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Flashcard Revision Questions- Unit 2- Physiology and HealthChapter 9- Gamete Production and FertilisationIn which organ are sperm made?- TestesWhere exactly in the testes are sperm made- Seminiferous TubulesName the cells surrounding the seminiferous tubules in the testes- Interstitial CellsName the cells that are found in the seminiferous tubules that divide by meiosis to form the sperm- Germline cellsWhich tube carries the sperm from the testes toward the urethra- Sperm ductName the two accessory glands- Seminal Vesicles and Prostate GlandWhat two substances are released by the seminal vesicles- A liquid rich in fructose sugar and a liquid that contains a hormone-like compound that stimulates the female reproductive tract to help the sperm swim faster towards the oviductWhat substance does the prostate gland secrete- a liquid rich in enzymes which maintains the fluid medium at the optimum viscosity for sperm mobility.What name is given to the liquid containing sperm and the secretions of the accessory glands- semenWhat is the name of the structure that the egg develops in-the follicleWhere in the female reproductive tract does the process of fertilisation occur?-oviductWhat is formed when an egg and sperm fuse during fertilisation-a zygoteChapter 10- Hormonal Control of ReproductionName the glands that hormones are produced from- endocrine glandsWhich hormone is produced by the hypothalamus around puberty time which kick-starts the production of sperm- releaser hormoneWhere does releaser hormone travel to from the hypothalamus- Pituitary GlandName the two hormones produced by the pituitary gland in males- FSH and ICSHWhen FSH is released from the pituitary gland in males, where does it travel to- seminiferous tubules in the testisWhat do the seminiferous tubules make after being stimulated by FSH-spermWhat does ICSH released from the pituitary gland do- stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosteroneWhat two jobs does testosterone do- stimulates the seminiferous tubules to make sperm and it also activates the accessory glandsWhen there is a build-up of testosterone in males what happens- testosterone inhibits the production of FSH and ICSH from the pituitary glandWhen testosterone levels fall, the FSH and ICSH production is resumed following a period of being inhibited. What name is given to this type of regulation- negative feedbackName the hormone released from the hypothalamus in females during puberty that kick starts the menstrual cycle- Releaser HormoneName the two hormones that are released from the pituitary gland in females- FSH and LHName the hormone released by the pituitary gland that cause the development of an egg inside the follicle- FSHWhat ovarian hormone is released by the ovary in response to an egg developing in the follicle- OestrogenWhat effect does oestrogen have on the endometrium- causes proliferationAs oestrogen levels build up and, it sends a message back to the pituitary gland to release which hormone- LHWhat two events does LH being released from the pituitary gland cause- Ovulation and formation of corpus luteum from the follicleName the hormone released by the corpus luteum as well as oestrogen- progesteroneWhich two hormones are classed as ovarian hormones- oestrogen and progesteroneProgesterone travels to the endometrium and causes what to happen- vascularisation of the endometriumAs progesterone builds up an inhibitory message is sent back to the pituitary gland to tell it to inhibit the production of which two hormones-FSH and LHIf FSH and LH levels drop what other two ovarian hormone levels will drop-oestrogen and progesteroneWhat structure will break down if oestrogen and progesterone are not there to maintain it- the endometrium resulting in a periodIf fertilisation does occur, which hormone will be secreted by the embryo that will maintain the corpus luteum and allow it to continue to secrete, oestrogen and progesterone-HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)Name the two phases of the menstrual cycle- Follicular Phase and Luteal phaseWhat name is given to the process of the release of an egg from the follicle- OvulationWhat events are described in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle- all the events up to ovulationWhat events are described in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle-All the events after ovulation up to the onset of a periodChapter 11- Biology of Controlling FertilityWhich of the sexes is described as being cyclically fertile-femalesHow is the fact that males can make sperm throughout the month described-continuously fertileRoughly how long does female fertility last per month-1-2 days after ovulationWhat two indicators are there in females that they are entering their fertile period- temperature rises by about 0.5 degrees and the cervical mucus thinsWhat hormone allows the body temperature in females to rise by about 0.5 degrees around about puberty time- progesteroneWhich hormone causes the cervical mucus to thin around ovulation time-oestrogenIf a female fails to ovulate it may be because they fail