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Supplementary InformationTrace elements and persistent organic pollutants in chicks of 13 seabird species from Antarctica to the subtropicsAlice Carravieria,b,c*, Paco Bustamanteb, Pierre Labadied, Hélène Budzinskid, Olivier Chastela, Yves CherelaaCentre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS- La Rochelle Université 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, FrancebLittoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS- La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, FrancecSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UKdCNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC (LPTC Research group), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération F-33405 Talence Cedex France*Corresponding author: A. Carravieri.E-mail address: alice.carravieri@Present address: School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK1. Quality assurance and quality control for trace element and persistent organic pollutant quantification1.1 MercuryTotal mercury (Hg) was quantified with an Altec AMA 254 spectrophotometer on aliquots of 1-10 mg dry weight (dw) as described in ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aiEByh0y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bustamante et al., 2006)","plainCitation":"(Bustamante et al., 2006)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":532,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":532,"type":"article-journal","title":"Total and organic Hg concentrations in cephalopods from the North Eastern Atlantic waters: Influence of geographical origin and feeding ecology","container-title":"Science of The Total Environment","page":"585–596","volume":"368","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Total and organic Hg concentrations in cephalopods from the North Eastern Atlantic waters","author":[{"family":"Bustamante","given":"P."},{"family":"Lahaye","given":"V."},{"family":"Durnez","given":"C."},{"family":"Churlaud","given":"C."},{"family":"Caurant","given":"F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":""} Bustamante et al. (2006). All analyses were repeated in duplicate-triplicate until having a relative standard deviation (SD) < 10% for each individual. Accuracy was checked using a certified reference material (CRM, TORT-2 Lobster Hepatopancreas, NRC, Canada; certified Hg concentration: 0.27 ± 0.06 μg g-1 dw). Our measured values were 0.27 ± 0.01 ?g g-1 dw, N = 44. Mass of the CRM was adjusted to represent an amount of Hg similar to that in blood samples. Blanks were analysed at the beginning of each set of samples and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.005 μg g-1 dw.1.2 Essential and non-essential trace elementsArsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were analysed using a Varian Vista-Pro ICP-OES and silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V) using a Thermo Fisher Scientific X Series 2 ICP-MS, following ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9g9nCFc7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kojadinovic et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Kojadinovic et al., 2011)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1779,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1779,"type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-elemental concentrations in the tissues of the oceanic squid Todarodes filippovae from Tasmania and the southern Indian Ocean","container-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","page":"1238-1249","volume":"74","issue":"5","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"This study investigates 14 elements (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn) in the tissues of the oceanic ommastrephid squid Todarodes filippovae from waters surrounding ?le Amsterdam (southern Indian Ocean) and Tasmania (Australia). As for other cephalopod species, the digestive gland and branchial hearts showed the highest concentrations of many elements (Ag, Cd, Se, V and Zn, and Cr and Ni, respectively) highlighting their role in bioaccumulation and detoxification processes. With the exception of As and Hg, the muscles showed relatively low trace element concentrations. Squid size was positively correlated to Ag, As, Cd, Hg and Zn concentrations in Tasmanian squid and negatively correlated to all but Hg and Zn concentrations in ?le Amsterdam squid. Furthermore, no differences in elemental concentrations were noted between sexes. There were, however, some differences between mated and non-mated females from Tasmania. Comparing elemental concentrations in squid from both islands, higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V in squid sampled in ?le Amsterdam reflect different exposure conditions. When considering T. filippovae as a dietary resource for humans it should be noted that, given their Hg content, squids from ?le Amsterdam are not recommended for consumption on a regular basis. Moreover, regardless of the squid's origin, digestive glands should be avoided as Cd and Hg concentrations were above the European Union authorized limits in these organs.","DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.03.015","ISSN":"0147-6513","journalAbbreviation":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","author":[{"family":"Kojadinovic","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"Christine H."},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"George D."},{"family":"Bustamante","given":"Paco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",7,1]]}}}],"schema":""} Kojadinovic et al. (2011) (aliquots mass: 20-200 mg dw). Measurement quality was assessed by CRM (TORT-2 Lobster Hepatopancreas and DOLT-4 Dogfish Liver, both NRC, Canada). Elements’ recoveries were (%, mean ± SD) 83 ± 1 (Ag), 99 ± 9 (As), 96 ± 2 (Cd), 101 ± 2 (Co), 74 ± 4 (Cr), 98 ± 3 (Cu), 97 ± 6 (Fe), 93 ± 1 (Mn), 96 ± 13 (Ni), 83 ± 9 (Pb), 104 ± 6 (Se), 93 ± 11 (V), and 104 ± 2 (Zn). Blanks were included in each analytical batch. Element-specific LODs are reported in Table S2.1.3 Persistent organic pollutantsThe targeted compounds were seven PCBs (CB-28, -52, -101, -118, -138, -153 and -180) and 11 OCPs (HCB, γ-HCH, Heptachlor, 2,4’-DDE, 4,4’-DDE, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, 4,4’-DDD, 2,4’-DDT, 4,4’-DDT, Mirex). The targeted CB-28 co-eluted with CB-50 in all samples and is thus reported as CB-28/50. Internal standards (CB-30, -103, -155, -198 and p,p’-DDT-d8, 1 ng each) were added to each sample. Standards were provided by either Dr Ehrenstorfer GmbH or Cambridge Isotope Laboratory (via Cluzeau Info Labo, Sainte-Foy-La-Grande, France). Sample extraction, purification and concentration followed the procedure described in ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Vr2lsfvw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carravieri et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Carravieri et al., 2014)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":166,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":166,"type":"article-journal","title":"Wandering Albatrosses Document Latitudinal Variations in the Transfer of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury to Southern Ocean Predators","container-title":"Environmental Science & Technology","page":"14746-14755","volume":"48","issue":"24","source":"ACS Publications","abstract":"Top marine predators are effective tools to monitor bioaccumulative contaminants in remote oceanic environments. Here, we used the wide-ranging wandering albatross Diomedea exulans to investigate potential geographical variations of contaminant transfer to predators in the Southern Ocean. Blood concentrations of 19 persistent organic pollutants and 14 trace elements were measured in a large number of individuals (N = 180) of known age, sex and breeding status from the subantarctic Crozet Islands. Wandering albatrosses were exposed to a wide range of contaminants, with notably high blood mercury concentrations. Contaminant burden was markedly influenced by latitudinal foraging habitats (inferred from blood δ13C values), with individuals feeding in warmer subtropical waters having lower concentrations of pesticides, but higher concentrations of mercury, than those feeding in colder subantarctic waters. Sexual differences in contaminant burden seemed to be driven by gender specialization in feeding habitats, rather than physiological characteristics, with females foraging further north than males. Other individual traits, such as adult age and reproductive status, had little effect on blood contaminant concentrations. Our study provides further evidence of the critical role of global distillation on organic contaminant exposure to Southern Ocean avian predators. In addition, we document an unexpected high transfer of mercury to predators in subtropical waters, which merits further investigation.","DOI":"10.1021/es504601m","ISSN":"0013-936X","journalAbbreviation":"Environ. Sci. Technol.","author":[{"family":"Carravieri","given":"Alice"},{"family":"Bustamante","given":"Paco"},{"family":"Tartu","given":"Sabrina"},{"family":"Meillère","given":"Alizée"},{"family":"Labadie","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Budzinski","given":"Hélène"},{"family":"Peluhet","given":"Laurent"},{"family":"Barbraud","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Weimerskirch","given":"Henri"},{"family":"Chastel","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":""} Carravieri et al. (2014). Replicate procedural blanks were analysed for each series of samples and, when applicable, POP concentrations were blank-corrected. Final extracts were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) as described in ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0A6JmZSx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tapie et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Tapie et al., 2011)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":904,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":904,"type":"article-journal","title":"PBDE and PCB contamination of eels from the Gironde estuary: from glass eels to silver eels","container-title":"Chemosphere","page":"175–185","volume":"83","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"PBDE and PCB contamination of eels from the Gironde estuary","author":[{"family":"Tapie","given":"Nathalie"},{"family":"Menach","given":"Karyn Le"},{"family":"Pasquaud","given":"Stéphanie"},{"family":"Elie","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Devier","given":"Marie Hélène"},{"family":"Budzinski","given":"Hélène"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":""} Tapie et al. (2011). Recovery rates, as determined on spiked chicken plasma, were 92 ± 6 (CB-28/50), 81 ± 13 (CB-52), 91 ± 12 (CB-101), 105 ± 6 (CB-118), 100 ± 5 (CB-153), 102 ± 3 (CB-138), 105 ± 3 (CB-180), 65 ± 6 (HCB), 70 ± 6 (γ-HCH), 50 ± 5 (Heptachlor), 80 ± 4 (cis-chlordane), 83 ± 4 (trans-nonachlor), 81 ± 4 (2,4’-DDE), 90 ± 2 (4,4’-DDE), 95 ± 3 (4,4’-DDD), 85 ± 4 (2,4’-DDT), 92 ± 3 (4,4’-DDT), and 60 ± 20 (Mirex). POP-specific limits of quantification (LOQs) are reported in Table S3.Table S1. