Regents Biology Lab Practical Study Guide



Regents Biology Lab Practical Study Guide

|Lab # |Lab Title |Lab Procedure |Equipment, indicators, technique |Key terms |Main Points |

|1 |Safety Contract |Read instructions and safety |KNOW: equipment used for labs |Slide, cover slip, petri dish, |Know laboratory equipment and safety |

| | |procedures. Fill out names of | |beaker, Erlenmeyer’s Flask, |procedures |

| | |laboratory equipment | |funnel, graduated cylinder, | |

| | | | |test tube, dropper, scalpel | |

|2 |The Powers of Observation |Record observations, take |A set of four specimen, rulers, scales |Sample individual- a specimen |Record observations in such a way so |

| | |quantitative and qualitative |and index cards |Characteristic part (example: |other scientists can verify the |

| | |observations. Measure, weigh, | |leaf) |findings |

| | |describe color, shape, patterns, etc.| | | |

| | |Record observations that can be | | | |

| | |compared by other scientists so they | | | |

| | |can verify findings | | | |

|3 |Bottle Biology |You are asked to make a small, |2-liter bottle and caps, scalpel, |Ecology |The basics of an ecosystem and |

| | |functional ecosystem within the |forceps, organic materials, varied | |maintenance |

| | |confines of a bottle |organisms | | |

|4 |The Parts of the Microscope |Locate the parts of the microscope |Microscopes, lens paper |Magnification, coarse |Identify the parts of the microscope |

| | |and describe their functions | |adjustment, stage, etc (parts |and their functions |

| | | | |of the microscope) | |

|5 |Focusing on a prepared slide |Take a microscope and turn it on. |Microscope, prepared slide, lens paper |Parfocal- image is still in |The point of this lab is to learn how|

| | |First a person turns the coarse | |focus when transferring from |to focus an object properly under a |

| | |adjustment levels as far it will go. | |low power to high power |microscope. |

| | |Place object on diaphragm and keep it| | | |

| | |in focus under the low power lens. | | | |

| | |Adjustt coarse and fine adjustment | | | |

| | |knobs until the slide is in full | | | |

| | |focus. | | | |

|6 |To Discover the Characteristics of an|Draw a letter “e.” Observe under |Equipment= microscope, slide of the |Magnification= the number of |-The object being viewed will be |

| |Image |different magnifications and |letter e, lens paper/sharp pencil |times an image is made bigger |upside down and backwards |

| | |orientations. Describe what is seen.|Techniques= adjustment of lens focus |Resolution= the ability to see |-High power zooms in very far |

| | |Note where the object is as it is |using coarse and fine adjustment knobs |individual objects as discrete |-to get the magnification multiply |

| | |moved in different directions. | |units |ocular lens by objective lens |

| | |Compare magnifications. | | | |

|7 |Studying a microscope specimen in |We are asked to study different |Equipment: prepared slide of overlapping|Microscope: Magnification knob,|Different aspects of the leaf |

| |three dimensions |microscopic specimen in three |threads, microscope, scissors, glass |eyepieces, focusing knob, base,|structure and the letter “e” under |

| | |dimensions under the binocular |slides, hairy plant leaf, slides of the |a monocular microscope, |the microscope can be observed |

| | |microscope |letter “e,” index cards |stereomicroscope | |

|8 |Using the Microscope as a Measuring |Estimate the size of a field of view |Compound Lens Microscope, focusing, |1 cm= 1000 micrometers |Area 1/Area 2= (Diameter1/Diameter2)2|

| |Tool |Estimate the length and number of |estimating length | |ratio100x:400x |

| | |cells in the FOV | | |Area ratio 16:1 |

| | | | | |Diameter ratio 4:1 |

|9 |Study of a Typical Animal Cell |To study a typical animal cell (human|Compound light microscope, prepared | |-To be able to identify and label |

| | |cheek cell) and to locate the |slides of cheek cells and lens paper | |atypical animal cells and be able to |

| | |nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell | | |estimate the approximate length of |

| | |membrane. | | |the cell |

| | |To calculate the approximate size of | | |-to know the function of epithelial |

| | |the cell under high and low power | | |cell (coverage and protection) |

|10 |Preparation and study of onion skin |In this lab, we were asked to look at|Materials: microscope to look at the | |The main point of this lab was to |

| |cells |the onion skin cells |specimen, onion piece- to look at the | |observe the structure of an onion |

| | | |skin cells, Lugol’s solution: stains the| |skin cell |

| | | |cell so we can see it better | | |

|11 |Observations of Elodea Plant Leaf | | | | |

| |Cells | | | | |

|12 |The Study of a Living Paramecium |-Place a drop of paramecium in the |Microscope, cover slip, yeast in neutral|Life functions: locomotion, |See the paramecium’s life functions, |