to make FSH or LH. What treatment can be given- fertility drugs that contain FSH or LHWhat name is given to the fertility treatment whereby semen is introduced into the female reproductive tract in a means other than sexual intercourse- Artificial InseminationWhat name is given to the introduction of semen into the female reproductive tract naturally as a result of sexual intercourse- InseminationWhen would artificial insemination be used as a fertility treatment- if the man has a low sperm count or a sperm donor is being usedWhat name is given to the process by which the fertilisation process occurs in a dish-IVF (in Vitro Fertilisation)Under which circumstances would IVF be used as a fertility treatment-If the female has a blockage in the oviduct then the egg and sperm will be unable to meet.What screening technique is used to check embryos during IVF for general chromosomal abnormalities- PGS (Pre-implantation genetic screening)What screening technique is used to check embryos during IVF for a known chromosomal abnormalities- PGD (Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis)During IVF, if a man’s sperm count is low then many of the sperm are defective. What technique can be used during IVF to overcome this- Intracytoplasmic Sperm InjectionWhat is ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)-Technique which involves taking a healthy sperm and injecting it directly into an egg being held in a holding tool. It is used during IVF.Name three barrier methods of contraception that physically prevent an egg from meeting a sperm-Condom, Diaphragm and cervical capName the device inserted into the uterus that is a plastic structure with copper wound round it to irritate the lining of the uterus and prevent an embryo from implanting-IUDName the sterilisation procedure in men where the sperm ducts are cut and tied to prevent sperm being released during sexual activity-VasectomyWhat is the equivalent of a vasectomy in females where the oviducts are cut and tied to prevent egg meeting sperm and reaching the uterus-Tubal ligationName the two hormones found in the combined pill-oestrogen and progesteroneHow does the combined pill prevent pregnancy- high levels of oestrogen and progesterone prevent FSH and LH from being released. No egg is matured in the follicle or released during ovulation. Effectively there is no egg to fertilise.Why does a period still happen when taking the combined pill- a pill is taken for 3 weeks with high levels of oestrogen and progesterone. During the 4th week, no pill is taken and the levels fall. This results in menstruation.How is the morning after pill different from the combined pill- the morning after pill has higher doses of oestrogen and progesteroneUp to how many hours after unprotected sex can the morning after pill be taken- up to 72 hours laterWhat hormones are contained in the mini pill- progesterone onlyHow does the mini pill prevent pregnancy- the progesterone levels cause the cervical mucus to remain thick at all times to stop sperm being able to reach the eggChapter 12- Ante- and Postnatal ScreeningName the technique by which high-frequency sounds are bounced off the fetus and converted to an image on a computer screen-ultrasound imagingName two scans that are produced through ultrasound imaging- Dating scan and anomaly scanWhen is a dating scan produced- 8-14 weeksWhat does a dating scan show- stage of pregnancy and due dateWhen is an anomaly scan carried out- 18-20 weeksWhat does an anomaly scan show- serious physical abnormalities in the fetusName a marker chemical that doctors check for the level of in a mother’s urine/blood- HCG hormone or AFP If the levels of these marker chemicals are checked at an inappropriate point in the timeline and found to be high/low, this could lead to what two types of false alarm- false positives and false negativesIf a fetus is wrongly diagnosed as having a condition when it doesn’t then this is what type of mistake- false positiveIf a fetus is wrongly diagnosed as not having a condition when is actual fact it does, then this is what type of mistake- false negativeWhat name is given to the type of tests where they look at marker chemical levels and other indicators that look for signs and symptoms of a disorder, but does not tell definitively that the fetus has the disorder- Screening testWhat name is given to a definitive test that established without doubt that the fetus has a disorder. It is usually carried out following concerns after a screening test- Diagnostic testName two diagnostic tests- amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus SamplingBoth diagnostic tests allow the collection of some of the baby’s cells and a photograph of the chromosomes all laid out. What name is given to the visual display of chromosomes- KaryotypeWhen is amniocentesis carried out- 14-16 weeksWhere are the cells taken from during amniocentesis- amniotic sacWhat is the negative aspect of amniocentesis- risk of miscarriageWhen is CVS carried out- as early as 8 weeksWhere are the cells for CVS taken from- the chorionic villus of the placentaWhat are the advantages of CVS over amniocentesis- CVS