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2019) status of 13 species of penguins, albatrosses and petrels and their foraging ecology during the chick-rearing period in the southern Indian Ocean.Species (abbreviation)Scientific nameIUCN statusAdult feeding habitat during chick rearingMain chick preyReferencesOceanic zoneHorizontalVerticalAdélie Land, AntarcticaEmperor penguin (EP)Aptenodytes forsteriNear ThreatenedAntarcticNeriticPelagicFish ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N7k6chov","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherel, 2008; Offredo and Ridoux, 1986; Zimmer et al., 2008)","plainCitation":"(Cherel, 2008; Offredo and Ridoux, 1986; Zimmer et al., 2008)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":864,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":864,"type":"article-journal","title":"Isotopic niches of emperor and Adélie penguins in Adélie Land, Antarctica","container-title":"Marine Biology","page":"813–821","volume":"154","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}},{"id":508,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":508,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diet of emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri in Adélie Land, Antarctica","container-title":"Ibis","page":"409–413","volume":"128","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Offredo","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Ridoux","given":"Vincent"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]}}},{"id":1679,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1679,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foraging movements of emperor penguins at Pointe Géologie, Antarctica","container-title":"Polar Biology","page":"229-243","volume":"31","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Zimmer","given":"I."},{"family":"Wilson","given":"R. P."},{"family":"Gilbert","given":"C."},{"family":"Beaulieu","given":"M."},{"family":"Ancel","given":"A."},{"family":"Pl?tz","given":"J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":""} Cherel, 2008; Offredo and Ridoux, 1986; Zimmer et al., 2008Adélie penguin (AP)Pygoscelis adeliaeLeast ConcernAntarcticNeriticPelagicCrustaceans (fish) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eN8DwLBx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherel, 2008; Ridoux and Offredo, 1989; Widmann et al., 2015; Wienecke et al., 2000)","plainCitation":"(Cherel, 2008; Ridoux and Offredo, 1989; Widmann et al., 2015; Wienecke et al., 2000)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":864,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":864,"type":"article-journal","title":"Isotopic niches of emperor and Adélie penguins in Adélie Land, Antarctica","container-title":"Marine Biology","page":"813–821","volume":"154","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}},{"id":393,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":393,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diets of five summer breeding seabirds in Adélie Land, Antarctica","container-title":"Polar Biology","page":"137–145","volume":"9","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ridoux","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Offredo","given":"Christophe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}},{"id":1855,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1855,"type":"article-journal","title":"Habitat use and sex-specific foraging behaviour of Adélie penguins throughout the breeding season in Adélie Land, East Antarctica","container-title":"Movement Ecology","volume":"3","issue":"1","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Background\nMarine predators are ecosystem sentinels because their foraging behaviour and reproductive success reflect the variability occurring in the lower trophic levels of the ecosystem. In an era of environmental change, monitoring top predators species can provide valuable insights into the zones of ecological importance that need to be protected. In this context, we monitored the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) as a bio-indicator near Dumont d’Urville, an area of the East Antarctic sector currently being considered for the establishment of a Marine Protected Area (MPA), using GPS-based tracking tags during the 2012/13 austral summer breeding season.\n\nResults\nThe habitat use and foraging areas of the penguins differed by breeding stage and sex and were strongly associated with patterns in bathymetry and sea-ice distribution. The first trips, undertaken during the incubation phase, were longer than those during the guard phase and were associated with the northern limit of the sea-ice extent. During the guard phase, birds strongly depended on access to a polynya, a key feature in Antarctic marine ecosystem, in the vicinity of the colony. The opening of the ice-free area was synchronous with the hatching of chicks. Moreover, a sex-specific use of foraging habitat observed only after hatching suggests sex-specific differences in the diet in response to intra-specific competition.\n\nConclusions\nSea-ice features that could be affected by the climate change were important factors for the use of foraging habitat by the Adélie penguins. The extent of the foraging area observed in this study is congruent with the area of the proposed MPA. However, both penguin behavior and their environment should be monitored carefully.","URL":"","DOI":"10.1186/s40462-015-0052-7","ISSN":"2051-3933","note":"PMID: 26392864\nPMCID: PMC4576371","journalAbbreviation":"Mov Ecol","author":[{"family":"Widmann","given":"Michel"},{"family":"Kato","given":"Akiko"},{"family":"Raymond","given":"Ben"},{"family":"Angelier","given":"Frédéric"},{"family":"Arthur","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Chastel","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Pellé","given":"Marie"},{"family":"Raclot","given":"Thierry"},{"family":"Ropert-Coudert","given":"Yan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",9,21]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,29]]}}},{"id":280,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":280,"type":"article-journal","title":"Adélie penguin foraging behaviour and krill abundance along the Wilkes and Adélie land coasts, Antarctica","container-title":"Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","page":"2573–2587","volume":"47","issue":"12","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Wienecke","given":"B. C."},{"family":"Lawless","given":"R."},{"family":"Rodary","given":"D."},{"family":"Bost","given":"C.-A."},{"family":"Thomson","given":"R."},{"family":"Pauly","given":"T."},{"family":"Robertson","given":"G."},{"family":"Kerry","given":"K. R."},{"family":"LeMaho","given":"Y."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":""} Cherel, 2008; Ridoux and Offredo, 1989; Widmann et al., 2015; Wienecke et al., 2000Snow petrel (SP)Pagodroma niveaLeast ConcernAntarcticNeriticSea surfaceFish (crustaceans) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RjStFKCK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Delord et al., 2016; Ridoux and Offredo, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Delord et al., 2016; Ridoux and Offredo, 1989)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1858,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1858,"type":"article-journal","title":"Species-specific foraging strategies and segregation mechanisms of sympatric Antarctic fulmarine petrels throughout the annual cycle","container-title":"Ibis","page":"569-586","volume":"158","issue":"3","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Determining the year-round distribution and behaviour of birds is necessary for a better understanding of their ecology and foraging strategies. Petrels form an important component of the high-latitude seabird assemblages in terms of species and individuals. The distribution and foraging ecology of three sympatric fulmarine petrels (Southern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides, Cape Petrel Daption capense and Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea) were studied at Adélie Land, East Antarctica, by combining information from miniaturized saltwater immersion geolocators and stable isotopes from feathers. During the breeding season at a large spatial scale (c. 200 km), the three species overlapped in their foraging areas located in the vicinity of the colonies but were segregated by their diet and trophic level, as indicated by the different chick δ15N values that increased in the order Cape Petrel < Southern Fulmar < Snow Petrel. During the non-breeding season, the three fulmarines showed species-specific migration strategies along a wide latitudinal gradient. Snow Petrels largely remained in ice-associated Antarctic waters, Southern Fulmars targeted primarily the sub-Antarctic zone and Cape Petrels migrated further north. Overall, birds spent less time in flight during the non-breeding period than during the breeding season, with the highest percentage of time spent sitting on the water occurring during the breeding season and at the beginning of the non-breeding period before migration. This activity pattern, together with the δ13C values of most feathers, strongly suggests that moult of the three fulmarine petrels occurred at that time in the very productive high Antarctic waters, where birds fed on a combination of crustaceans and fish. The study highlights different segregating mechanisms that allow the coexistence of