| | |center of cotton |red stain, stereomicroscope |regulation, responsiveness, |see that the paramecium has a |

| | |-Place a drop of yeast (in neutral | |reproduction, nutrition, |distinct anterior (head) and |

| | |red stain) | |transport |posterior (tail) |

| | |-Describe the activities of paramecia| |Organelles: Cilia, pellicle, |-Function of the organelles in the |

| | | | |oral groove, gullet, food |paramecium |

| | | | |vacuole, anal pore, contractile| |

| | | | |vacuole, trichocyts, | |

| | | | |macronucleus, micronucleus | |

|13 |Molecular Models |Construct the molecular models |Colored balls represent different |Black molecule= carbon (4 |Combined amino acids make up various |

| | |described |molecules |holes) |peptides and a chain of bonded |

| | | | |Hydrogen= 1 hole |peptides form proteins |

| | | | |Oxygen= 2 holes |Each molecule/compound leads/builds |

| | | | |Nitrogen= Dark blue |up to the next molecule][ |

| | | | |Valence electrons= outside |] |

| | | | |(non-bonded) electrons that | |

| | | | |participate in reactions | |

| | | | |Covalent bonds | |

| | | | |Isomers= 2 molecules with the | |

| | | | |same formula and different | |

| | | | |structures | |

| | | | |Carboxyl group, amino group | |

|14 |Water balance in cells: investigating|Observe osmosis in onion cells |Microscope, 0.9% salt solution, 10% salt|Osmosis, isotonic, hypertonic, |Water leaves the cell when it is |

| |osmosis in purple onion tissue | |solution, distilled water, purple onion |hypotonic |placed in a hypotonic solution |

| | | | | |Water enters the cell when it is |

| | | | | |placed in a hypotonic solution |

|15 |Preparation of Onion DNA |You are asked to separate DNA from |Methylene blue- binds to any pieces of |DNA |DNA must be extracted from cells |

| | |onion cells using both physical and |DNA diphenylamine- acid indicator, |Qualitative test |without destroying its structure. |

| | |chemical methods |chilled extraction buffer (contains | |Both physical and chemical methods |

| | | |distilled H2O and detergent), ethanol: | |are used. Students were supposed to |

| | | |less dense than the onion filtrate, | |figure out the structure of DNA |

| | | |alcohol will float on top, separates | |(double helix) and that it is a |

| | | |threads of DNA | |polymer. |

|16 |Investigating the properties of |A sample of the organic catalysts and|NaCl: salt |Catalyst= a chemical agent that|It was found when inorganic catalysts|

| |enzymes |the inorganic catalysts were |Manganese dioxide: catalyst |changes the rate of a reaction.|are heated and when they are chilled |

| | |obtained. Each samples was subjected|Hydrogen peroxide: it is toxic to cells.|Most enzymes end with -ase |the rate of reactions is the same, |

| | |to either on ice water bath or |Cells that produce it contain enzymes | |but organic catalysts contain enzymes|

| | |boiling water bath. After this |that break it down and release oxygen | |so when they are heated these enzymes|

| | |treatment, the samples were returned |Methylene blue | |might be denatured and stop and when |

| | |to room temperature and tested to see|HCl, low pH acidic | |they are chilled it slows down the |

| | |whether they returned to their |NaOH= high pH, basic | |rate of reactions. Enzymes have a |

| | |catalytic properties. Hydrogen | | |temperature where the rate of |

| | |peroxide was added to the catalysts | | |reaction is optimum. |

| | |and then the reaction was measured. | | | |

|17 |Fat Digestion: How is hydrolysis of |Design an experiment to showcase the |Test tubes, graduated cylinder, cream, |Hydrolysis, lipase and bile |Shows how fat is hydrolyzed and the |

| |fat accomplished in the human |function of bile and lipase in fat |bile salts, lipase, blue litmus |(salts), fatty acids and |effect of lipase and bile salts on |

| |digestive tract |hydrolysis |solution, red and blue litmus paper= pH |glycerol, emulsification |fat, along with briefly going over |

| | | |indicators, beaker, thermometer, water | |experimental design |

| | | |(distilled), acid, base, detergent (to | | |

| | | |emulsify the fats) | | |

|18 |Exploration and Dissection of a |We are asked to dissect and explore |We use glass probes, razor edges, |Right Ventricle- pumps blood to|To familiarize ourselves with a |