carried out earlier in a pregnancy and if there is any problem, then a termination can be considered much earlier when it is less traumatic. If parents wait until 14-16 weeks as with amniocentesis, then it is much more traumaticWhat name is given to the charts used by genetic counsellors to assess the degree of risk in passing on a genetic disorder to children- pedigree chart/family treeWhat does a line through a symbol on a pedigree chart show- that the person has diedWhich symbol is used to represent a female- a circleWhich symbol is used to represent a male- a squareWhat pattern of inheritance is shown when a condition carried on the autosomes has is relatively rarely expressed, skips generations and occurs more between members joined by a consanguineous marriage (too close in relation to each other)- Autosomal recessive inheritanceWhat pattern of inheritance is shown when a condition carried on the autosomes appears every generation? Each person affected has a parent who suffered the condition and once the condition is lost from a branch of the tree it is lost altogether from that branch- Autosomal dominant inheritanceWhat pattern of inheritance is shown when both alleles are expressed together and this is the most common phenotype, The number of males and females are affected in equal numbers- Autosomal Incomplete dominanceWhat pattern of inheritance is shown by a condition carried on the sex chromosomes, where many more males than females are affected and none of the affected males have sons with the trait- sex-linked recessive inheritanceName a condition whereby a baby is unable to change the amino acid Phenylalanine into tyrosine. PhenylketonuriaWhen is the test for phenylketonuria carried out in babies- a few days after birthWhat name is given to the type of testing that occurs in babies after they are born- Postnatal screeningChapter 13- Structure and Function of Arteries, Capillaries and VeinsWhich 3 parts make up the cardiovascular system- blood, blood vessels and heartWhat name is given to the area in a blood vessel that the blood flows through- lumenWhat name is given to the lining of the lumen- endotheliumWhat are the 5 types of blood vessels- arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venulesWhich type of blood vessel carries blood at high pressure away from the heart- arteriesWhich type of blood vessel carries blood at lower pressure towards the heart- veinsWhich type of blood vessel links arteries to capillaries- ArteriolesWhich type of blood vessel links veins to capillaries- venulesName 3 structural differences between an artery and veins- Arteries have a thick muscular wall and veins have a thinner muscular wall. Arteries don’t have valves but veins do have valves. Arteries have a narrow lumen and veins have a wider lumenWhat name is given to the process where arterioles can narrow- VasoconstrictionWhat name is given to the process where arterioles can widen- vasodilationWhich blood vessels are known as the exchange vessels- capillariesWhat substance consists of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets bathed in plasma- BloodWhat substances are dissolved in plasma- glucose, amino acids, useful ions, oxygen and useful ionsWhen blood plasma leaks out of the capillaries it is known as what- tissue fluidIn what way is tissue fluid different from blood plasma- tissue fluid does not contain plasma proteinsWhy does tissue fluid not contain protein- it is too big to pass through the walls of the capillariesName some materials that are delivered to the cells via tissue fluid- Glucose, amino acids, Oxygen, hormonesName a waste gas that is removed from the cells via tissue fluid- carbon dioxideName the two ways in which tissue fluid is returned to the circulatory system- by osmosis directly into the capillaries as tissue fluid has a higher water concentration compared to blood plasma. It can also pass into the lymphatic system.What is tissue fluid known as when in the lymph vessels of the lymphatic system- lymphWhat is the lymphatic system- a series of vessels that carry lymph fluid derived from blood that eventually returns the lymph to the bloodstreamHow does lymph eventually drain back into the circulatory system- by being compressed as the body moves and passed along the lymphatic system and eventually then drains into two veins coming from the armsIf lymph is prevented form draining back into the lymphatic system because of parasites invading the system, then this results in a condition where fluid gathers in excessive amounts in the tissues, what is this condition- elephantitisMalnutrition can cause fluid to gather in the abdomen because there is no difference in the water concentration of tissue fluid and blood plasma, name this condition-KwashiorkorChapter 14- Structure and Function of the HeartName the 4 chambers of the heart- right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricleWhich type of blood vessel carries blood towards the heart- veinsWhich type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart- arteriesName the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body(one branch from the upper parts of