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Spot in vision one eye

URL of this page: Also called: Eye health, Eye safety Your eyes are an important part of your health. Most people rely on their eyes to see and make sense of the world around them. But some eye diseases can lead to vision loss, so it is important to identify and treat eye diseases as early as possible. You should get your eyes checked as often as your

health care provider recommends it, or if you have any new vision problems. And just as it is important to keep your body healthy, you also need to keep your eyes healthy. Eye Care Tips There are things you can do to help keep your eyes healthy and make sure you are seeing your best: Eat a healthy, balanced diet. Your diet should include plenty or

fruits and vegetables, especially deep yellow and green leafy vegetables. Eating fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, tuna, and halibut can also help your eyes. Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or having obesity increases your risk of developing diabetes. Having diabetes puts you at higher risk of getting diabetic retinopathy or

glaucoma. Get regular exercise. Exercise may help to prevent or control diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. These diseases can lead to some eye or vision problems. So if you exercise regularly, you can lower your risk of getting these eye and vision problems. Wear sunglasses. Sun exposure can damage your eyes and raise your risk of

cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Protect your eyes by using sunglasses that block out 99 to 100% of both UV-A and UV-B radiation. Wear protective eye wear. To prevent eye injuries, you need eye protection when playing certain sports, working in jobs such as factory work and construction, and doing repairs or projects in your home.

Avoid smoking. Smoking increases the risk of developing age-related eye diseases such as macular degeneration and cataracts and can damage the optic nerve. Know your family medical history. Some eye diseases are inherited, so it is important to find out whether anyone in your family has had them. This can help you determine if you are at higher

risk of developing an eye disease. Know your other risk factors. As you get older, you are at higher risk of developing age-related eye diseases and conditions. It is important to know you risk factors because you may be able to lower your risk by changing some behaviors. If you wear contacts, take steps to prevent eye infections. Wash your hands well

before you put in or take out your contact lenses. Also follow the instructions on how to properly clean them, and replace them when needed. Give your eyes a rest. If you spend a lot of time using a computer, you can forget to blink your eyes and your eyes can get tired. To reduce eyestrain, try the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look away about 20

feet in front of you for 20 seconds. Eye Tests and Exams Everyone needs to have their eyesight tested to check for vision and eye problems. Children usually have vision screening in school or at their health care provider's office during a checkup. Adults may also get vision screenings during their checkups. But many adults need more than a vision

screening. They need a comprehensive dilated eye exam. Getting comprehensive dilated eye exams is especially important because some eye diseases may not have warning signs. The exams are the only way to detect these diseases in their early stages, when they are easier to treat. The exam includes several tests: A visual field test to measure your

side (peripheral) vision. A loss of peripheral vision may be a sign of glaucoma. A visual acuity test, where you read an eye chart about 20 feet away, to check on how well you see at various distances Tonometry, which measures your eye's interior pressure. It helps to detect glaucoma. Dilation, which involves getting eye drops that dilate (widen) your

pupils. This allows more light to enter the eye. Your eye care provider examines your eyes using a special magnifying lens. This provides a clear view of important tissues at the back of your eye, including the retina, macula, and optic nerve. If you have a refractive error and are going to need glasses or contacts, then you will also have a refraction

test. When you have this test, you look through a device that has lenses of different strengths to help your eye care professional figure out which lenses will give you the clearest vision. At what age you should start getting these exams and how often you need them depends on many factors. They include your age, race, and overall health. For

example, if you are African American, you are at higher risk of glaucoma and you need to start getting the exams earlier. If you have diabetes, you should get an exam every year. Check with your health care provider about if and when you need these exams. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care

or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. HomeEye muscles and their functions By Anna Barden; reviewed by Gary Heiting, OD There are two types of eye muscles: extrinsic muscles that control eye movement and position, and intrinsic muscles that control near focusing and how much light enters the

eye.Extrinsic eye muscles (also called extraocular muscles) are attached to the outside of the eyeball and enable the eyes to move in all directions of sight.There are six extraocular eye muscles and one muscle that controls movement in the upper eyelid. Though the extraocular muscles are found within the orbit of the eye, they are not located in the

eyeball itself. The main function of the extraocular eye muscles is to control eye movement and eye alignment. They are different from the intrinsic eye muscles, which enable the eye to focus on near objects and control how much light enters the eye.Extraocular eye muscles and their functionsAmong the extraocular muscles, there are four straight

