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Golf in Society (Dementia Golf): Project Reportcenter11785400By Amie Prickett, Ellena Bennington, Gemma Mumby, Heather Pettit and Zoe Hopewell.Contents PageIntroduction3-4Project Rationale5-7Methodology8-9Results 10-20Conclusion 21-22References 23-24Appendix 25-26IntroductionThis report documents the work conducted by third year Sport, Development and Coaching students with the organization Golf in Society. The group conducted interviews with carers, participants, golf centre staff and the organisation workers of the Dementia Golf program. The project group also conducted observations of the participants in action. These methods allowed the opportunity to identify how life with Dementia is and how it affects them daily. The aim of the project was to use the qualitative methods to evaluate what effects Golf in Society has and how sport, specifically golf is impacting all individuals involved. Research suggests combining all three lifestyle components (social, psychological and physical) are beneficial effects on cognition for somebody who has symptoms or have been diagnosed, and are a protective effect against dementia (Fratiglioni, Paillard-Borg & Winblad, 2004). What is Dementia?Alzheimer’s Society (2018) describes ‘dementia’ as a set of symptoms that include:Memory lossDifficulties with thinking Problem-solving Language These symptoms can affect an individual’s everyday life routine such as cooking for their families and friends, putting clothes on both in the morning and at night, and having a rational conversation with family, colleagues and friends etc.Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. Upon a person’s diagnosis and throughout a person’s journey with the disease, a protein builds in the brain to form structures called ‘plaques’ and ‘tangles’ (Alzheimer’s Society, 2018). This leads to the loss of connections between nerve cells (which can lead to the death of the nerves) and a loss of brain tissue. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include losing everyday items (e.g. glasses and keys), forgetting people’s names and taking part in substantial (long lasting) conversations, getting lost in places that before were familiar and losing track with what day and date it is (Alzheimer’s Society, 2018). Vascular Dementia Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia affecting around 150,000 people in the UK. The symptoms of this form of dementia occur when the brain is damaged due to problems with the supply of blood to the brain. Symptoms of Vascular Dementia include problems with planning, organisation and solving problems that could be simple but very difficult for the effected individuals. A person with this type of dementia can have a slower speed of thought, problems with concentration and a sudden spout of confusion (Alzheimer’s Society, 2018)Lewy Bodies Lewy bodies is a type of dementia that shares symptoms with both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson’s disease. This dementia is very difficult to diagnose and can often be mistaken for Alzheimer’s disease. Symptoms of Lewy bodies include hallucinations and delusions, movement problems, sleep disturbance and some people who have a more serious case of this type of dementia can lose their sense of smell, have issues with constipation and urinary incontinence (Alzheimer’s Society, 2018). Project RationaleThe project was based around evaluating a dementia golf programme. This programme consists of participants with dementia coming together for three hours every Thursday at Lincoln Golf Centre. During their time at Lincoln Golf Centre, the participants get the opportunity to play golf, have golf competitions, practice putting and using the driving range. The project groups aim was to identify the benefits and possible improvements that the programme offers. The importance of the project is to identify the effects the programme has, is it positive and to what extent, identifying how to progress the programme in ways such as, could the project be used in more county's and across the nation to impact more people? And is the project worth more input of time and money?Ageism and SportAgeism identifies certain aspects and ways of living with an age group as a general discourse, implying that everyone in that category is the same. ‘Older people (usually seen as those over the age of 55 years), on the other hand, are traditionally characterized as weak, less able, and less powerful’ (Dionigi and O’Flynn, 2007, p.360). In relation to ageism in sport and the Marxist theory, an ideology has been formed from previous generations around being ‘old’ meaning ‘weak, frail and inactive’. This affects society because there are less opportunities for the older population to take part in sports, as they are believed to be incapable of doing so. In relation to Golf in Society, this gives that opportunity for the older population to continue in a sport they love or even take up a new sport as they get older. It is understood that people change as they age, however sports should still be available through a modified format, making them inclusive for all, for example the golf played within the organisation, isn’t performed at the same speed and level as other golfers at the club, but it is still the same game and rules. Disability and SportDisability, meaning ‘any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being’ (Craig and Beedie,2008, p.119). This links with the ideas of ageism and opportunities for all, as well as posing health benefits. Previous studies have found that physical exercise has benefits to individuals with dementia. Findings from Brett, Traynor, Stapley and Meedya (2018) highlighted bene?ts of physical exercise for individuals living with dementia, related to mobility, independence, pain, mood, cognition, and agitation (Brett, Stapley, Traynor & Meedya, 2016; Forbes, Thiessen, Blake, Forbes, & Forbes, 2013). The dementia golf project provides