the body and one branch from the lower half of the body) back to the heart and enters the right atrium- Vena CavaName the chamber that blood travels to from the right atrium- right ventricleName the valve through which blood travels as it goes from the right atrium to the right ventricle- AV Valve( atrio-ventricular valve)What does the AV valve on the right side of the heart prevent- backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atriumBlood travels to the lungs from the right ventricle through which blood vessel- Pulmonary ArteryAs blood travels from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, name the valve that it passes through- Semi-lunar valveWhat does the semi-lunar valve on the right side of the heart prevent- backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricleWhat does blood travelling to the lungs from the pulmonary artery pick up at the lungs- oxygenWhat name is given to blood rich in oxygen- oxygenated bloodWhat name is given to blood low in oxygen- deoxygenated bloodName the blood vessel that returns blood to the left atrium of the heart from the lungs-pulmonary veinIs the blood returning the left atrium oxygenated or deoxygenated- oxygenatedWhat chamber does blood from the left atrium go to- left ventricleName the valve present between the left atrium and left ventricle- AV valveWhat does the AV valve on the left side of the heart prevent- backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atriumWhich ventricle wall is thicker and why- left ventricle wall. It has to withstand the pressure of blood travelling to all round the body from here, whereas blood leaving from the right ventricle is only travelling a relatively short distance to the lungs, so is not under as much pressureBlood travels from the left ventricle out of the heart through which blood vessel- aortaName the valve present between the aorta and the left ventricle- semi-lunar valveWhat does the semi lunar valve on the left side of the heart prevent- backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricleName the two veins associated with the heart- Vena cava and pulmonary veinName the two arteries associated with the heart- pulmonary artery and aortaWhat is unique about the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein- They are the only artery and vein the body that switches the rule regarding arteries carrying oxygenated blood and the veins carrying deoxygenated blood. PA carries deoxygenated blood and PV carries oxygenated blood.What is the other term for heart rate- pulseWhat units are used to measure heart rate/pulse- beats per minuteWhat term is describes the volume of blood expelled by each ventricle on contraction-stroke volumeWhat figure is given if the heart rate is multiplied by the stroke volume- cardiac output4264508181965COSV HR00COSV HRUse the triangle to calculate the cardiac output of a person whose heart rate is 70 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 60 ml-4200ml/minUse the triangle to calulate the heart rate of someone with a cardiac output of 8400ml/min and a stroke volume of 70ml- 120 beats per minuteUse the triangle to calculate the Stroke volume of someone whose heart rate is 180 beats per minute and a cardiac output of 14400 ml/min-80 mlWhat name is given to the pattern of systole and diastole shown by the heart in one heartbeat- cardiac cycleWhat name is given to the contraction of the heart- systoleWhat name is given to the relaxation of the heart- diastoleWhat are the three stages to the cardiac cycle- atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial and ventricular diastoleDescribe the state of the atria, ventricles and the valves during atrial systole- atria contracting, ventricles relaxing, AV valves opened, SL valves shutDescribe the state of the atria, ventricles and the valves during ventricular systole- ventricles contracting, atria relaxing, AV valves closed, SL valves openedDescribe the state of the atria, ventricles and the valves during diastole- atria and ventricles both relaxed, SL valves closed and AV valves just about to openCalculate the heart rate of someone with the following times in their cardiac cycle- AS- 0.1s, VS,0.3s. D-0.4s- 0.1 + 0.3 + 0.4= 0.8s for one heartbeat. 60/0.8= 75bpm. Heart rate is 75 beats per minute Calculate the person’s heart rate from this graph- one heartbeat takes 0.8 s, 60/0.8=75bpmWhat does the P wave represent on an electrocardiogram- the atria contractingWhat does the QRS wave represent on an electrocardiogram- the ventricles contractingWhats does the T wave represent on an electrocardiogram- the atria and ventricles relaxingWhat initiates the heartbeat- the SAN/PacemakerWhere in the heart is the pacemaker/SAN located- the wall of the right atriumWhen the pacemaker releases an electrical impulse, what is first to contract- the atria (atrial systole)When the atria contract following electrical excitation, which node then picks this up- AV nodeWhere is the AV node located- the base of the atriaWhen the electrical impulses during conduction of the heart reach the AV node, where is the electrical impulses passed to- along two conducting fibres to