(rectus) muscles and two oblique muscles that work together to move the eye from side to side, up and down, and control its rotation.Additionally, a muscle called the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) raises the upper eyelid and keeps it in position. All seven of these eye movement muscles are controlled by three cranial nerves: the oculomotor

nerve, trochlear nerve and abducens nerve.Recti musclesThe eye has four recti muscles, all of which attach to the front half of the eye (anterior to the equator of the eye). These muscles are:Superior rectus muscleMedial rectus muscleLateral rectus muscleInferior rectus muscleEach of the eye¡¯s recti muscles originates from the common tendinous

ring (sometimes referred to as the annular tendon or annulus of Zinn), This is a fibrous ring of connective tissue that surrounds the optic nerve where it connects to the orbit.¡°Rectus¡± is the Latin word for ¡°straight,¡± which indicates that the recti muscles attach directly from the orbit to the sclera of the eye.Superior rectus muscleThe superior rectus

muscle is found at the top of the eye and controls upward movement of the eye. Movement of the superior rectus muscle is controlled by the oculomotor nerve.Medial rectus muscleThe medial rectus eye muscle attaches to the side of the eye closest to the nose and moves the eye inward. Movement of the medial rectus muscle is controlled by the

oculomotor nerve.Lateral rectus muscleThe lateral rectus eye muscle attaches to the side of the eye closest to the temple. This muscle is what allows the eye to move outward. Movement for the lateral rectus muscle is made possible by the abducens nerve.Inferior rectus muscleThe inferior rectus eye muscle is located at the bottom part of the eye and

allows the eye to move downward. This muscle¡¯s movement is controlled by the oculomotor nerve.Oblique musclesThere are two oblique muscles of the eye. These muscles are:Superior oblique muscleInferior oblique muscleUnlike the recti muscles, the oblique muscles do not attach directly to the eye via the common tendinous ring. Instead, oblique

muscles attach angularly to the eye and have separate origins.Superior oblique muscleThe superior oblique eye muscle originates from the sphenoid bone, which is one of the seven bones that make up the eye socket. It is controlled by the fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve).A small pulley structure in the eye called the trochlea connects the

superior oblique muscle from the sphenoid bone to the top of the eye, near the nose.When the eye is in the primary position (usually facing straight ahead), the main function of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion. (In other words, it rotates the 12 o¡¯clock point of the vertical meridian of the cornea inward toward the nose.) It also moves the line of

sight of the eye downward and outward. Inferior oblique muscleThe inferior oblique eye muscle originates from the front of the orbital floor, close to the nose. Its main function is to extort the eye when looking straight ahead (rotate the 12 o¡¯clock position of the vertical meridian of the cornea toward the ear). It also elevates and abducts the eye

(moves the direction of gaze upward and outward). Action of the inferior oblique muscle is controlled by the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve).Levator palpebrae superioris muscleIn addition to the six main extraocular muscles, the eye has another extrinsic muscle called the levator palpebrae superioris. This muscle is the single muscle

responsible for elevating the upper eyelid and keeping it in position.This muscle originates from the sphenoid bone in the eye¡¯s orbital structure. Its movement is controlled by the oculomotor nerve.Extrinsic eye muscles vs. intrinsic eye musclesWhile extrinsic (extraocular) muscles control the movement of the eyes, the function of intrinsic eye

muscles is to focus the eye, and control the iris to allow a specific amount of light to enter it.Of these muscle groups, the extrinsic muscles are the muscles around the eye and the intrinsic muscles are located in the eye. Extrinsic muscles are also voluntary, while intrinsic muscles are involuntary.The intrinsic eye muscles include the ciliary muscle, iris

sphincter and radial pupil dilator muscles.Eye muscle surgeryIf one of the extraocular muscles is too strong, too weak, or otherwise dysfunctional, an eye movement disorder can develop. Eye movement disorders can be mild or severe. If a case is severe enough, eye muscle surgery may be recommended.Disorders that occur due to dysfunction of the

extraocular muscles include:SEE RELATED: Strabismus surgeryEye movement disorders are more common in childhood, but they can develop later in life as well. If you believe you may be experiencing an eye movement disorder, contact an eye doctor as soon as possible.Be sure to get regular eye exams to help maintain healthy vision, from visual

acuity (how well you see) to ensuring the functions of your vision system (such as eye movement) are performing properly.READ NEXT: What is ophthalmoplegia? Page published in March 2021 Page updated in March 2021 The lens of the eye, also called the crystalline lens, is an important part of the eye¡¯s anatomy that allows the eye to focus on

objects at varying distances. It is located behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body.In its natural state, the lens looks like an elongated sphere ¡ª a shape known as ellipsoid ¡ª that resembles a deflated ball. The average lens size in adults is approximately 10 mm across and 4 mm from front to back.The lens is made up almost entirely of proteins.