| |Mammalian Heart |the parts of a mammalian heart. We |dissecting needles, and scalpels to cut |the lungs |mammalian heart and to learn how |

| | |are given instructions on how and |the heart. |Right Atrium- pumps blood to |hearts work. We also did this lab to|

| | |where to cut and told what to do | |the ventricle |explore the heart and its parts |

| | | | |Left Ventricle- pumps blood to | |

| | | | |the body | |

| | | | |Left Atrium- pumps blood to the| |

| | | | |ventricle | |

| | | | |Artery= blood vessel | |

|19 |Studying circulation in the tail of a|Blood circulation in goldfish, |Microscope for studying the goldfish |Lactic Acid is a dilator |-observe exchange of materials in the|

| |goldfish |especially the tail. How capillaries|tail, cotton and aged water to keep the |Chemical nicotine |tail of the goldfish |

| | |transport materials and circulate |fish alive while observing it, fish nets| |-RBCs in capillaries |

| | |blood |to catch the fish, lactic acid expands | |-breathing of goldfish affects the |

| | | |veins/capillaries/blood vessels. | |speed of travel in the blood vessels |

| | | |Nicotine constricts them. Scissors, | | |

| | | |petri dish, slides, goldfish | | |

|20 |Human Blood: observing the cellular |Observe white and red blood cells. |Microscope, blood type A,B,AB,O samples |White blood cell: fights |Function of red and white blood cells|

| |components of the blood, ABO blood |Test different blood antigens | |pathogens |Different antigens of blood cells |

| |typing | | |Red Blood Cell: transfers |clots. O is a universal donor. AB |

| | | | |nutrients, wastes |is a universal recipient |

| | | | |Platelets: prevent bleeding | |

|21 |Investigating CO2 in Breathing |In this lab, CO2 levels are measured |Phenolphthalein- pH indicator | |Humans breathe out CO2 and breathe in|

| | |during respiration in humans |Pink if pH is above 8.3, colorless if pH| |oxygen |

| | | |is below 8.3 | | |

| | | |Bromothymol Blue= CO2 indicator, when pH| | |

| | | |is 6 and below its yellow. Green if | | |

| | | |above 6, and 7.6 or above is blue | | |

|22 |How much energy is in a crouton and |You’re asked to find out which food, |LoggerPro, Balance, Computer. Light a |kilocalories |To find how we can measure the energy|

| |peanut |a crouton or a peanut has more energy|piece of food and measure how much | |content of something |

| | |in it by measuring energy released |energy is being burned by how long it | | |

| | |during combustion |takes to burn for | | |

|23 |Study of an oxidation-reduction |Oxidation-reduction reactions to |Test tubes, indophenol |Standard dilution, serial | |

| |reaction |determine the concentration of | |dilution, titrate, interpolate | |

| | |ascorbic acid in different solutions | | | |

|24 | Plant structure: correlating |First a prepared slide of cross |Materials needed are slides, coverslips,|1) monocot 2) Dicot 3) |Understanding parts of the stem, leaf|

| |structure and function of plant parts|section is observed and drawn. Then |dissecting microscope, compound light |Structure of a leaf= palisade, |and roots |

| |with the photosynthetic process |a lettuce leaf is torn in a thin, |microscope, leaf, celery, seedling, |vascular tissues, xylum, | |

| | |colorless border and put onto a blank|tradescantia leaf |phloem, vascular bundle of the | |

| | |slide. The slide is stained and | |leaf, midrib, epidermis, | |

| | |observed. Next, a thin slice of | |cuticle, stomates, guard cells,| |

| | |celery is observed under the | |cell wall | |

| | |dissecting microscope. Lastly, root | | | |

| | |is stained with methylene blue and | | | |

| | |observed | | | |

|25 |How do plants use chlorophyll and CO2|Determine if plants absorb CO2 during|3 100 mL beakers, hot plate, forceps, |Bromthymol blue tests for |The colorimeter is an instrument |

| |in photosynthesis |photosynthesis |spinach leaf, 2 cuvettes with lids and |concentrations of O2 |which measures how much light of a |

| | | |lens, tissue, ethanol, colorimeter, | |particular wavelength is absorbed by |

| | | |LabPro computer | |a solution. Lugol’s solution can be |

| | | | | |used to show that plants use |

| | | | | |chlorophyll to make starch |

|26 |Chromatography: Separating pigments |Grind parsley leaves until a dark |Paper solvent (separate pigments based |Rf values, solubility, paper |Shows changed in leaves colors during|

| |of parsley leaves |green pigment (chlorophyll) is left. |on solubility), test tube, |chromatography, chlorophyll |autumn |

