffy with flat bases, fair weather
3. low gray layer, light precipitation
4. thick dark layer, steady precipitation (1–4, 2/1)
5. a. when a cold air mass invades a warm air
mass (4/2)
b. warm, moist air forced rapidly upward (4/2)
c. strong winds rotating around a low pressure
system (5/2)
d. a large, swirling low pressure system that
forms over tropical oceans (6/2)
6. On weather maps, isobars connect points of
equal pressure, and isotherms connect points of
equal temperature. (8/3)
7. Fronts are the boundaries between two air
masses, often one cold and one warm. Usually,
the warm air will move up over the cold air. Rising warm air makes the pressure drop. (4/2)
8. rain, sleet, snow, hail (3/1)
9. Cold front: cold air pushes up warm air rapidly; thunderstorms often form. Warm front: warm air slides over colder air; extended period of wet weather. Stationary front: neither cold air nor warm air advances; light wind and precipitation could last several days. (4/2)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 111)
1–3 can be in any order.
1. ocean; Near large bodies of water, the climate is less extreme because the water heats up and cools down more slowly than land does.Warm ocean currents make nearby land warmer, and cold currents make nearby land cooler.
2. Mountain; The climate on the side of a mountain facing the wind is usually rainy or snowy; the climate on the other side is likely to be dry.
3. City; in large cities, pavement and buildings absorb heat and radiate it into the air. Pollutants can trap the heat, creating “heat islands.” Tall buildings change wind and precipitation patterns.
Section 2 (page 112)
1. climate
2. insulates
3. adaptation
4. food
5. hibernation
6. estivation
7. structural
8. precipitation
9. Any structure or behavior that helps a plant or
an animal survive in its environment.
10. During hot, sunny days, desert snakes hide in
the shade, under rocks. They look for food at
night, when it is cooler.
11. spiny leaves, thick fleshy stem, waxy covering over the stem
12. The structures help the plants conserve moisture.
13. tropical, dry, mild, continental, polar, and high elevations
Section 3 (page 113)
1. summer, Northern Hemisphere; winter, Southern Hemisphere
2. Seasonal variations in temperature are greatest in high latitudes and least near the equator. Seasonal variations in day length are greatest at the North and South Poles, and least at equator.
3. El Niño causes changes in the way the trade winds blow and ocean temperatures rise near South America. Changes in the atmosphere make stormy weather more likely in California and change wind and precipitation around the world.
4. an increase in the average global surface temperature over the past 100 years
5. Glaciers could melt; sea levels rise and flood low-lying areas.
6. meteorite impacts, volcanic eruptions, variations in the Sun’s energy, movement of Earth’s plates, change in Earth’s tilt toward the Sun or in the shape of the orbit, heavy cloud or dust cover
7. A natural heating process that occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat.
8. The greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm
enough to support all its life forms.
9. Scientists study warm-weather fossils found in
polar regions, as well as ice cores and sediments.
Fossils of tropical plants found in areas now covered by ice indicate that Earth’s climate was
warmer in the past. Evidence of glacial activity
over large parts of Earth’s surface indicate that the climate was also colder.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 115)
1–2, 3–7, 8–12 can be in any order.
1. temperate
2. tropical
3. dry
4. high elevation
5. polar
6. continental
7. mild
8. seasons
9. meteorite collisions
10. volcanic eruptions
11. solar output
12. large cities
Section 1 and 2 (page 116)
1–6 can be in any order.
1. latitude
2. large cities
3. mountains
4. ocean currents
5. bodies of water
6. landforms
7. c
8. e
9. b
10. a
11. f
12. d
Sections 3 (page 117)
1. Earth’s tilt
2. wind
3. carbon dioxide
4. volcanic eruptions
5. constant
6. People burn fossil fuels and cut down forests.
7. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increase.