the apex of the heartWhen the electrical impulses during conduction of the heart pass along the conducting fibres to the apex of the heart, what happens to the ventricles- they contract (ventricular systole)What name is given to the two nerves of the autonomic nervous system- parasympathetic and sympathetic nervesWhat word is used to describe the fact that as one nerve of the autonomic nervous system has one effect on the body the other nerve has the opposite effect- antagonisticWhich nerve of the autonomic nervous system causes the heart rate to increase- sympathetic nerveWhich nerve of the autonomic nervous system cause the heart rate to decrease- parasympathetic nerveName the hormone that can increase the rate of the pacemaker- adrenalineName the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nerve- noradrenalineName the neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerve- acetylcholineWhat is the blood pressure a measure of- the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels when the heart is undergoing systole and again during diastoleWhat is a typical blood pressure reading- 120mmHg/80mmHgWhat is the instrument used to measure blood pressure- sphygmomanometerIn step one of using the sphygmomanometer, the cuff is inflated until the blood stops flowing in an artery. This will be detected when no pulse can be heard with a stethoscope. The cuff will then gradually be deflated to a blood through again. How will this be detected- the stethoscope will allow a pulse to be heard. What reading is first taken with a stethoscope when the pulse is heard for the first time during a blood pressure reading- systolic pressureWhat reading is taken with a stethoscope when the pulse disappears after the systolic pressure is taken- diastolic pressureWhat figures would indicate high blood pressure- 140mmHg/90mmHg and anything over What is the other name for high blood pressure- HypertensionWhat problems can hypertension cause in later life- strokes and heart disease What factors can contribute to high blood pressure- being overweight, not taking enough exercise, consuming too much salt, drinking excessively on a regular basis, eating a diet rich in fat especially animal fat, stressChapter 15- Pathology of Cardiovascular DiseaseAtherosclerosis is characterised by the formation of plaques, what are these called- atheromasWhat are atheromas composed of- fatty material like cholesterol and calciumWhat do the presence of atheromas do the size of the lumen in blood vessels- reduces their diameterWhat do atheromas do to blood pressure- increase blood pressureWhat do atheromas do to the walls of arteries- they cause the loss of elasticity and cause them to become hardenedWhat can the condition atherosclerosis lead to later in life- cardiovascular diseases such of coronary heart disease, strokes and heart attacksWhat name is given to the blood vessels on the surface of the heart that provide the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood- coronary arteriesIf the coronary arteries get blocked it can sometimes cause a crushing pain in the centre of the chest, what is this condition called- anginaAngina is often the warning sign that you could suffer what event in the future- heart attackIn blood clotting, clotting factors are released whenever the cells suffer damage to try and prevent blood loss at a wound. Clotting factors cause the inactive enzyme prothrombin to turn into what- active enzyme called thrombinThe enzyme thrombin converts the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into what- insoluble fibrinWhat gathers at a framework of fibrin threads- platelets forming a blood clotWhat name is given to the lining of the artery- endotheliumWhat do atheromas do to the lining of the artery(endothelium)- burst through it and damages itWhat is the name of the blood clotting process- thrombosisWhat is the other name for a blood clot formed in thrombosis- thrombusThe thrombus (blood clot) has a risk of breaking free and becoming loose, what is it known as now- embolusIf an embolus travels to the heart and blocks the artery in the heart, what can this result in- heart attackIf an embolus travels to the brain and blocks the brain arteries, what can this result in- strokeWhat name is given to the arteries other than the carotid artery, coronary artery and aorta- peripheral arteriesWhat can a blockage of the peripheral arteries by the atheromas from atherosclerosis lead to- peripheral vascular diseaseWhat part of the body does peripheral vascular disease commonly affect- the leg muscles and pain is felt because they are starved of oxygenWhat name is given to the formation of a blood clot in a vein- Deep vein thrombosisIf an embolus blocks a blood vessel in the lungs what can it cause- a pulmonary embolismWhat is cholesterol used to make in the body- the sex hormones and a component of cell membranesWhat is cholesterol synthesised from- saturated fatsWhere is cholesterol made- in all cells but 25% of it is produced in the liverWhat are lipoproteins made from- lipid and proteinLipoproteins are found in the blood plasma but where are they made- liverWhat is the job