| | |On chromatography paper, cut the end |chromotagraphy paper, dried parsley | | |

| | |into a pointed tip, mark 2 cm above |leaves | | |

| | |the end of the tip and 12 cm. Pour | | | |

| | |paper solvent on the tip, wait for | | | |

| | |the solvent to reach the 12 cm mark, | | | |

| | |then take out paper from its test | | | |

| | |tube | | | |

|27 |Analysis of a simulated urine sample |We are asked to determine the |Equipment: urinometer, distilled water, | |Complete each mini-experiment, |

| | |relative concentration of glucose in |urease solution, 4% glucose urea | |determine pH, chloride ion, urea, |

| | |an unknown sample of urine, determine|solution, silver nitrate, Benedicts | |specific gravity, and concentration |

| | |specific gravity, determine pH of |(tests for glucose) | |of glucose |

| | |urine, determine the presence of | | | |

| | |chloride ion, and determine the | | | |

| | |presence of urea with certain | | | |

| | |materials | | | |

|28 |How do simple animals respond to |This lab asks to design experiments |Equipment included many different |Cnidaria, platyhelminthes, |Main point of this lab is to see what|

| |their environment? |which test an organism’s response to |organisms from different kingdoms. We |rotifera, mollusca, anthropoda,|types of organisms react to different|

| | |stimuli |also got different objects and solutions|chordate, sstimuli, geotaxis, |types of stimuli |

| | | |to use on the organisms as stimuli |chemotaxis, thigmotaxis | |

|29 |Observing Mitosis in Preparations of |In this lab students were asked to |-Microscope (compound)- helps to view |Interphase: chromosomes |View each slide under the microscopes|

| |a Root Tip |identify each stage of mitosis |the phases |replicate |Identify each phase of mitosis and |

| | |including interpahse. They are also |Lens paper: used to clean the lens |Prophase: chromosomes become |how long each phase lasts |

| | |asked to use the class data to |Onion Root Tip: (prepared slides) shows |visible |approximately |

| | |compare how long each phase takes |different phases of mitosis |Metaphase: fibers attach to the| |

| | | | |centromeres | |

| | | | |Anaphase: Chromatids are pulled| |

| | | | |apart | |

|30 |How can gel electrophoresis be used |You are supposed to use the gel |Restriction enzymes, agarose gel, dye, |Anode, cathode, restriction |Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory |

| |to separate colored dyes? |electrophoresis to separate a group |TBE buffer, microcentrifuge |enzyme, agarose gel, paternity |technique that separates substances |

| | |of dyes according to their size and | |testing, genetic engineering |based on particle size. Restriction |

| | |charge. You must also identify the | | |enzymes cut strands of DNA at |

| | |unknowns | | |specific nucleotide sequences. DNA |

| | | | | |is placed on the negative end (anode)|

| | | | | |of the agarose gel and electricity is|

| | | | | |used to mobilize the strands of DNA |

| | | | | |towards the positive end, smaller |

| | | | | |particles move further distances. |

| | | | | |Gel electrophoresis can be used in |

| | | | | |paternity testing and to screen for |

| | | | | |genetic diseases. |

|31 |Oberving mitosis in preparations of |Use a slide prepared with the image |Compound light microscope, slide showing|Interphase, prophase, |The root tip undergoes rapid growth, |

| |root tip |of a root tip and count the numbers |a portion of a root tip |metaphase, anaphase, telophase,|this makes it a good place to observe|

| | |of cells in the slides undergoing | |centromere, chromatid |mitosis. Inteprhase is usually the |

| | |each process: interphase, prophase, | | |longest phase, it often shows up |

| | |metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. | | |about 90% of cells (high frequency= |

| | |Draw an example of a cell in each | | |long duration) |

| | |phase in the space provided. Observe| | | |

| | |and record the frequencies of the | | | |

| | |phases | | | |

|32 |Vegetative Reproduction |To understand how plants can | |Tubers, runners, rhizomes, | |

| | |reproduce asexually | |Artificial vs. Vegetative | |

| | | | |Propagation | |

|33 |Dissecting a gladiolus flower |Examine flower and count parts and |Gladiolus flower, slide, dissecting |Stamen, ovule, pistil, stigma, |Dissect flower and view reproductive |

| | |label and describe parts |needle, microscope, Lugol’s solution= |pollen, petals, sepals |parts |

| | | |tests for starch | | |

|34 |Examining the internal structures of | | |Epicotyl, Hypocotyl, Radical, | |

| |plants | | |Endosperm, Cotyledon, Placenta,| |

| | | | |Funiculus | |

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