8. Global warming occurs.
Key Terms (page 118)
1. tropics
2. global warming
3. hibernation
4. temperate zone
5. adaptation
6. deforestation
7. greenhouse effect
8. climate
Chapter Review
Part A.Vocabulary Review (page 119)
1. c (6/2)
2. a (2/1)
3. e (11/3)
4. k (2/1)
5. d (10/3)
6. j (8/2)
7. b (2/1)
8. i (17/3)
9. g (18/3)
10. f (2/1)
11. h (19/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 119)
1. Weather conditions are averaged over a long period, such as 30 years. Some weather conditions that are averaged include temperature, precipitation, humidity, and days of sunshine. (2/1)
2. Students should list four of the following six
groups: tropical, mild, dry, continental, polar, and high elevation. (2/1)
3. During El Niño, trade winds that blow east to
west weaken and sometimes reverse. Instead of
cold water rising off the coast of Peru, warm tropical water flows east to South America. The resulting increase in ocean temperature affects weather patterns worldwide: monsoons in India, storms in California, and droughts in Africa and Australia. (11/3)
4. Plants lose water through evaporation from their leaves. The amount of evaporation depends on the size of the leaves’ surface area. Since spiny leaves have a small surface area, cacti lose less water through their leaves. This adaptation helps cacti survive in a dry desert climate. (7/2)
5. The greenhouse effect is a natural heating process caused by gases trapping heat in Earth’s atmosphere. This makes Earth’s climate warmer than it would be otherwise and allows living things to survive. Global warming is a worldwide increase in temperatures caused by an increase of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. (17/3)
6. Warm-weather fossils found in polar regions show that at one time, Earth’s climate was much warmer. At several different times in the past 2 million years, much of Earth was covered in glaciers. (14/3)
7. On the windward side of the mountain, air rises, cools, and drops its moisture as precipitation. On the leeward side of the mountain, there is a rain shadow; the air descends, heats up, and dries out the land, often forming deserts. (5/2)
8. Humans add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels and by removing trees. We can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by conserving electricity derived from fossil fuels, by using alternative forms of transportation so fewer cars are releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and by planting more trees. (19/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 121)
1. Elements are added to oceans at the same rate
that they are removed.
2. Oxygen enters the ocean in two ways—directly from the atmosphere and indirectly from
organisms when they go through the process of
photosynthesis.
3. The most abundant elements in seawater are
hydrogen and oxygen.
4. About 70 percent of Earth is covered by ocean
water.
5. Salts can be removed from ocean water by a
process called desalination.
6. After water vapor from volcanoes cooled,
torrents of rain filled basins on Earth’s surface
to form the oceans.
7. Salinity is usually measured in grams of
dissolved salt per kilogram of seawater.
8. Sodium and chloride make up most of the ions
in seawater.
9. Some of the ions in seawater come from rocks
that are slowly dissolved by rivers and groundwater.
10. The proportion and the amount of dissolved
salts in seawater have remained about the same
over hundreds of millions of years.
11. Oceans provide food, oxygen, and natural
resources, and they also have an effect on
weather.
Section 2 (page 122)
1. a density current
2. Winds push surface water away from the coast. Cold, deep ocean water rises to the surface to replace the water that moved away.