this opportunity where physical activity can have an impact on not only the physical health of participants but also psychological. Physically it can improve the mood, pain and mobility of an individual, along with psychological benefits to both the participant and their partner, creating an escape from the disability. By offering more programmes like Golf in Society in sport, it can create a better life for people with dementia in terms of enjoyment and social aspects. Feminism and SportFeminism is about ‘how ideologies of masculinity and male power are produced and reproduced in sport. The ambition is to realign ideas about sport in the modern world and achieve equality of both sexes and gender’ (Craig & Beedie, 2008, p.105). Knowing this can allow the project group to predict what to expect from the research being carried out. Considering the inequality in sport, it is important to acknowledge how females are viewed in sport. ‘Female athletes are often defined as invaders. Girls and women in sport increasingly threaten the preservation of traditional ideas about gender’ (Craig & Beedie, 2008, p.104). The dementia golf project supports this notion due to the makeup of the participants, which is predominantly made up of men. This then links to the ideology of gender roles being adhered to. Society has determined gender roles, set characteristics, attitudes and behaviours to each gender, leading to stereotyping (Craig & Beedie, 2008). Females are also typically associated with being nurturing wives and mothers, organisers and in sporting terms spectators. In comparison to males, who are associated with being the bread winner, leaders and in sporting terms, the players. This creates stereotypes in sport such as men are better than women. The dementia golf programme and the individuals involved support these stereotypes through the fact that men play golf (the sport) and the women do the nurturing and spectating (through their role as carers). The justification for the need of this study in relation to literature, shows how by analysing this project, it can be identified how it is affecting society in positive ways through the issues such as ageism and disability. This information can be used in providing more opportunities and greater benefits for people to be involved in sport, and use it to benefit their health and wellbeing. ‘Having an ‘active’ lifestyle, exerting oneself to prevent illness and the deleterious effects of ageing.’ (Collinet & Delalandre, 2017). The evidence found in this area has led to physical exercise becoming a part of specific and dedicated treatments for health conditions in senior citizens. The use of this as a way of prolonging a healthy and happy lifestyle, shows the importance for opportunities for the ageing population to be involved in sport and physical activity in the community.MethodologyThis project utilized interviews and video analysis. These methods were used to gather information from participants, carers/partner, golf organisation and golf staff members. The interviews used within the project were conducted both individually and in focus groups. The interviews were structured in a semi-structured format; a semi structured interview allows unfolds in a conversational manner allowing the participants to discuss and explore issues they feel are important with what’s being spoken about (Longhurst, 2003). When interviewing the carers/partners, this was done individually allowing them to feel comfortable when answering questions, additionally by interviewing them individually it allowed for emotions, thoughts and opinions to be displayed in a subjective form.The questions asked during the interviews were all different for each group interviewed. Questions that were asked to the participants were focused around their name, age, favourite sport and favourite memories. By doing this, it allowed for further information of the participants memories to be gathered. Questions asked to the carers/partners were focused around the relationship they have with their partners, how they deal with certain situations and the effects that Golf in Society has on their lives. The questions asked to the golf organisation were focused around dementia golf and what is involved within the programme. For the full list of pre-planned questions, see appendix.A second method used during the project was video analysis. Video analysis is a form of qualitative observation, that involves watching?and recording?what people say and do (Mays & Pope, 1995). The use of video analysis during the project allowed for further information to be gathered regarding the participants, such as, when achieving a successful shot and the reaction they gave, the social interaction that each participant had with not only themselves, but the organisation workers (activators) as well.ResultsAll the interviews were transcribed verbatim and put into tables, showing key themes that were identified along with quotations from what the individuals said. Carers/PartnersFirstly, the findings from the carers/partners interviews will be discussed. There were five main themes that occurred throughout the carers interviews, these were; medication, behaviour, advertisement, barriers and benefits. Links to feminism where also identified in relation to the carers part of this research.Within society and sport, gender inequality has been a long-lasting issue, with the idea of the two sexes having specific roles and traits in relation to both masculinity and femininity. Based on the participants who took part in this research, it appears that the roles within society and sport are reinforced. This is through the fact that women are thought to have nurturing, caring and supportive characteristics, all of which are shown by the carers/partners of the participants involved in this research. Knowing this and that all the carers/partners were women, reinforced the idea of feminine characteristics in women. Additionally, due to all the participants