In fact, proteins make up nearly 60% of the eye¡¯s lens ¡ª a higher protein concentration than any other bodily tissue. The tissue is transparent, which allows light to easily enter the eye. It¡¯s also flexible, so it can change shape and bend the light to focus properly on the retina. Function of the lens of the eyeThe primary function of the lens is to bend

and focus light to create a sharp image. To do that, the lens uses the help of ciliary muscles to stretch and thin out when focusing on distant objects, or to shrink and thicken when focusing on near objects. When light enters the eye, the lens will bend and focus incoming light directly on the retina, which is how the clearest possible image is

produced.The crystalline lens projects a focused image on the retina. However, the initial image projected is inverted (either upside down or reversed). When the image is sent to the brain via the optic nerve, the brain will flip the image back to normal.The ciliary body is critical for the lens to function correctly. While the ciliary muscles allow the lens

to change shape to focus, the lens itself is kept in place by little fibers that are connected to the ciliary body ¡ª these are called zonular fibers, or zonules. The ciliary body also produces aqueous humor, which keeps the lens healthy and functioning.The lens relies on the aqueous humor for energy and cleansing rather than nerves or blood flow.

Aqueous humor is the clear fluid located between the cornea and the lens that flows through the eye and then drains from the eye through the trabecular meshwork.AccommodationAccommodation refers to the lenses' ability to bounce between focusing on near objects and far objects with little interference. For example, if you¡¯re approaching a traffic

light while driving, the lenses in your eyes will be focused distantly, because the light is relatively far away. As you get closer to the light, your lenses will make tiny changes in shape to accommodate the approaching object that used to be distant. Accommodation relies on elasticity of the crystalline lens, which makes it easier to change focal

distances. As we age, the crystalline lens loses its elasticity, which results in a condition called presbyopia.PresbyopiaPresbyopia is a natural, age-related vision change that affects a person¡¯s ability to focus on close-up objects. The condition affects almost everyone, even if they¡¯ve never had vision problems before.The cause of presbyopia is related to

alterations within the lenses¡¯ composition. Aging triggers a change in the protein of the lenses, which causes them to thicken and become inflexible. The ciliary muscle fibers that keep the lens in place and help it change shape are also affected.All of these developments make it difficult for the eyes to focus on nearby objects.Signs of presbyopia

typically begin around the age of 40 and gradually progress until age 65 or 70, when presbyopia plateaus. Presbyopia is not harmful and can be corrected with glasses, contacts or vision surgery.Clouding of the lens (cataract)Cataracts occur when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy or hazy, resulting in blurred vision. Advanced age is the leading

cause of cataract development, though it¡¯s possible for children to be born with congenital cataracts.As the eye ages, the proteins that make up the lens begin to clump together. This may occur in one or both eyes and likely will not affect vision in the beginning. Over time, eyesight can appear blurry, dull, hazy or dim, which can greatly affect one¡¯s

ability to see in low-light conditions (at night). If untreated, cataracts can lead to vision loss. Cataract surgery can be performed to remove the clouded lens and replace it with an artificial one, known as an intraocular lens (IOL). There are many types of IOLs available for the surgery, including monofocal, multifocal and toric.When to see an eye

doctorThe lens is a vital part of the eye and makes clear vision possible. Because it¡¯s an internal structure, it can be difficult to know if something is amiss with the lens. Having an eye doctor conduct a comprehensive eye exam gives them the opportunity to look inside the eye and make sure everything in it ¡ª including the lens ¡ª is healthy.If you

notice any sudden changes in your vision, or if it¡¯s been longer than two years since your last eye exam, it¡¯s time to schedule one. It¡¯s a small but important step in keeping your vision clear and your eyes healthy. RELATED READING: Refractive lens exchange (replacing the natural lenses to correct a refractive error rather than to treat cataracts)

Page published in February 2021 Page updated in April 2021

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