closely related species, specifically, prey partitioning during the breeding season and spatial segregation at sea during the non-breeding season.","DOI":"10.1111/ibi.12365","ISSN":"1474-919X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Delord","given":"Karine"},{"family":"Pinet","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Pinaud","given":"David"},{"family":"Barbraud","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Grissac","given":"Sophie De"},{"family":"Lewden","given":"Agnes"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Weimerskirch","given":"Henri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}},{"id":393,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":393,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diets of five summer breeding seabirds in Adélie Land, Antarctica","container-title":"Polar Biology","page":"137–145","volume":"9","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ridoux","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Offredo","given":"Christophe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":""} Delord et al., 2016; Ridoux and Offredo, 1989Mayès Island, Kerguelen archipelagoBlue petrel (BP)Halobaena caeruleaLeast ConcernSubantarctic, AntarcticOceanicSea surfaceCrustaceans (mesopelagic fish) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"P7CcJYcX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bocher et al., 2001; Cherel et al., 2002b, 2014; Connan et al., 2007, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Bocher et al., 2001; Cherel et al., 2002b, 2014; Connan et al., 2007, 2008)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1847,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1847,"type":"article-journal","title":"Amphipod-based food web: Themisto gaudichaudii caught in nets and by seabirds in Kerguelen waters, southern Indian Ocean","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"261-276","volume":"223","source":"int-","abstract":"Comparing food samples from diving and surface-feeding seabirds breeding in the Golfe du Morbihan at Kerguelen Islands to concurrent net samples caught within the predator foraging range, we evaluated the functional importance of the hyperiid\namphipod Themisto gaudichaudii in the subantarctic pelagic ecosystem during the summer months. T. gaudichaudii occurred in high densities (up to 61 individuals m-3) in the water column, being more abundant within islands in the\nwestern part of the gulf than at open gulf and shelf stations. The amphipod was a major prey of all seabird species investigated except the South Georgian diving petrel, accounting for 39, 80, 68, 59 and 46% of the total number of prey of blue petrels,\nthin-billed prions, Antarctic prions, common diving petrels and southern rockhopper penguins, respectively. The length-frequency distribution of T. gaudichaudii was similar between the 2 diving species, which fed on 1 large size class of adult\nindividuals, whereas the 3 surface-feeding seabirds preyed upon 2 size classes but in different proportions. Juveniles and adults T. gaudichaudii were equally important in the diet of blue petrels, whereas juveniles and adults predominated in the\nfood of thin-billed and Antarctic prions, respectively. Comparison of T. gaudichaudii found in nets and food samples together with observations at sea indicated that common diving petrels and southern rockhopper penguins fed in the close vicinity\nof the colonies in the Golfe du Morbihan, whereas blue petrels, and thin-billed and Antarctic prions mainly preyed upon amphipods outside the sampled area. Our study shows that T. gaudichaudii is an important local component of the macrozooplankton\ncommunity and the main prey for planktivorous seabirds inhabiting the Kerguelen archipelago. In certain areas of the subantarctic zone, it therefore has a trophic role similar to that of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba further south, in\nAntarctic waters.","DOI":"10.3354/meps223261","ISSN":"0171-8630, 1616-1599","title-short":"Amphipod-based food web","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Bocher","given":"Pierrick"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Labat","given":"Jean-Philippe"},{"family":"Mayzaud","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Razouls","given":"Suzanne"},{"family":"Jouventin","given":"Pierre"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",11,28]]}}},{"id":1362,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1362,"type":"article-journal","title":"Seabird year-round and historical feeding ecology: blood and feather δ13C and δ15N values document foraging plasticity of small sympatric petrels","source":"Google Scholar","URL":"","title-short":"Seabird year-round and historical feeding ecology","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Connan","given":"Ma?lle"},{"family":"Jaeger","given":"Audrey"},{"family":"Richard","given":"Pierre"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2014",9,4]]}}},{"id":92,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":92,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diet and feeding ecology of blue petrels Halobaena caerulea at lies Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"283–299","volume":"228","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Bocher","given":"Pierrick"},{"family":"Trouvé","given":"Colette"},{"family":"Weimerskirch","given":"Henri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}},{"id":1861,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1861,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interannual dietary changes and demographic consequences in breeding blue petrels from Kerguelen Islands","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"123-135","volume":"373","source":"int-","abstract":"Interannual variation in summer diet and demographic parameters of blue petrel Halobaena caerulea were investigated to understand how changes in the marine environment affect the reproduction of an oceanic seabird from the Southern Ocean. Lipids from stomach oil were used as trophic markers of prey consumed by adult birds when they self-fed during long trips, and conventional food analyses allowed determination of the food delivered to chicks after long and short adult foraging trips. Biochemical analysis of stomach oil showed little differences in lipid classes and in fatty acid and fatty alcohol compositions, with most oils deriving from triacylglycerol- and wax ester-rich myctophid fishes over the 4 yr study period (1996, 2000, 2001 and 2002). Accordingly, stomach content analysis showed that chick food was dominated by mass by crustaceans and fish, with myctophids as the main fish items. Important interannual variations in chick diet occurred, most prominently featuring an almost lack of fish in 2002. Summer 2002 was also marked by the lowest fledging success, lowest mass of chicks at fledging and lowest summer survival of adults during the period 1986–2002. In contrast to 1996, 2000 and 2001, summer months in 2002 were also characterized by an intense warm event in Kerguelen waters. Overall, results strongly suggest causal links between climatic anomalies, availability of myctophids and dietary shifts with poor reproductive performance and lower survival in blue petrel. Furthermore,? they emphasize the importance of lipid-rich prey in seabird nutrition.","DOI":"10.3354/meps07723","ISSN":"0171-8630, 1616-1599","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Connan","given":"Ma?lle"},{"family":"Mayzaud","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Trouvé","given":"Colette"},{"family":"Barbraud","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",12,23]]}}},{"id":1865,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1865,"type":"article-journal","title":"Lipids from stomach oil of procellariiform seabirds document the importance of myctophid fish in the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Limnology and Oceanography","page":"2445-2455","volume":"52","issue":"6","source":" (Crossref)","abstract":"We investigated the relative importance of myctophid fish and Antarctic krill in the diet of adult flying seabirds of the Southern Ocean. The main prey of short-tailed shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris (P. ten.), white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis (P. aeq.), blue petrels Halobaena caerulea (H. cae.), thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri (P. bel.), and Antarctic prions Pachyptila desolata (P. des.) were mostly deduced from the lipid analysis of adult stomach oils. More than 97% of the 125 analyzed oils mainly consisted of wax esters (WEs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) (.70% of total lipids). WE fatty alcohol (FAlc), WE fatty acid (FA), and TAG-FA profiles clearly segregated P. aeq. from P. ten., with smaller, but still significant, differences among the three other petrel species. P. aeq. and P. ten. therefore preyed on distinct prey species, whereas H. cae., P. bel., and P. des. had a more similar diet, but still with some prey differences. Comparisons between FAlc and FA patterns of oils with those of potential prey species showed that .93% of FAlc and FA patterns of oil WEs had a high probability of resemblance with the myctophid signatures, and similar results were obtained with the TAG fractions. Almost no stomach oil fit the lipid patterns of subantarctic and Antarctic euphausiids, including those of the WE-rich Thysanoessa macrura and the TAG-rich Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. This study thus demonstrates for the first time the importance of myctophids in the nutrition of adult flying seabirds breeding in subantarctic islands and foraging in Antarctic waters during the austral summer.","DOI":"10.4319/lo.2007.52.6.2445","ISSN":"00243590","journalAbbreviation":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Connan","given":"Ma?lle"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Mayzaud","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",11]]}}}],"schema":""} Bocher et al., 2001; Cherel et al., 2002b, 2014; Connan et al., 2007, 2008Thin-billed prion (TBP)Pachyptila belcheriLeast ConcernSubantarctic, AntarcticOceanic (neritic)Sea surfaceCrustaceans ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"COBSgC6P","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bocher