being male, and the idea in society of sport being a male dominated area filled with masculine characteristics such as strength and power, the participants within this organisation are supporting the idea of masculinity in sport. Most carers stated that their partners can be aggressive and very stubborn, due to becoming frustrated as they are unable to do things they used to be able to do. However, the carers believe that Golf helps to control the participants with dementia behaviours, and channel it in a more positive way. This was shown specifically when one carer said: “he would refuse to get up some days, refuse to shower and refuse to dress but on a golf day he was up!” In terms of medication; medication is mostly prescribed for the use of calming or reducing symptoms, rather than benefiting the individuals’ lifestyle. One carer said: “medication was basically calming them down, you knew the effects of the Parkinson’s if he didn't have it he’d be shaking but the actual dementia medication you could see what it was doing.” This revealed that even though medication was calming, it was physically benefiting or helping in relation to aspects of social interactions. Two main barriers arose when interviewing the carers, these were; advertisement and performance. They stated the lack of advertisement is apparent, the main thing is word of mouth however there needs to be more. Performance also is being thought of as a barrier as it could lead to demotivation. Thus, the participants get frustrated with their golfing ability, leading to demotivation. The main benefit identified within the carers interviews is that the participants changed positively in terms of their behaviour and attitude. They make it clear that the participants love coming to golf and one states that it has ‘transformed’ him, “when he came down here, it was just incredible to see the transformation, he absolutely loved it and I had two hours away which was fantastic but I can’t express just what it did for him, it was… fabulous.” Additionally, they believe that the participants benefit socially by being with the men. One said, “He couldn’t hold a conversation I should say, but when he got here the banter! And he would come out with jokes, lines, repartee. It sparked life into him, he just became the person that he used to be when he was here!” Finally, the carers portray their benefit of respite. This is the only organisation that their partners can come to and the carers can go elsewhere, knowing they’re in safe hands. Overall, there were more positives/benefits mentioned in all the carers interviews in regard to negatives. ParticipantsSecondly, the participant’s interview will be discussed. The main themes consisted of; sports, background, social aspects, barriers and benefits to Dementia Golf. The project group found that talking about sports and the participant’s background (schools and holidays) enabled the conversation to flow smoothly allowing the participants to feel comfortable in order to elaborate further later on in the interview. Prior to starting the interview, the project group were warned that the participants may not communicate or interact much with them or the process, however to contradict this, the participants were interacting and even guiding the conversation at points by asking the group questions. Disability is thought to be an impairment that prevents and holds back an individual from completing a specific task, or the ability to interact properly with others. Knowing this and the way in which this organisation is ran and set up, it is clear to understand that the dementia golf sessions tackle this notion. This is because instead of preventing the participants who have a mental illness from performing and partaking in golf, it is encouraged and supported. The idea of social interaction is also supported and encouraged, meaning that these individuals can return to something that gives them enjoyment, rather than being told they are incapable of doing something.One of the main barriers that was found is that golf is an expensive sport to fund, however despite this, Lincoln Golf Centre provides both golf clubs and golf balls to those who don’t have these, to ensure that all individuals can still participate. Another barrier is that some participants find golf to be a slow game, compared to the sports that they have previously played, this could potentially lead to individuals becoming disinterested. One of the main benefits that raised during this process for the participants, was having this type of therapy has also provided the opportunity for these individuals to experience a sport that they haven’t previously, or expand on their skill set in golf. It was also found that the participants enjoy coming to Lincoln Golf Centre to participate, and that they like the people who they work with and who support and run the activities. One participant said, “I’ve played more golf here in the few weeks I’ve been coming here than I have played in the rest of my life.”Organisation WorkersThe themes that were found in the organisation workers interviews were; carers reactions, training, advertisement, barriers and benefits. Firstly, they stated how positive the carers are about this organisation and how much they benefit. They said, “the reaction we have got from the carers is absolutely brilliant, it is just as rewarding helping them as it is helping the golfers.” Training is thought to be important when working with individuals who have dementia. This is because these individuals can be easily triggered and difficult to handle at times, therefore all members of staff needed to know the correct procedure to ensure that all participants are in safe hands. The main barrier that occurred was funding. Funding was identified to be an issue for Dementia Golf, due to the organisation workers identifying this organisation as being too small compared to others that receive large amounts of funding. One said, “in terms of government