3. California Current; cold
4. south
5. to the right; to the left
Section 3 (page 123)
1. breaker
2. neap
3. wavelength
4. trough
5. tide
6. wave
7. spring
8. gravity
9. crest
10. wave height
11. tidal range
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 125)
I. A. Covers 70 percent of Earth
II. A. 1. Are affected by the Coriolis effect
B. 2. Form when a mass of seawater becomes
more dense than the water around it
III. A. 1. crest
A 2. trough
B. 1. High tide
B. 2. Low tide
B. 3. Tidal range
Section 1 and 2 (page 126)
1. basins
2. salts
3. rivers
4. salinity
5. sodium
6. chloride
7. current
8. surface
9. Coriolis effect
10. rotation
11. density
12. warm
13. upwelling
Sections 3 (page 127)
1. wavelength
2. crest
3. trough
4. wave height
5. tides
6. wind
7. slow down
8. spring tides
9. spring tide
10. neap tide
Key Terms (page 128)
[pic]
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 129)
[pic]
Across Down
1. (4/2) 2. (4/2)
3. (8/3) 5. (2/1)
4. (1/1) 6. (7/3)
7. (7/3) 8. (9/3)
9. (6/2)
10. (9/3)
11. (6/2)
12. (7/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 130)
1. Billions of years ago, Earth’s surface was more volcanically active than it is today. Erupting volcanoes gave off water vapor. The water vapor cooled, condensed, and fell as precipitation. This precipitation filled Earth’s basins. (1/1)
2. They originate in groundwater, rivers, volcanic action, and the atmosphere. (2/1)
3. They are used at the same rate at which they are added to the oceans. Sea animals and plants use the dissolved substances. Examples are marine animals that form bones from calcium, oysters that form shells from silica and calcium, and algae that form shells from silica. Other substances precipitate out as sediment on the ocean floor. (2/1)
4. The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of Earth. It causes most currents north of the equator to turn to the right, and most currents south of the equator to turn to the left. (4/2)
5. Currents on western coasts usually originate near the North and South Poles, where the water is colder. Currents on eastern coasts originate near the equator, where the water is warmer. (5/2)
6. Only the wave’s energy moves forward while the water molecules remain in about the same place. (8/3)
7. In shallow water, friction with the bottom of the ocean slows water at the bottom of the wave.
While the bottom slows down, the top keeps moving. Eventually, the top falls, or breaks. (8/3)
8. During spring tides, high tides are higher and low tides are lower than normal because Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are lined up. During neap tides, high tides are lower and low tides are higher than normal because Earth, the Sun, and the Moon form a right angle. (9/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 131)
1. Energy is the ability to cause change.
2. It has energy if it is causing change or can cause change.
3. kinetic and potential
4. radiant and thermal
5. electrical (and chemical)
6. chemical
7. potential
8. chemical
9. radiant
10. nuclear
11. thermal
12. Kinetic
13. kinetic
14. transferring
15. greater
16. less
17. Potential energy
18. more
19. more
Section 2 (page 132)
1. thermal energy
2. chemical; kinetic
3. changed in form; moved from place to place
4. thermal
5. chemical; radiant; thermal
6. thermal
7. chemical; kinetic
8. Chemical energy is taken into your body from
the hamburger and stored until it is needed.
The cells in your body use this chemical energy,
transforming it into the kinetic energy required
to power your muscles to help you get on your
bike and begin riding it. Some energy is
transformed into thermal energy, and the bike
rider begins to sweat.
9. Kinetic energy of steam turns a turbine. The
kinetic energy of the turbine powers the generator.
10. Electrical energy of the radio signal is transformed into the kinetic energy of the radio
speaker. This kinetic energy creates sound waves
which enter your ear, transferring the kinetic
energy of the sound waves into kinetic energy of
the eardrum and fluid. This energy is then
turned into electrical energy by the nerve cells.
The brain interprets this energy as sound.
Section 3 (page 133)
1. Oil
2. increases
3. Water
4. Fossil fuels
5. hydroelectric
6. true
7. false; Hydroelectric
8. false; photovoltaic
9. false; windmill
10. false; fossil fuels
11. On overcast days or at night, solar energy
cannot be used to provide energy, so an energy
storage device is needed.
12. Water collected by a dam in a reservoir has
potential energy that is changed to kinetic
energy as it enters the turbine. The water moves
the turbine, generating electrical energy.