et al., 2001; Cherel et al., 2014, 2002a; Connan et al., 2007)","plainCitation":"(Bocher et al., 2001; Cherel et al., 2014, 2002a; Connan et al., 2007)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1847,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1847,"type":"article-journal","title":"Amphipod-based food web: Themisto gaudichaudii caught in nets and by seabirds in Kerguelen waters, southern Indian Ocean","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"261-276","volume":"223","source":"int-","abstract":"Comparing food samples from diving and surface-feeding seabirds breeding in the Golfe du Morbihan at Kerguelen Islands to concurrent net samples caught within the predator foraging range, we evaluated the functional importance of the hyperiid\namphipod Themisto gaudichaudii in the subantarctic pelagic ecosystem during the summer months. T. gaudichaudii occurred in high densities (up to 61 individuals m-3) in the water column, being more abundant within islands in the\nwestern part of the gulf than at open gulf and shelf stations. The amphipod was a major prey of all seabird species investigated except the South Georgian diving petrel, accounting for 39, 80, 68, 59 and 46% of the total number of prey of blue petrels,\nthin-billed prions, Antarctic prions, common diving petrels and southern rockhopper penguins, respectively. The length-frequency distribution of T. gaudichaudii was similar between the 2 diving species, which fed on 1 large size class of adult\nindividuals, whereas the 3 surface-feeding seabirds preyed upon 2 size classes but in different proportions. Juveniles and adults T. gaudichaudii were equally important in the diet of blue petrels, whereas juveniles and adults predominated in the\nfood of thin-billed and Antarctic prions, respectively. Comparison of T. gaudichaudii found in nets and food samples together with observations at sea indicated that common diving petrels and southern rockhopper penguins fed in the close vicinity\nof the colonies in the Golfe du Morbihan, whereas blue petrels, and thin-billed and Antarctic prions mainly preyed upon amphipods outside the sampled area. Our study shows that T. gaudichaudii is an important local component of the macrozooplankton\ncommunity and the main prey for planktivorous seabirds inhabiting the Kerguelen archipelago. In certain areas of the subantarctic zone, it therefore has a trophic role similar to that of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba further south, in\nAntarctic waters.","DOI":"10.3354/meps223261","ISSN":"0171-8630, 1616-1599","title-short":"Amphipod-based food web","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Bocher","given":"Pierrick"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Labat","given":"Jean-Philippe"},{"family":"Mayzaud","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Razouls","given":"Suzanne"},{"family":"Jouventin","given":"Pierre"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",11,28]]}}},{"id":1362,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1362,"type":"article-journal","title":"Seabird year-round and historical feeding ecology: blood and feather δ13C and δ15N values document foraging plasticity of small sympatric petrels","source":"Google Scholar","URL":"","title-short":"Seabird year-round and historical feeding ecology","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Connan","given":"Ma?lle"},{"family":"Jaeger","given":"Audrey"},{"family":"Richard","given":"Pierre"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2014",9,4]]}}},{"id":518,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":518,"type":"article-journal","title":"Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolata prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"263–281","volume":"228","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Bocher","given":"Pierrick"},{"family":"De Broyer","given":"Claude"},{"family":"Hobson","given":"Keith A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}},{"id":1865,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1865,"type":"article-journal","title":"Lipids from stomach oil of procellariiform seabirds document the importance of myctophid fish in the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Limnology and Oceanography","page":"2445-2455","volume":"52","issue":"6","source":" (Crossref)","abstract":"We investigated the relative importance of myctophid fish and Antarctic krill in the diet of adult flying seabirds of the Southern Ocean. The main prey of short-tailed shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris (P. ten.), white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis (P. aeq.), blue petrels Halobaena caerulea (H. cae.), thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri (P. bel.), and Antarctic prions Pachyptila desolata (P. des.) were mostly deduced from the lipid analysis of adult stomach oils. More than 97% of the 125 analyzed oils mainly consisted of wax esters (WEs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) (.70% of total lipids). WE fatty alcohol (FAlc), WE fatty acid (FA), and TAG-FA profiles clearly segregated P. aeq. from P. ten., with smaller, but still significant, differences among the three other petrel species. P. aeq. and P. ten. therefore preyed on distinct prey species, whereas H. cae., P. bel., and P. des. had a more similar diet, but still with some prey differences. Comparisons between FAlc and FA patterns of oils with those of potential prey species showed that .93% of FAlc and FA patterns of oil WEs had a high probability of resemblance with the myctophid signatures, and similar results were obtained with the TAG fractions. Almost no stomach oil fit the lipid patterns of subantarctic and Antarctic euphausiids, including those of the WE-rich Thysanoessa macrura and the TAG-rich Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. This study thus demonstrates for the first time the importance of myctophids in the nutrition of adult flying seabirds breeding in subantarctic islands and foraging in Antarctic waters during the austral summer.","DOI":"10.4319/lo.2007.52.6.2445","ISSN":"00243590","journalAbbreviation":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Connan","given":"Ma?lle"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Mayzaud","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",11]]}}}],"schema":""} Bocher et al., 2001; Cherel et al., 2014, 2002a; Connan et al., 2007Possession Island, Crozet archipelagoKing penguin (KP)Aptenodytes patagonicusLeast ConcernSubantarctic, Polar frontOceanicPelagicMesopelagic fish ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WlnZ1KIx","properties":{"unsorted":true,"formattedCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2007, 1993; Cherel and Ridoux, 1992; Ridoux, 1994; Bost et al., 1997)","plainCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2007, 1993; Cherel and Ridoux, 1992; Ridoux, 1994; Bost et al., 1997)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1543,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1543,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stable isotopes document seasonal changes in trophic niches and winter foraging individual specialization in diving predators from the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology","page":"826–836","volume":"76","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Y."},{"family":"Hobson","given":"K. A."},{"family":"Guinet","given":"C."},{"family":"Vanpe","given":"C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}},{"id":1869,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1869,"type":"article-journal","title":"Seasonal importance of oceanic myctophids in king penguin diet at Crozet Islands","container-title":"Polar Biology","page":"355-357","volume":"13","issue":"5","source":"Springer Link","DOI":"10.1007/BF00238362","ISSN":"1432-2056","journalAbbreviation":"Polar Biol","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Y."},{"family":"Verdon","given":"C."},{"family":"Ridoux","given":"V."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",7,1]]}}},{"id":1866,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1866,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prey species and nutritive value of food fed during summer to King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonica chicks at Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago","container-title":"Ibis","page":"118-127","volume":"134","issue":"2","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"The diet of King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica at Possession Island was studied in February 1989 by analysis of 20 stomach contents collected from adult birds, just before they fed their single chicks. The mean mass of the samples was 1.84 kg, equivalent to 15% of the unladen adult body-mass. Fish accounted for 99.8% and squids for 0.2% by mass. The main prey were mesopelagic myctophid fish which live in dense shoals and perform a daily vertical migration. Subadults/adults of Electrona carlsbergi and juveniles and subadults/adults of Krefftichthys anderssoni represented 73.7 and 13.4% of the diet by mass, respectively. No difference was found in the diet of male and female King Penguins. Comparison of individual samples suggests that these birds catch a large quantity of fish from only a limited number of shoals. The mean caloric content of the food was 7 kJ/g wet mass. The total energy requirement of each chick during its initial period of growth was estimated to amount to 328,000 kJ, equivalent to 55 kg of food. The rate at which energy was delivered to the chick was calculated to be 50 W during this period.