funding, big lottery funding we have nothing at all, I think the reason for that is because we are too small we are not a big organisation.”Three benefits were identified; value for money, health benefits and social, physical and mental stimulation. Compared to other places, this organisation covers support to both the participants and partners, making the money spent help two instead of one. It was identified that Dementia Golf can increase muscle strength and improve balance for the participants (which is said to be crucial). Finally, this organisation doesn’t just target one attribute (like physical activity), it is also thought to benefit social interaction and mental stimulation to allow the participants to get back to them old selves. Golf Centre StaffFinally, from interviewing the golf centre staff, the themes found were; advertisement, training, equality, barriers, benefits and next steps. Lincoln Golf Centre does not advertise for these dementia golf sessions specifically. The only advertisement that occurs is typically through word of mouth and on the organisation leader’s webpage. This lack of advertisement could have negative repercussions on the sessions, due to numbers not always being as high as they could be but also people who may benefit from this, not being aware of its availability.Dementia Golf is an organisation that tackles the ideas of ageism within society. Ageism is the idea of individuals above the age of 55, being thought to become weak and incapable, therefore being considered as useless to society. Dementia Golf instead of viewing individuals as useless and incapable, promotes them and offers the opportunity for them to continue to grow and develop (through promoting muscle strength and increasing balance – things vital for this age range), allowing the participants to still feel wanted and valued. Two barriers were revealed from this process, in regard to the golf centre staff, it was identified that funding and expansion of the organisation would be difficult, due to the lack of funding provided by the government (meaning that this organisation needs to be ran like a charity). One said, “government hasn’t got the money…things like this do rely on funding and it’s like a lot of charitable work it does rely on funding and this does really, there would need to be an investment in there…there would definitely need an investment to be able to roll it out nationwide.” The second barrier is that other golf centres are afraid of the idea of having this type of session being ran at their centres, based on health and safety issues that may arise. The benefits that were highlighted from this process is that the carers receive a respite period, meaning that they can go away and have precious time to themselves. One said, “There’s as much benefit if not more for the carers, because the carers get that respite…they can go away for a period and know that their partners are in safe hands.” Additionally, the participants always have a smile on their face and enjoy their time here, that in a way can work as a distraction and getting the participants outdoors and in the fresh air. One said, “it just gives them something else to focus on, they’re in fresh air, sunshine, birds singing, carers doing something else I think all the way around there’s benefit, benefit, benefit.” These are all factors that can only be provided from this kind of therapy and not achieved solely through medical drug use. In terms of next steps, the organisation wants to develop further across the country. One said, “So next thing that to benefit people would be to roll it out throughout counties throughout the country and make it nationwide.” Additionally, to interviews, the project group used video analysis. Through this, they found: many positive reactions from the participants playing successful shots, a large variety of social interactions between the participants, organisation staff, project group and participant enjoyment. All these things support what was found in the interviews too. Links to Other ResearchConsidering the findings, methods used and he general project in relation to other research, both similarities and differences were found. Similarly, to the findings from the project group, other research has identified that there are both physical and psychological benefits from using physical activity for individuals with a mental health problem or even dementia specifically. Callaghan (2004) found that physical activity benefited these individuals through ‘reducing hallucinations’ and ‘muscle tension’ along with improving ‘sleep’, ‘general behaviour’ and ‘self-esteem’. Additionally, further research by Heyn, Abreu and Ottenbacher (2004) has also identified that exercise (especially for patients of dementia) will boost ‘physical fitness, behavioural symptoms, functional and cognitive performance’. Knowing that other research has suggested that physical activity can benefit people with a mental health illness and the evidence found from the project group around the participants change in behaviour, mental and physical stimulation and social interaction. From this is suggests that physical activity is having a majority positive impact. Focussing more on the project in general in relation to other projects that have been evaluated within research, it was found that the time length and number of sessions ran for dementia golf are like that of similar projects. Heyn, Abreu and Ottenbacher (2004) identified that generally these types of sessions for individuals with a mental health issue, typically occur between 1-6 times a week and usually last anything between 20-150 minutes. Knowing from attending several sessions of dementia golf, typically, a dementia golf session will last between 1 hour 30 and 2 hours, meaning that dementia golf is operating in the standard time recommendations for these types of sessions, however extra time is used for social opportunities over drinks and food at the beginning and end, making