of lipoproteins- to transport cholesterolWhat are the two types of lipoprotein- Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver towards the body cells- Low density lipoproteins LDLWhat receptors are made on the surface of cells in order to be able to take in cholesterol into the cells- LDL receptorsWhen the LDL receptors bind with an LDL carrying cholesterol, they are able to deposit cholesterol in the cell. When the cell cannot take in any more, what happens to the receptors- new LDL receptors stop being madeWhere does the LDLs carrying cholesterol end up if they cannot enter a cell that is full up with cholesterol and doesn’t have any new LDL receptors on it- it gathers in the blood stream and is taken up by the endothelium of an arteryWhat happens to the cholesterol that ends up in the endothelium- it causes the formation of atheromasWhat would increase the chances of a person depositing cholesterol in atheromas under the endothelium- if they eat a diet rich in saturated fats throughout their lifeWhat do HDL (high-density lipoproteins) do- transport cholesterol from body cells to the liver for eliminationAre HDLs carrying cholesterol taken into the endothelium to contribute to atheromas?- noWhat two factors can result in a raised HDL level- eating a diet in unsaturated fats replacing some of the saturated fats and exercisingName the drugs involved in stopping the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver- statinsChapter 16- Blood Glucose Levels and ObesityHow much sugar should be in the blood plasma usually- around 5millimoles per litre (5mmol/l)How much sugar can be found in the blood of a diabetic person- sometimes as much as 30 mmol/lWhich part of the blood vessels absorbs the excess glucose of a diabetic person- the endothelium of the blood vesselsWhat happens to blood vessels that take in more glucose than usual- they become weaker and burst and bleed into surrounding tissuesWhat name is given to the condition caused by blood vessels that burst due to the weight of glucose in them- microvascular diseaseWhat organs can microvascular disease affect- retina of the eyes, kidneys and the body’s extremities like the arms and legsWhat is glucose stored as in the liver- glycogenWhenever glucose concentration rises following a meal, receptor cells in which organ detects it- pancreasWhich hormone is released by the pancreas following a rise in blood glucose levels- insulinWhat organ does insulin hormone released by the pancreas go to- the liverWhat reaction is triggered in the liver by the hormone insulin- Glucose GlycogenWhen Glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver, what does this do to blood glucose levels- lowers itWhenever glucose levels fall and are ‘gone’ from the blood following a period without food or after sleeping, which organ detects it- the pancreasWhich hormone is released by the pancreas following a fall in blood glucose levels- glucagonWhat organ does glucagon hormone released by the liver go to- the liverWhat reaction is triggered in the liver by the hormone glucagon- GlycogenGlucoseWhen glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver and the glucose is released into the blood, what does this do to blood glucose levels- raises itThe constant returning of glucose levels to a set point operates on what principle- negative feedback controlWhich hormone can promote the conversion of more glycogen glucose in the liver to increase the supplies of glucose in the blood- adrenalineWhen would adrenaline be released- during exercise or the ‘fight or flight’ reactionsName the two types of diabetes- Type 1 and Type 2Which type of diabetes is not linked to obesity- Type 1Which type of diabetes is linked to obesity- Type 2How is type 1 diabetes controlled- by insulin injection and careful dietIn which type of diabetes are the receptors for insulin decreased and less sensitive to insulin- type 2Which type of diabetes tends to occur in childhood- type 1What would be found in the urine of a diabetic person- GlucoseWhat test do doctors carry out to diagnose diabetes- glucose tolerance testGive a brief description of the glucose tolerance test- person fasts for 8 hours. Blood glucose levels measures. person given a drink loaded with a known amount of glucose. The blood glucose levels are then monitored to see if they come back down to normal within 2.5 hours. The results are plotted to give a glucose tolerance curve.Which person in the above curves has A. mild diabetes. B. severe diabetes and C. normal sugar control- A- Curve 2 mild diabetes, B- Curve 3 severe diabetes and C- Curve 1 normal sugar controlWhat condition is characterised by the accumulation of excess fat compared to lean tissue such as muscle- obesityGive three health problems caused by obesity- osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetesWhat is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)- weight (kg) divided by height in metres squaredWho might a BMI not be accurate for – bodybuilders as muscle weighs more than fat and so the BMI might come out higher than it should be ................
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