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08388.x","ISSN":"1474-919X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Ridoux","given":"Vincent"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]}}},{"id":39,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":39,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diets and dietary segregation of seabirds at the subantarctic Crozet Islands","container-title":"Marine Ornithology","page":"1–192","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ridoux","given":"VINCENT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}},{"id":1875,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1875,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foraging habitat and food intake of satellite-tracked king penguins during the austral summer at Crozet Archipelago","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"21-33","volume":"150","source":"int-","abstract":"The relationships between the foraging strategy of seabirds, hydrographic features and food availability are poorly understood. We investigated the movements at sea, time spent per oceanic sector, food intake, and diet of king penguins Aptenodytes\npatagonicus in the Crozet Islands (Southern Indian Ocean) during summer, as a function of the position of major frontal zones. Fifteen trips at sea were monitored using satellite transmitters over 3 austral summers (1992 to 1994). During each season,\nsatellite transmitters were used in conjunction with stomach temperature recorders in order to investigate feeding activity. The at-sea distribution of king penguins was closely related to the localisation of major hydrographic frontal systems. Intense\nprospecting areas were observed mainly in zones corresponding to the northern limit of the Polar Front (50° to 51° S), southern limit of the Sub-Antarctic Front (44.50° to 45° S), and a zone between 47° and 48° S. During trips directed south, 2 distinct\nphases based on travelling speed were detected. The myctophids Electrona carlsbergi, Krefftichtys anderssoni and Protomyctophum tenisoni dominated the diet. The estimated average amount of food ingested per day at sea was 2.4 kg.\nBetween 17 and 64 kg of food was captured during 7 to 25 d at sea. Approximately 80% of the food intake occurred during the first phase of the trip. Food intake was related to trip duration and relative amount of time spent in particular oceanic sectors.\nThe sections 47° to 48° S and 48.5° to 50.50° S appeared particularly favorable for food intake, the latter coinciding with the northern limit of the Polar Front. King penguins fed intensively on several distinct patches when traveling towards the Polar\nFront. The foraging range seems to be related to the foraging success during the first phase of the trip. The foraging strategy of king penguins during the summer favors displacements toward frontal zones where food availability is optimal.","DOI":"10.3354/meps150021","ISSN":"0171-8630, 1616-1599","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Bost","given":"C. A."},{"family":"Georges","given":"J.Y."},{"family":"Guinet","given":"C."},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Y."},{"family":"Pütz","given":"K."},{"family":"Charassin","given":"J.B."},{"family":"Handrich","given":"Y."},{"family":"Zorn","given":"T."},{"family":"Lage","given":"J."},{"family":"Le Maho","given":"Y."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997",4,30]]}}}],"schema":""} Cherel et al., 2007, 1993; Cherel and Ridoux, 1992; Ridoux, 1994; Bost et al., 1997Gentoo penguin (GP)Pygoscelis papuaLeast ConcernSubantarctic NeriticBenthic, pelagicCrustaceans (fish) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"I3Tud852","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bost et al., 1994; Ridoux, 1994)","plainCitation":"(Bost et al., 1994; Ridoux, 1994)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1872,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1872,"type":"article-journal","title":"Maximal diving depth and diving patterns of the gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua at the Crozet Islands","container-title":"Marine Ornithology","page":"237-244","volume":"22","source":"","ISSN":"1018-3337, 2074-1235","author":[{"family":"Bost","given":"C. A."},{"family":"Laage","given":"J."},{"family":"Putz","given":"K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994",10,15]]}}},{"id":39,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":39,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diets and dietary segregation of seabirds at the subantarctic Crozet Islands","container-title":"Marine Ornithology","page":"1–192","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ridoux","given":"VINCENT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} Bost et al., 1994; Ridoux, 1994Macaroni penguin (MP)Eudyptes chrysolophusVulnerableSubantarcticOceanicPelagicCrustaceans (fish) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CiukxaJq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bon et al., 2015; Cherel et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994)","plainCitation":"(Bon et al., 2015; Cherel et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1878,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1878,"type":"article-journal","title":"Influence of oceanographic structures on foraging strategies: Macaroni penguins at Crozet Islands","container-title":"Movement Ecology","page":"32","volume":"3","issue":"1","source":"BioMed Central","abstract":"In the open ocean, eddies and associated structures (fronts, filaments) have strong influences on the foraging activities of top-predators through the enhancement and the distribution of marine productivity, zooplankton and fish communities. Investigating how central place foragers, such as penguins, find and use these physical structures is crucial to better understanding their at-sea distribution. In the present study, we compared the travel heading and speed of the world’s most abundant penguin, the Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus), with the distribution of surface physical structures (large-scale fronts, eddies and filaments).","DOI":"10.1186/s40462-015-0057-2","ISSN":"2051-3933","title-short":"Influence of oceanographic structures on foraging strategies","journalAbbreviation":"Movement Ecology","author":[{"family":"Bon","given":"Cecile"},{"family":"Della Penna","given":"Alice"},{"family":"Ovidio","given":"Francesco","non-dropping-particle":"d’"},{"family":"Y.P. Arnould","given":"John"},{"family":"Poupart","given":"Timothée"},{"family":"Bost","given":"Charles-André"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",9,21]]}}},{"id":1543,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1543,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stable isotopes document seasonal changes in trophic niches and winter foraging individual specialization in diving predators from the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology","page":"826–836","volume":"76","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Y."},{"family":"Hobson","given":"K. A."},{"family":"Guinet","given":"C."},{"family":"Vanpe","given":"C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}},{"id":39,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":39,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diets and dietary segregation of seabirds at the subantarctic Crozet Islands","container-title":"Marine Ornithology","page":"1–192","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ridoux","given":"VINCENT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} Bon et al., 2015; Cherel et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994Southern rockhopper penguin (SRP)Eudyptes chrysocomeVulnerableSubantarctic Oceanic (neritic)PelagicCrustaceans ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RqdNW6gm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994; Tremblay and Cherel, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994; Tremblay and Cherel, 2003)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1543,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1543,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stable isotopes document seasonal changes in trophic niches and winter foraging individual specialization in diving predators from the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology","page":"826–836","volume":"76","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Y."},{"family":"Hobson","given":"K. A."},{"family":"Guinet","given":"C."},{"family":"Vanpe","given":"C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}},{"id":39,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":39,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diets and dietary segregation of seabirds at the subantarctic Crozet Islands","container-title":"Marine Ornithology","page":"1–192","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ridoux","given":"VINCENT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}},{"id":493,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":493,"type":"article-journal","title":"Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour, diet and chick growth of rockhopper penguins","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"279–297","volume":"251","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Tremblay","given":"Y."},{"literal":"Cherel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":""} Cherel et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994; Tremblay and Cherel, 2003White-chinned petrel (WCP)Procellaria aequinoctialisVulnerableSubantarctic, AntarcticOceanicSea surfaceFish (cephalopods, crustaceans) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FIxyd6Cy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Catard et al., 2000; Connan et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994)","plainCitation":"(Catard et al., 2000; Connan et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":369,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":369,"type":"article-journal","title":"Exploitation of distant Antarctic waters and close shelf-break waters by white-chinned petrels rearing chicks","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"249–261","volume":"194","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Catard","given":"Antoine"},{"family":"Weimerskirch","given":"Henri"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}},{"id":1865,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1865,"type":"article-journal","title":"Lipids from stomach oil of procellariiform seabirds document the importance of myctophid fish in the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Limnology and Oceanography","page":"2445-2455","volume":"52","issue":"6","source":" (Crossref)","abstract":"We investigated the relative importance of myctophid fish and Antarctic krill in the diet of adult flying seabirds of the Southern Ocean. The main prey of short-tailed shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris (P. ten.), white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis (P. aeq.), blue petrels Halobaena caerulea (H. cae.), thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri (P. bel.), and Antarctic prions Pachyptila desolata (P. des.) were mostly deduced from the lipid analysis of adult stomach oils. More than 97% of the 125 analyzed oils mainly consisted of wax esters (WEs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) (.70% of total lipids). WE fatty alcohol (FAlc), WE fatty acid (FA), and TAG-FA profiles clearly segregated P. aeq. from P. ten., with smaller, but still significant, differences among the three other petrel species. P. aeq. and P. ten. therefore preyed on distinct prey species, whereas H. cae., P. bel., and P. des. had a more similar diet, but still with some prey differences. Comparisons between FAlc and FA patterns of oils with those of potential prey species showed that .93% of FAlc and FA patterns of oil WEs had a high probability of resemblance with the myctophid signatures, and similar results were obtained with the TAG fractions. Almost no stomach oil fit the lipid patterns of subantarctic and Antarctic euphausiids, including those of the WE-rich Thysanoessa macrura and the TAG-rich Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. This study thus demonstrates for the first time the importance of myctophids in the nutrition of adult flying seabirds breeding in subantarctic islands and foraging in Antarctic waters during the austral summer.","DOI":"10.4319/lo.2007.52.6.2445","ISSN":"00243590","journalAbbreviation":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Connan","given":"Ma?lle"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Mayzaud","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",11]]}}},{"id":39,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":39,"type":"article-journal","title":"The diets and dietary segregation of seabirds at the subantarctic Crozet Islands","container-title":"Marine Ornithology","page":"1–192","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ridoux","given":"VINCENT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} Catard et al., 2000; Connan et al., 2007; Ridoux, 1994 Amsterdam IslandNorthern rockhopper p. (NRP)Eudyptes moseleyiEndangeredSubtropics (Amsterdam waters)OceanicPelagicFish, crustaceans, squid ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Giqd7KrW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherel et al., 1999; Tremblay et al., 1997; Tremblay and Cherel, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Cherel et al., 1999; Tremblay et al., 1997; Tremblay and Cherel, 2003)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":528,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":528,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diving behaviour of female northern rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi, during the brooding period at Amsterdam Island (Southern Indian Ocean)","container-title":"Marine Biology","page":"375-385","volume":"134","issue":"2","source":"link.","abstract":"The pattern and characteristics of diving in 14 female northern rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi, were studied at Amsterdam Island (37°50′S; 77°31′E) during the guard stage, using electronic time–depth recorders. Twenty-nine foraging trips (27 daily foraging trips and two longer trips including one night) with a total of 16 572 dives of ≥3 m were recorded. Females typically left the colony at dawn and returned in the late afternoon, spending an average of 12 h at sea, during which they performed ～550 dives. They were essentially inshore foragers (mean estimated foraging range 6 km), and mainly preyed upon the pelagic euphausiid Thysanoessa gregaria, fishes and squid being only minor components of the diet. Mean dive depth, dive duration, and post-dive intervals were 18.4 m (max. depth 109 m), 57 s (max. dive duration 168 s), and 21 s (37% of dive duration), respectively. Descent and ascent rates averaged 1.2 and 1.0 ms?1 and were, together with dive duration, significantly correlated with dive depth. Birds spent 18% of their total diving time in dives reaching 15 to 20 m, and the mean maximum diving efficiency (bottom time:dive cycle duration) occurred for dives reaching 15 to 35 m. The most remarkable feature of diving behaviour in northern rockhopper penguins was the high percentage of time spent diving during daily foraging trips (on average, 69% of their time at sea); this was mainly due to a high dive frequency (～44 dives per hour), which explained the high total vertical distance travelled during one trip (18 km on average). Diving activity at night was greatly reduced, suggesting that, as other penguins, E. chrysocome moseleyi are essentially diurnal, and locate prey using visual cues.","DOI":"10.1007/s002270050554","ISSN":"0025-3162, 1432-1793","journalAbbreviation":"Marine Biology","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Y."},{"family":"Tremblay","given":"Y."},{"family":"Guinard","given":"E."},{"family":"Georges","given":"J. Y."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999",7,1]]}}},{"id":1881,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1881,"type":"article-journal","title":"Maximum diving depths of northern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi) at Amsterdam Island","container-title":"Polar Biology","page":"119-122","volume":"17","issue":"2","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"The mean maximum dive depth from 49 foraging bouts by northern rockhopper penguins, measured using capillary-tube depth gauges, was 66±4 m (12–168 m). There were no differences in the maximum dive depths between male and female penguins. Northern rockhopper penguins dived deeper in early than in late creche stages (83±7 vs 57±4 m), and this was associated with probable dietary changes, squid dominating the diet by mass (44%) in November, and fish (64%) in December 1994 at Amsterdam Island.","DOI":"10.1007/s003000050113","ISSN":"1432-2056","journalAbbreviation":"Polar Biol","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Tremblay","given":"Yann"},{"family":"Guinard","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Y."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997",1,1]]}}},{"id":493,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":493,"type":"article-journal","title":"Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour, diet and chick growth of rockhopper penguins","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"279–297","volume":"251","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Tremblay","given":"Y."},{"literal":"Cherel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":""} Cherel et al., 1999; Tremblay et al., 1997; Tremblay and Cherel, 2003Indian yellow-nosed al. (YNA)Thalassarche carteriEndangeredSubtropicsOceanicSea surfaceFish (cephalopods) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vC3MgmCx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2013; Pinaud et al., 2005)","plainCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2013; Pinaud et al., 2005)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":780,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":780,"type":"article-journal","title":"A comprehensive isotopic investigation of habitat preferences in nonbreeding albatrosses from the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Ecography","page":"277-286","volume":"36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Jaeger","given":"Audrey"},{"family":"Alderman","given":"Rachael"},{"family":"Jaquemet","given":"Sébastien"},{"family":"Richard","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Wanless","given":"Ross M."},{"family":"Phillips","given":"Richard A."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"David R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}},{"id":886,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":886,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effect of environmental variability on habitat selection, diet, provisioning behaviour and chick growth in yellow-nosed albatrosses","container-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","page":"295–304","volume":"298","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Pinaud","given":"David"},{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Weimerskirch","given":"Henri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":""} Cherel et al., 2013; Pinaud et al., 2005Amsterdam albatross (AA)Diomedea amsterdamensisEndangeredSubtropicsOceanicSea surfaceUnknown ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Fk4TamK3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2013; Thiebot et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Cherel et al., 2013; Thiebot et al., 2014)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":780,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":780,"type":"article-journal","title":"A comprehensive isotopic investigation of habitat preferences in nonbreeding albatrosses from the Southern Ocean","container-title":"Ecography","page":"277-286","volume":"36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cherel","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Jaeger","given":"Audrey"},{"family":"Alderman","given":"Rachael"},{"family":"Jaquemet","given":"Sébastien"},{"family":"Richard","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Wanless","given":"Ross M."},{"family":"Phillips","given":"Richard A."