the sessions last around 3 hours in total. Despite all the similarities, considering research two main differences was identified, these being the type of methods used for analysis and the sports being used for these types of sessions. Within both Callaghan (2004) and Heyn, Abreu & Ottenbacher (2004 research, two different types of analysis were used; meta-analysis and narrative analysis. Using meta-analysis allowed the researchers to compare their findings to pre-existing research and identify the truth in their data, whereas narrative analysis allowed them to find regular themes that occurred within the stories retrieved from their participants. This differs from the analysis used by the project group, as the analysis methods used were thematic and observations through video analysis. Looking in more detail at the type of sports used within similar programmes to dementia golf, Callaghan (2004) identified that; Bike, ergonometry, walking, callisthenics, flex and stretch exercises, aerobic workouts, and non-aerobic stretch and co-ordination was all used. Considering these sports/physical activities, it is clear to notice that many different types of sports are able to be used to promote physical benefits for the individuals who suffer with a form of mental health, along with revealing that there is a variety of sports/physical activities that these individuals are capable of performing. What is being taken from this research?After considering all the data collected, five main positives and two main negatives have been identified from the evaluation of dementia golf. Focussing on the positives, this organisation is allowing support to not only the participants but also the carers/partners of the participants. It was found within the data that the carers/partners are receiving just as much, if not more benefits from these dementia golf sessions through the form of respite. This respite allows the carers/partners to have precious and valuable time to themselves, to complete tasks like going shopping or to have their hair done that they cannot do whilst taking care and of their partners with dementia. The second main positive identified is that dementia golf offers the opportunity for social interaction through physical activity. Due to the sessions being ran in groups means not only does this allow for the development of muscle strength and improvements in balance, but it also offers the opportunity to boost self-esteem as the individuals taking part will communicate (through encouragement, praises, jokes and stories from their younger lives) allowing the individuals to feel more like themselves and feel a part of a group. The third positive is related to the opportunity to play sport. As stated previously, these sessions run using physical activity (specifically golf), which provides the opportunity for these individuals to partake in sport, something that society usually doesn’t support them with. It was identified that most of the participants have previously played a form of sport throughout their lives, so having this opportunity to continue to be active allows them to continue to develop but also bond through something that they all clearly enjoy. Value for money is the fourth positive to be found in the data collected. This organisation is thought to be good value for money due to not only offering support and benefits to the participants but also to the carers/partners (through respite), therefore providing the price of support and benefits for two rather than one, which is something that according to the carers/partners, no other organisation they have come across can offer. The final positive is that all the participants do enjoy the sessions and enjoy coming, even if they cannot fully remember it each week by the time they get home. From the observations made and the interviews conducted, clear joy and benefits is evidenced throughout. Despite the positives, as mentioned previously, two negatives were identified. These negatives however are areas in which can be amended. Throughout most of the interviews conducted, both advertisement and funding appeared to be the two areas that needed development. Advertisement was identified as something that could be done more to help raise awareness of the organisation leading to hopefully an increase of numbers that regularly attend the sessions. Funding on the other hand, was found to be a weakness through the fact that this organisation received little, even though funding is something that would only benefit this organisation through allowing the opportunity for further development and expansion. Areas for Additional ResearchBased on the findings, further areas have been identified to need more research, to allow this organisation to develop and expand further. These areas can be seen listed below; More quantitative data – for example the use of physical health tests, to identify any physical benefits that are being gained by the participants being involved in dementia golf.Research into the support that the carers receive. – This being both from the organisation specifically but also every day support from the government and other organisations linked to dementia. Doing this will reveal if there is a need for further support for these individuals. Research into how this type of programme would work with other sports – Other research has found other forms of physical activity to have other benefits, but what if this kind of programme was ran with sports such as rugby, football, cricket, badminton, sports that individuals typically are involved in throughout earlier life. Having this variety may lead to more attendance and awareness. Research into health and safety procedures within mental health patients. – It was stated during an interview that other golf clubs fear this type of organisation with links to health and safety concerns for the participants, if this area was researched and a solution identified for this problem, this could help the organisation