GRADE 12 BIOLOGY MODULE 3 .pg

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

GRADE 12

BIOLOGY

MODULE 3

GENETICS

PUBLISHED BY FLEXIBLE OPEN AND DISTANCE EDUCATION

PRIVATE MAIL BAG, P.O. WAIGANI, NCD

FOR DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

2017

Writer

Kumba Waim

Content Editors

Science Department

Subject Review Committee

Language Editor

Dr. Steven Winduo

Course Format Editor

Anna Liza Cale

GR 12 BIO M3

TITLE

GRADE 12

BIOLOGY

MODULE 3

GENETICS

IN THIS MODULE YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT:

12.3 1:

12.3.2:

12.3.3:

12.3.4:

GENES AND CHROMOSOMES

INHERITANCE

VARIATION

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

1

GR 12 BIO M3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & ISBN

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contributions of all Lower and Upper Secondary teachers, who in

one way or another helped to develop this Course.

Our profound gratitude goes to the former Principal of FODE, Mr. Demas Tongogo for

leading FODE team towards this great achievement.

Special thanks are given to the staff of the Science Department- FODE who played active

roles in coordinating writing workshops, outsourcing of module writing and editing

processes involving selected teachers of Central Province and NCD.

We also acknowledge the professional guidance and services provided throughout the

processes of writing by the members of:

Science Subject Review Committee-FODE

Academic Advisory Committee-FODE

Science Department- CDAD

This book is developed with the invaluable support and co-funding of the GO-PNG and

World Bank.

DIANA TEIT AKIS

PRINCIPAL

.

Flexible Open and Distance Education

Papua New Guinea

Published in 2017

@ Copyright 2017, Department of Education

Papua New Guinea

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any

means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or any

other form of reproduction by any process is allowed without the

prior permission of the publisher.

Printed by Flexible, Open and Distance Education

ISBN: 978-9980-89-624-7

National Library Services of Papua New Guinea

2

GR 12 BIO M3

GENETICS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

Acknowledgments¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

Table of Contents¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

Secretary¡¯s Message¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

1

2

3

4

MODULE 12.3 :

5

GENETICS

Introduction¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

Learning Outcomes¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

Terminology¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

12.3.1:

5

6

7

Genes and Chromosomes¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

10

Structure and Functions of Chromosomes¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

Cell Divisions¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.....

10

25

12.3.2: Inheritance¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

32

Monohybrid Cross and Dihybrid Cross¡­¡­¡­¡­..¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..

Dominant and Recessive Genes¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

Mendel¡¯s Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

34

39

44

Variations ¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

54

Types of Variatiions¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

Types of Mutations¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

54

56

Biotechnological Techniques¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

60

Cloning and Tissue Cultures¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

65

12.3.3

12.3.4

Summary ¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.

Answers to Learning Exercises¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

References¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

70

73

81

3

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