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"David R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}},{"id":1883,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1883,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stage-dependent distribution of the Critically Endangered Amsterdam albatross in relation to Economic Exclusive Zones","container-title":"Endangered Species Research","page":"263-276","volume":"23","issue":"3","source":"int-","abstract":"Long-lived animals typically exhibit several stages throughout their life cycle during which their distribution may vary substantially, which may challenge the relevance of protection measures. Here we surveyed individual movements of the Critically Endangered Amsterdam albatross from Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean, throughout its life cycle. Our goal was to identify, from the areas visited by the albatrosses, which coastal states share responsibility in regulating industrial fishing in their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) in order to promote the preservation of this species. Using stage-relevant tracking techniques (satellite tags, GPS and GLS loggers), we surveyed 361 at-sea trips by 93 individuals over 9 yr, covering incubation, brooding, chick-rearing, sabbatical, failed-breeding, juvenile and immature stages. Our data show that Amsterdam albatrosses exhibit a wide and variable foraging radius (from 326 ± 193 km during brooding to 5519 ± 766 km for immatures) and at-sea distribution across stages, putting them beyond the French EEZ of Amsterdam Island for all or part of the trips surveyed in each stage, and even outside the Indian Ocean when breeding. In all, the breeding versus non-breeding albatrosses visited the EEZs of 1 to 3 versus 3 to 4 countries, respectively. Only breeders visited the? EEZs of Madagascar and Mauritius, while only non-breeders visited the EEZs of Australia, South Africa and Namibia. This study stresses the relevance to conservation of obtaining synoptic information on the distribution of threatened species, especially regarding the breeding versus non-breeding categories of populations.","DOI":"10.3354/esr00564","ISSN":"1863-5407, 1613-4796","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Thiebot","given":"Jean-Baptiste"},{"family":"Delord","given":"Karine"},{"family":"Marteau","given":"Cédric"},{"family":"Weimerskirch","given":"Henri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",4,9]]}}}],"schema":""} Cherel et al., 2013; Thiebot et al., 2014Table S2. Concentrations (?g g-1 dw), limit of detection (LOD, ?g g-1 dw), and detection frequency (DF, %) of trace elements in red blood cells of chicks of penguins, albatrosses and petrels from the southern Indian Ocean. Total and quantifiable sample sizes are given in parenthesis next to species names and element values, respectively. Values are mean ± SD in the first line, and median and (range) in the second one.LODDF (%)Emperor penguin (10)Adélie penguin (14)Snow petrel (10)Blue petrel (11)Thin-billed prion (12)King penguin (10)Gentoo penguin (10)Macaroni penguin (11)Southern rockhopper penguin (9)White-chinned petrel (11)Northern rockhopper penguin (10)Indian yellow-nosed albatross (10)Amsterdam albatross (11)Ag0.0170< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LODAs0.2270.30 ± 0.1 (2)0.30 (<0.2-0.37)< LOD0.80 ± 0.42 (9) 0.57 (<0.2-1.49)< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD0.23 (1)< LOD0.81 ± 0.51 (11) 0.71 (0.25-1.56)0.59 ± 0.25 (5) 0.59 (<0.2-0.97)0.34 ± 0.09 (8) 0.34 (<0.2-0.5)0.30 ± 0.11 (2) 0.30 (<0.2-0.38)Cd0.01545< LOD< LOD< LOD0.41 ± 0.19 (11) 0.35 (0.22-0.81)0.13 ± 0.08 (12) 0.09 (0.06-0.30)0.03 (1)< LOD0.03 ± 0.01 (11) 0.03 (0.02-0.04)< LOD0.13 ± 0.08 (11) 0.10 (0.05-0.32)0.03 ± 0.01 (4) 0.03 (<0.015-0.04)0.02 ± 0.01 (2) 0.02 (<0.015-0.03)0.05 ± 0.03 (11) 0.04 (0.02-0.1)Co0.020< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LODCr0.024< LOD< LOD0.03 (1)< LOD< LOD0.16 (1)< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD0.04 (1)1.25 (1)0.03 (1)Cu0.11000.49 ± 0.05 (10) 0.46 (0.44-0.6)0.95 ± 0.27 (14) 1.06 (0.54-1.32)0.41 ± 0.07 (10) 0.41 (0.29-0.53)0.47 ± 0.05 (11) 0.44 (0.4-0.55)0.64 ± 0.47 (12) 0.52 (0.43-2.11)1.30 ± 0.20 (10) 1.29 (1.02-1.61)1.16 ± 0.12 (10) 1.20 (0.95-1.29)1.18 ± 0.31 (11) 1.17 (0.74-1.9)0.78 ± 0.13 (9) 0.83 (0.56-0.92)0.90 ± 0.14 (11) 0.92 (0.55-1.06)1.08 ± 0.31 (10) 1.05 (0.78-1.9)1.21 ± 0.13 (10) 1.19 (0.98-1.44)1.17 ± 0.07 (11) 1.18 (1.04-1.27)Fe3.31002373 ± 80 (10) 2402 (2207-2447)2517 ± 59 (14) 2514 (2427-2662)2250 ± 102 (10) 2238 (2085-2396)2175 ± 95 (11) 2193 (2004-2309)2177 ± 85 (12) 2173 (1970-2278)2337 ± 148 (10) 2350 (2050-2568)2437 ± 114 (10) 2448 (2287-2636)2305 ± 247 (11) 2306 (1881-2619)2228 ± 155 (9) 2194 (2078-2478)2367 ± 72 (11) 2373 (2221-2458)2357 ± 135 (10) 2370 (2023-2519)2057 ± 169 (10) 2113 (1812-2219)1823 ± 188 (11) 1858 (1575-2061)Hg0.0051000.37 ± 0.07 (10) 0.36 (0.26-0.46)0.20 ± 0.04 (14) 0.21 (0.14-0.24)0.10 ± 0.03 (10) 0.10 (0.05-0.15)0.13 ± 0.05 (11) 0.13 (0.06-0.24)0.05 ± 0.01 (12) 0.04 (0.03-0.07)0.80 ± 0.11 (10) 0.82 (0.69-1.02)0.80 ± 0.39 (10) 0.69 (0.44-1.45)0.94 ± 0.17 (11) 0.90 (0.73-1.28)0.19 ± 0.03 (9) 0.18 (0.16-0.23)1.12 ± 0.39 (11) 1.00 (0.64-1.83)0.23 ± 0.04 (10) 0.22 (0.18-0.3)0.73 ± 0.45 (10) 0.66 (0.30-1.84)2.66 ± 0.81 (11) 2.64 (1.30-4.40)Mn0.0855< LOD0.15 ± 0.03 (10) 0.14 (<0.08-0.19)0.43 ± 0.23 (7) 0.47 (<0.08-0.69)< LOD0.20 ± 0.02 (2) 0.20 (<0.08-0.22)0.14 ± 0.01 (5) 0.13 (<0.08-0.16)0.12 ± 0.02 (6) 0.12 (<0.08-0.15)0.25 ± 0.14 (11) 0.2 (0.12-0.57)0.27 ± 0.07 (9) 0.26 (0.2-0.41)0.37 ± 0.15 (11) 0.32 (0.19-0.65)0.44 ± 0.2 (10) 0.36 (0.25-0.78)0.14 ± 0.03 (6) 0.13 (<0.08-0.2)< LODNi0.0330.05< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD0.10 (1)0.07 ± 0.03 (2) 0.07 (<0.03-0.09)Pb0.0214< LOD0.02 ± 0.0005 (2) 0.02 (<0.02-0.02)0.04 (1)< LOD0.04 ± 0.01 (2) 0.04 (<0.02-0.05)0.02 (1)< LOD< LOD< LOD0.23 ± 0.27 (6) 0.09 (<0.02-0.68)0.33 ± 0.44 (2) 0.33 (<0.02-0.64)0.03 ± 0.005 (2) 0.03 (<0.02-0.03)0.02 ± 0.01 (4) 0.02 (<0.02-0.04)Se0.11003.14 ± 0.41 (10) 3.05 (2.71-3.89)4.07 ± 0.56 (14) 4.13 (3.06-4.85)14.3 ± 4.04 (10) 13.2 (8.01-19.5)32.9 ± 8.37 (11) 30.2 (22.1-48.1)33.9 ± 7.57 (12) 31.7 (20.3-46.7)4.24 ± 0.62 (10) 4.03 (3.68-5.85)5.16 ± 0.72 (10) 4.87 (4.26-6.58)172 ± 47.8 (11) 179 (77.1-237)5.41 ± 0.85 (9) 5.38 (4.35-6.64)46.0 ± 13.6 (11) 48.7 (22.2-65.7)7.89 ± 2.87 (10) 7.66 (3.41-12.8)62.8 ± 11.6 (10)60.1 (49.8-86.3)26.9 ± 7.72 (11)26.5 (14.2-40.6)V0.30< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LOD< LODZn3.310024.6 ± 2.30 (10) 23.7 (22.0-27.9)31.4 ± 19.7 (14) 26.2 (23.0-99.4)27.7 ± 2.54 (10) 27.6 (24.3-32.0)30.4 ± 4.02 (11) 28.6 (26.1-38.2)30.0 ± 1.98 (12) 29.6 (27.6-33.5)21.4 ± 1.83 (10) 20.7 (19.7-25.8)26.1 ± 3.51 (10) 24.8 (22.8-34.9)20.8 ± 1.58 (11) 21.3 (17.8-23.2)28.2 ± 2.61 (9) 27.6 (24.9-33.9)25.2 ± 2.03 (11) 24.5 (22.1-28.6)31.6 ± 5.4 (10) 30.2 (27.4-46.3)24.6 ± 1.80 (10) 25.1 (21.9-27.4)22.7 ± 2.08 (11) 23.0 (20.1-26.0)Table S3. Concentrations (ng g-1 ww), limit of quantification (LOQ, ng g-1 ww), and detection frequency (DF, %) of POPs in plasma of chicks of penguins, albatrosses and petrels from the southern Indian Ocean. Total and quantifiable sample sizes are given in parenthesis next to species names and pollutant values, respectively. Values are mean ± SD in the first line, and median and (range) in the second one.LOQDF (%)Emperor penguin (10)Adélie penguin (10)Snow petrel (10)Blue petrel (11)Thin-billed prion (10)King penguin (10)Gentoo penguin (10)Macaroni penguin (11)Southern rockhopper penguin (9)White-chinned petrel (10)Northern rockhopper penguin (10)Indian yellow-nosed albatross (10)Amsterdam albatross (10)CB-28/500.350.34 ± 0.01 (2) 0.34 (<0.3-0.35)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.37 ± 0.03 (2) 0.37 (<0.3-0.39)0.69 ± 0.6 (3) 0.36 (<0.3-1.38)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQCB-521.82< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ2.14 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ1.88 ± 0.02 (2) 1.88 (<1.8-1.89)CB-1011.141.65 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ2.64 (1)< LOQ< LOQ2.66 (1)< LOQ< LOQ2.02 ± 0.51 (2) 2.02 (<1.1-2.38)CB-1181.41< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ1.53 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ1.47 (1)CB-1530.63< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.79 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.73 ± 0.03 (3) 0.71 (<0.6-0.76)CB-1380.72< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.86 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.8 ± 0.04 (2) 0.8 (<0.7-0.83)CB-1800.1110.15 (1)< LOQ< LOQ0.1 (1)< LOQ0.13 (1)0.16 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.12 ± 0.01 (2) 0.12 (<0.1-0.13)0.15 (1)0.18 ± 0.09 (6) 0.16 (<0.1-0.35)Σ PCBs0.83 ± 1.00 (3) 0.35 (0.15-1.98)< LOQ< LOQ0.1 (1)< LOQ0.29 ± 0.14 (3) 0.35 (0.13-0.39)2.54 ± 4.52 (4) 0.34 (0.16-9.33)< LOQ< LOQ2.66 (1)0.12 ± 0.01 (2) 0.12 (0.11-0.13)0.15 (1)2.36 ± 3.16 (6) 0.63 (0.1-7.4)HCB0.6820.22 ± 0.07 (9) 0.25 (<0.6-0.29)0.16 ± 0.03 (10) 0.16 (0.11-0.22)0.51 ± 0.16 (10) 0.48 (0.26-0.82)0.86 ± 0.56 (11) 0.61 (0.30-2.07)0.87 ± 0.30 (10) 0.81 (0.54-1.49)0.42 ± 0.29 (10) 0.35 (0.1-1.11)0.12 ± 0.02 (8) 0.12 (<0.6-0.16)0.29 ± 0.08 (10) 0.28 (<0.6-0.41)0.14 ± 0.06 (9) 0.13 (0.07-0.24)0.24 ± 0.09 (10) 0.20 (0.13-0.41)< LOQ0.17 ± 0.10 (7) 0.15 (<0.6-0.36)0.86 ± 0.41 (10) 0.82 (0.15-1.65)γ-HCH0.21< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.19 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.20 (1)Heptachlor0.058< LOQ0.07 ± 0.02 (3) 0.07 (<0.05-0.08)< LOQ0.09 (1)0.07 ± 0.01 (2) 0.07 (<0.05-0.08)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.05 (1)< LOQ< LOQ0.08 ± 0.01 (4) 0.08 (<0.05-0.08)< LOQcis-chlordane0.091< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.12 (1)< LOQ0.11 (1)trans-nonachlor0.0590.09 (1)< LOQ< LOQ0.06 ± 0.01 (2) 0.06 (<0.05-0.07)0.12 ± 0.04 (2) 0.12 (<0.05-0.15)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.05 (1)0.10 (1)0.30 ± 0.12 (6) 0.32 (<0.05-0.43)2,4’-DDE0.230.27 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.47 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.38 ± 0.01 (2) 0.38 (<0.05-0.39)4,4’-DDE0.06360.04 (1)< LOQ0.12 ± 0.06 (6) 0.10 (<0.06-0.23)0.22 ± 0.16 (10) 0.18 (<0.06-0.55)0.07 ± 0.01 (7) 0.06 (<0.06-0.09)0.08 ± 0.01 (2) 0.08 (<0.06-0.08)0.10 (1)0.07 (1)< LOQ0.45 ± 0.47 (9) 0.27 (<0.06-1.3)< LOQ0.24 ± 0.22 (8) 0.17 (<0.06-0.73)0.82 ± 1.10 (5) 0.35 (<0.06-2.79)4,4’-DDD0.41< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.40 (1)2,4’-DDT0.30< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ4,4’-DDT0.1140.12 (1)< LOQ0.58 ± 0.67 (2) 0.58 (<0.10-1.05)0.10 (1)0.10 (1)< LOQ0.15 (1)< LOQ< LOQ0.18 ± 0.09 (2) 0.18 (<0.1-0.24)0.12 (1)0.18 (1)0.46 ± 0.38 (9) 0.28 (<0.1-1.35)Mirex0.13< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.34 (1)< LOQ< LOQ0.74 (1)0.28 (1)< LOQ< LOQ< LOQ0.78 (1)Σ OCPs0.28 ± 0.14 (9) 0.27 (0.09-0.56)0.18 ± 0.02 (10) 0.18 (0.14-0.22)0.70 ± 0.39 (10) 0.58 (0.26-1.58)1.08 ± 0.66 (11) 0.79 (0.39-2.33)1.00 ± 0.37 (10) 0.9 (0.61-1.89)0.43 ± 0.31 (10) 0.38 (0.1-1.19)0.21 ± 0.24 (9) 0.12 (0.08-0.82)0.33 ± 0.29 (11) 0.25 (0.07-1.15)0.17 ± 0.13 (9) 0.14 (0.07-0.5)0.68 ± 0.56 (10) 0.48 (0.13-1.9)0.29 (1)0.37 ± 0.39 (10) 0.26 (0.07-1.38)2.09 ± 1.62 (10) 1.73 (0.45-5.66)Σ POPs0.56 ± 0.77 (9) 0.28 (0.09-2.55)0.18 ± 0.02 (10) 0.18 (0.14-0.22)0.70 ± 0.39 (10) 0.58 (0.26-1.58)1.09 ± 0.68 (11) 0.79 (0.39-2.33)1.00 ± 0.37 (10) 0.90 (0.61-1.89)0.52 ± 0.36 (10) 0.40 (0.1-1.19)1.34 ± 3.31 (9) 0.13 (0.08-10.2)0.33 ± 0.29 (11) 0.25 (0.07-1.15)0.17 ± 0.13 (9) 0.14 (0.07-0.5)0.68 ± 0.56 (10) 0.48 (0.13-1.9)0.18 ± 0.10 (3) 0.13 (0.11-0.29)0.39 ± 0.39 (10) 0.32 (0.07-1.38)3.50 ± 3.56 (10) 1.96 (0.45-10.9)Table S4. Red blood cell trace element and plasma HCB loadings on the two axes selected from the principal component analysis in chicks of penguins, albatrosses and petrels from the southern Indian Ocean.AxisCuFeHgSeZnHCBPC1-0.510.22-0.62-0.260.490.06PC20.260.550.09-0.47-0.04-0.63Table S5. AICc model ranking of concentrations of selected red blood cell trace elements and plasma HCB in chicks of penguins, albatrosses and petrels from the southern Indian Ocean (N = 135 and 128 for trace element and HCB models, respectively). Only the four best supported models and the null model are presented. Abbreviations: AICc, Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample sizes; wi, AICc weights.ModelskaAICcΔAICcbwicExp. dev.dCu GLM, gamma distribution, identity link functionSpecies13-390.000.560.70Species + δ13C14-372.070.200.69Species + Mass14-362.420.170.69Species + Mass + δ13C15-344.480.060.69Null1110148.730.000.00Fe GLM, log-transformed, gaussian distribution, identity link functionSpecies13-3430.000.540.62Species + Mass14-3411.780.220.62Species + δ13C14-3402.530.150.62Species + Mass + δ13C15-3384.360.060.62Null1-2261170.000.00Hg GLM, log-transformed, gaussian distribution, identity link functionSpecies + δ13C + Species:δ13C26-2000.000.630.93Species + δ13C + Species:δ13C + Mass27-1972.910.150.93Species + δ13C14-1954.450.070.92Species13-1954.680.060.92Null11583580.000.00Se GLM, log-transformed, gaussian distribution, identity link functionSpecies13260.000.480.96Species + Mass14281.600.220.96Species + δ13C14281.760.200.96Species + Mass + δ13C15303.550.080.96Null14424160.000.00Zn GLM, log-transformed, gaussian distribution, identity link functionSpecies13-2350.000.400.63Species + Mass + δ13C + Mass:δ13C16-2350.820.270.64Species + δ13C14-2332.140.140.63Species + Mass14-2332.160.140.63Null1-1161200.000.00HCB GLM, gamma distribution, inverse link functionSpecies13-1300.000.510.66Species + Mass14-1281.920.200.66Species + δ13C14-1281.970.190.66Species + Mass + δ13C15-1263.850.080.66Null1101400.000.00a Number of parameters.b Scaled AICc; AICc = 0.00 is interpreted as the best fit to the data among the models.c Weight of evidence interpreted as a proportion. Weights across all models sum to 1.00.d Explained deviance adjusted by k and N.Table S6. Sum of Akaike’s weights across all models of each tested explanatory variable of red blood cell trace element and plasma HCB concentrations in chicks of penguins, albatrosses and petrels from the southern Indian Ocean.VariablesSum of Akaike’s weights across all modelsCuFeHgSeZnHCBSpecies111111δ13C0.280.230.920.310.450.29Mass0.240.300.240.320.460.29 References ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bocher, P., Cherel, Y., Labat, J.-P., Mayzaud, P., Razouls, S., Jouventin, P., 2001. Amphipod-based food web: Themisto gaudichaudii caught in nets and by seabirds in Kerguelen waters, southern Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 223, 261–276. , C., Della Penna, A., d’Ovidio, F., Y.P. Arnould, J., Poupart, T., Bost, C.-A., 2015. Influence of oceanographic structures on foraging strategies: Macaroni penguins at Crozet Islands. Movement Ecology 3, 32. , C.A., Georges, J.Y., Guinet, C., Cherel, Y., Pütz, K., Charassin, J.B., Handrich, Y., Zorn, T., Lage, J., Le Maho, Y., 1997. Foraging habitat and food intake of satellite-tracked king penguins during the austral summer at Crozet Archipelago. Marine Ecology Progress Series 150, 21–33. , C.A., Laage, J., Putz, K., 1994. Maximal diving depth and diving patterns of the gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua at the Crozet Islands. Marine Ornithology 22, 237–244.Bustamante, P., Lahaye, V., Durnez, C., Churlaud, C., Caurant, F., 2006. Total and organic Hg concentrations in cephalopods from the North Eastern Atlantic waters: Influence of geographical origin and feeding ecology. Science of The Total Environment 368, 585–596.Carravieri, A., Bustamante, P., Tartu, S., Meillère, A., Labadie, P., Budzinski, H., Peluhet, L., Barbraud, C., Weimerskirch, H., Chastel, O., Cherel, Y., 2014. Wandering Albatrosses Document Latitudinal Variations in the Transfer of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury to Southern Ocean Predators. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 14746–14755. , A., Weimerskirch, H., Cherel, Y., 2000. Exploitation of distant Antarctic waters and close shelf-break waters by white-chinned petrels rearing chicks. Marine Ecology Progress Series 194, 249–261.Cherel, Y., 2008. Isotopic niches of emperor and Adélie penguins in Adélie Land, Antarctica. Marine Biology 154, 813–821.Cherel, Y., Bocher, P., De Broyer, C., Hobson, K.A., 2002a. Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolata prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 228, 263–281.Cherel, Y., Bocher, P., Trouvé, C., Weimerskirch, H., 2002b. Diet and feeding ecology of blue petrels Halobaena caerulea at lies Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 228, 283–299.Cherel, Y., Connan, M., Jaeger, A., Richard, P., 2014. Seabird year-round and historical feeding ecology: blood and feather δ13C and δ15N values document foraging plasticity of small sympatric petrels.Cherel, Y., Hobson, K.A., Guinet, C., Vanpe, C., 2007. Stable isotopes document seasonal changes in trophic niches and winter foraging individual specialization in diving predators from the Southern Ocean. Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 826–836.Cherel, Y., Jaeger, A., Alderman, R., Jaquemet, S., Richard, P., Wanless, R.M., Phillips, R.A., Thompson, D.R., 2013. A comprehensive isotopic investigation of habitat preferences in nonbreeding albatrosses from the Southern Ocean. Ecography 36, 277–286.Cherel, Y., Ridoux, V., 1992. Prey species and nutritive value of food fed during summer to King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonica chicks at Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago. Ibis 134, 118–127. , Y., Tremblay, Y., Guinard, E., Georges, J.Y., 1999. 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Ibis 158, 569–586. , J., Jackson, C.H., Cherel, Y., Jackson, G.D., Bustamante, P., 2011. Multi-elemental concentrations in the tissues of the oceanic squid Todarodes filippovae from Tasmania and the southern Indian Ocean. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 74, 1238–1249. , C., Ridoux, V., 1986. The diet of emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri in Adélie Land, Antarctica. Ibis 128, 409–413.Pinaud, D., Cherel, Y., Weimerskirch, H., 2005. Effect of environmental variability on habitat selection, diet, provisioning behaviour and chick growth in yellow-nosed albatrosses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298, 295–304.Ridoux, V., 1994. The diets and dietary segregation of seabirds at the subantarctic Crozet Islands. Marine Ornithology 22, 1–192.Ridoux, V., Offredo, C., 1989. The diets of five summer breeding seabirds in Adélie Land, Antarctica. Polar Biology 9, 137–145.Tapie, N., Menach, K.L., Pasquaud, S., Elie, P., Devier, M.H., Budzinski, H., 2011. PBDE and PCB contamination of eels from the Gironde estuary: from glass eels to silver eels. Chemosphere 83, 175–185.Thiebot, J.-B., Delord, K., Marteau, C., Weimerskirch, H., 2014. Stage-dependent distribution of the Critically Endangered Amsterdam albatross in relation to Economic Exclusive Zones. Endangered Species Research 23, 263–276. , Y., Cherel, 2003. Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour, diet and chick growth of rockhopper penguins. Marine Ecology Progress Series 251, 279–297.Tremblay, Y., Guinard, E., Cherel, Y., 1997. Maximum diving depths of northern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi) at Amsterdam Island. Polar Biol 17, 119–122. , M., Kato, A., Raymond, B., Angelier, F., Arthur, B., Chastel, O., Pellé, M., Raclot, T., Ropert-Coudert, Y., 2015. Habitat use and sex-specific foraging behaviour of Adélie penguins throughout the breeding season in Adélie Land, East Antarctica. Mov Ecol 3. , B.C., Lawless, R., Rodary, D., Bost, C.-A., Thomson, R., Pauly, T., Robertson, G., Kerry, K.R., LeMaho, Y., 2000. Adélie penguin foraging behaviour and krill abundance along the Wilkes and Adélie land coasts, Antarctica. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 47, 2573–2587.Zimmer, I., Wilson, R.P., Gilbert, C., Beaulieu, M., Ancel, A., Pl?tz, J., 2008. Foraging movements of emperor penguins at Pointe Géologie, Antarctica. Polar Biology 31, 229–243.Fig. S1. Map of the four field sites in the southern Indian Ocean where blood was collected from chicks of 13 species of penguins, albatrosses and petrels: Adélie land (66°40’S, 140°01’E), Kerguelen (49°21’S, 70°18’E) and Crozet Islands (46°26’S, 51°45’E), and Amsterdam Island (37°50’S, 77°31’E).Fig. S2. Relationship between red blood cell log Zn concentrations and body mass (Kg) in chicks of penguins, albatrosses and petrels from the southern Indian Ocean. Abbreviations: AA, Amsterdam albatrosses; AP, Adélie penguins; BP, blue petrels; EP, Emperor penguins; GP, gentoo penguins; KP, king penguins; MP, macaroni penguins; NRP, northern rockhopper penguins; SP, snow petrels; SRP, southern rockhopper penguins; TBP, thin-billed prions; WCP, white-chinned petrels; YNA, Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses.Fig. S3. Relationship between red blood cell Hg concentrations (?g g-1 dw) and δ15N (‰) values in chicks of penguins, albatrosses and petrels from the southern Indian Ocean. Abbreviations: AA, Amsterdam albatrosses; AP, Adélie penguins; BP, blue petrels; EP, Emperor penguins; GP, gentoo penguins; KP, king penguins; MP, macaroni penguins; NRP, northern rockhopper penguins; SP, snow petrels; SRP, southern rockhopper penguins; TBP, thin-billed prions; WCP, white-chinned petrels; YNA, Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses. ................
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