be expanded and implemented further. Research into the different triggers that promote conversation and social interaction between the participants (for example school, work, sport, holidays). – During the interview with the participants and other conversations generally, the exampled areas, were the main subjects that triggered a good conversation with the participants who have dementia. Research into identifying why these are things that trigger conversation could help in the development of social interaction further. Research into gender specific needs to identify how to increase female participation. – One thing that was noticed through observing the sessions was that all the participants were male, despite the fact that the organisation do offer this to both genders, therefore research into how to increase the number of female participants would be beneficial. Next StepsConsidering the findings and research, four suggested next steps have been identified to help move this research further and benefit the organisation. The first recommendation would be to increase the amount of advertisement for the sessions. Increasing the amount of advertisement would allow the organisation to increase the awareness of the organisation to the public (Brown, 2003). If the public is more aware of the support being offered, it is likely that the number of regular participants would increase leading to the expansion of the sessions. Advertisement could be increased by using platforms such as; radio, television, newspapers, magazines and social media. The next recommendation would be to increase the amount of funding that the organisation receives. Having more funding as stated previously, would allow the organisation to develop further through an increase in sessions and an expansion into other golf clubs. Understandably gaining extra funding is difficult, however this could be done through regular fund raisers and additional research to support as evidence when approaching larger companies. The third next step identified would be to take this research completed by the project team further, and introduce additional methods of analysis, such as meta-analysis. This would allow the organisation to highlight the truth found in this evaluation in relation to other research out there, providing a much larger and more detailed overall view of the field. Finally, the last next step would be to bring in experts in the different fields (such as psychologists). Having the experts come and provide support and research into the organisation would allow the identifying of specific benefits, with the opportunity of more statistical data to be produced. This kind of data would be more likely to support the organisations reasoning when applying for further funding or wanting to expand further. ConclusionOverall, Golf in Society has more positives than negatives regarding what is attained from this evaluation. An example of these positives is represented by the story given to the group shown below:“Previous participant did that all the time and it helped him stop taking what he described as his funny pill, and when he used to really get bad, he was prescribed a pill, since he started playing golf, he no longer needed that pill”Having outcomes like this where Dementia Golf is having such a large impact on these effected individuals and their families, just shows the importance of an organisation like this, and why it has the potential to become a programme/therapy used all over the country and potentially worldwide. One Word Descriptions We asked the individuals for one-word descriptions on how they feel about this organisation, and these are the kind of powerful responses we were given, these are:Phenomenal Miracle Worthwhile Enjoyable Rewarding Respectful Supportive Satisfying Life saver References Alzheimer's Society (2018). Types of Dementia. Retrieved From: Brett, L., Traynor, V., Stapley, P., & Meedya, S. (2018). Exercise and Dementia in nursing homes: views of staff and family carers. Journal of aging and physical activity. 26. 89-96. , L., Stapley, P., Meedya, S., & Traynor, V. (2016). Effect of physical exercise on physical performance of individuals living with dementia in nursing homes: A randomized controlled trial. Wollongong, Australia: University of Wollongong. Brown, M.T. (2003). An analysis of online marketing in the sport industry: User activity, communication objectives, and perceived benefits. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(1), 48-55. Callaghan, P. (2004). Exercise; A neglected intervention in mental health care? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 11, 476-483Craig, P. & Beedie, P. (2008). Sport sociology. Exeter: Learning Matters.Collinet, C, & Delalandre, M. (2017). Physical and sports activities, and healthy and active ageing: Establishing a frame of reference for public action. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52, (5), p570-584. DOI: 10.1177/1012690215609071Dionigi, R., and O’Flynn, G. (2007). Performance discourses and old age: what does it mean to be an old athlete? Sociology of sport journal, 24. 359-377. Forbes,D.,Thiessen,E.J.,Blake,C.M.,Forbes,S.C.,&Forbes,S.(2013). Exercise programs for people with dementia [review]. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD006489. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD006489.pub3Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004). An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia.?The Lancet Neurology,?3(6), 343-353.Heyn, P., Abreu, B.C., & Ottenbacher, K.J. (2004). The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: A meta-analysis. Archives Physical Medical Rehabilitation, 85, 1694-1704.Mays, N., & Pope, C. (1995). Qualitative research: Observational methods in health care settings.?BMJ: British Medical Journal,?311(6998), 182.AppendixGuided questions used during the interview process:right273685000 ................
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