13. Student answers will vary. Possible answers: One advantage of fossil fuels is that they are less expensive than other forms of
energy. Fossil fuels do not create radioactive
waste. Fossil fuels are not renewable and create
air pollution.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 135)
1. power plants
2. solar
3. food and fuel
4. nuclear
5. magma
6. light
7. position
Section 1 (page 136)
1. kinetic energy: the motion of a skateboard
2. radiant energy: the light of a candle
3. nuclear energy: the bonds between the protons
of a silver atom
4. Thermal energy: the heat released by a steaming bag of popcorn
5. potential energy: energy stored in a bicycle at
the top of a hill
6. Chemical energy: the bonds between the atoms of a match
7. electrical energy: energy used to power a
computer
8. potential
9. chemical
10. energy
11. velocity
12. electrical
Sections 2 and 3 (page 137)
1. 3
2. 2
3. 5
4. 1
5. 4
6. nuclear
7. turbine; hydroelectric
8. photovoltaic; electrical
9. renewable
10. conservation
11. nonrenewable
Key Terms (page 138)
1. energy 7. kinetic
2. nuclear 8. generator
3. radiant 9. potential
4. chemical 10. turbine
5. alternative 11. nonrenewable
6. thermal
[pic]
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 139)
1. nonrenewable (7/3)
2. turbine (6/2)
3. photovoltaic (3/1)
4. thermal energy (3/1)
5. electrical energy (3/1)
6. generator (6/2)
7. renewable resource (7/3)
8. chemical (3/1)
9. alternative (7/3)
10. radiant energy (3/1)
11. potential energy (2/1)
12. kinetic energy (2/1)
13. energy (1/1)
14. nuclear energy (3/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 140)
1. a. 3 (6/2)
b. 1 (6/2)
c. 5 (6/2)
d. 2 (6/2)
e. 4 (6/2)
2. decreases (2/1)
3. decreases (2/1)
4. both kinetic and potential energy (2/1)
5. potential (2/1)
6. electrical (7/3)
7. potential (2/1)
8. kinetic (7/3)
9. A renewable resource is one that is replenished as quickly as it is used. A nonrenewable resource is one that cannot be replenished quickly. (7/3)
10. The potential energy becomes kinetic energy as the book is in motion. (2/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 141)
[pic]
Section 2 (page 142)
1. electric current
2. circuit
3. negative
4. positive
5. electric potential energy
6. volts
7. V
8. chemical reactions
9. resistance
10. ohms
Section 3 (page 143)
1. a. Ohm’s law
b. Voltage = current × resistance
c. V = I × R
2. a. parallel circuit, series circuit
b. parallel: a circuit that has more than one path for the electric current to follow
series: a circuit that has only one path for the
electric current to follow
3. a. amount of electric energy used by a device
b. watt
W
kilowatt
kW
c. power = current × voltage
P = I × V
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 145)
1. circuit 6. different
2. Ohm’s 7. 3
3. I = V/R 8. 2
4. the same 9. 1
5. parallel 10. 4
Section 1 (page 146)
1. I
2. C
3. I
4. I
5. C
6. C
7. I
8. I
9. C
10. True; It is repelling a ball with a positive charge because like charges repel each other.
11. True; It is attracted to the ball with the positive charge because unlike charges attract each other.
12. False; The positive charge of ball 2 will repel it.
Sections 2 and 3 (page 147)
1. parallel
2. no
3. 3
4. yes, bulbs 1 and 2
5. series
6. yes
7. no
Key Terms (page 148)
1. static charge 9. ion
2. conductors 10. voltage
3. insulators 11. electric force
4. electric current 12. Ohm’s law
5. circuit 13. electric field
6. resistance 14. electric power
7. series circuit 15. electric discharge
8. parallel circuit
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 149)
[pic]
Across
2. (9/3)
4. (3/1)
8. (4/1)
11. (10/3)
12. (9/3)
13. (1/1)
Down
1. (2/1)
3. (5/2)
5. (9/3)
6. (8/3)
7. (7/2)
9. (3/1)
10. (5/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 150)
1. loses electrons (1/1)
2. attract (2/1)
3. weaker (2/1)
4. neutral (4/1)
5. a source of electrons (5/2)
6. voltage (5/2)
7. separating (6/2)
8. negative; positive (6/2)
9. decreases (7/2)
10. ampere (5/2)
11. current; resistance (8/3)
12. 0.19 amperes (8/3)
13. current (9/3)
14. power (10/3)
15. kilowatt-hours (10/3)
16. Both circuits provide a pathway for electricity and can be used to run electrical devices. In a series circuit, if one item is turned off, the whole circuit is off. In a parallel circuit, adding or removing items does not affect the total circuit. (9/3)
17. It can cause the heart to stop beating properly. It can interfere with the ability to breathe, which can lead to suffocation. (11/3)
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