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Types of HistoriographyAnnales SchoolThese authors combine geography, history, and sociological studies to produce an approach which rejects an emphasis on politics, diplomacy, and war. They study long-term historical structures over events. Geography, material culture, and mentalities (the psychology of the time studied) are also characteristics of the Annales.Big HistoryBig History looks at the past through common themes and patterns. It uses a research from findings in biology, astronomy, archeology, anthropology, etc. Big History goes beyond the specialized and attempts to study history as a whole, looking for common themes across the entire time scale of history. Cultural HistoryThe study of language and its uses, of the arts and literature, sport, and entertainment, in constructing cultural categories.Diplomatic History(“Rankian History”)Diplomatic history focuses on politics, politicians and other rulers and views them as being the driving force of change in history. It is the study of the conduct of international relations between states and nations. This is the most common form of history.Economic HistoryThe study of how an entire system of production and consumption works. This aspect of history also studies markets, industries, credit, and working people at all levels of the system.Feminist History(Women’s History)Feminist History is an attempt to recover the life stories of ordinary women and put them into historical content. Often, the focus of feminist historians is on middle-class women, immigrants, ethnics, and all racial groups. In addition, the shifting of women’s proper place over time is studied.Gender HistoryGender History analyzes history through the interaction and the role taken on by the two sexes at a specific place and time in history. This is often tied to Feminist History.Great Man HistoryGreat Man History explains history by the impact of highly influential individuals from their charisma, intellectual ability, and/or great political impact. History is dictated by the decisions made by these “Great Men.”Historical MaterialismHistorical materialism is the study of society, economics and history. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans live. An emphasis is put on economic analysis, social classes, political structures, and ideologies.HistoriophotyHistoriophoty describes the representation of history and our thoughts about it in visual images and film. Historiography represents history in verbal images. Historiophoty shows the pictures of history. History From Below History From Below developed from the Annales School. This form of social history focuses on the perspectives of ordinary individuals within society as well as individuals and regions that were not previously considered historically important. This includes women and the working class, as well as regions such as third world nations.History of IdeasThe History of Ideas deals with the change of human ideas over time. Work in the History of Ideas usually involves research in the history of philosophy and the history of literature. Intellectual HistoryThe study of ideology and knowledge, analyzing how ideas affect human actions and how the material world affects human ideas.Marxist HistoryMarxist history focuses on social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes. Marxist history writes about the working class, oppressed nationalities, and the methodology of history from below. MicrohistoryMicrohistory is the study of the past on a very small scale. The most common type of microhistory is the study of a small town or village, looking at individuals of minor importance, or analyzing a single painting. As the roots of major events are grounded in the actions of villagers, these studies often have much larger ramifications. It is usually tied to the social sciences, such as anthropology and sociology.Military HistoryMilitary history is the recording of events in the history of humanity that fall within the category of conflict. This may range from a melee between two tribes to conflicts between proper militaries to a world war affecting the majority of the human population. The main areas military history includes are the history of wars, battles, and combats, history of the military art, and history of each specific military service.New Economic HistoryNew Economic History focuses on the ability to quantify aspects of history to explain events. Mathematical models are used to provide the means to analyze, assess, and predict the consequences and the size of a change.Oral HistoryOral History is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. The most common form of this transmission is through storytelling. The combination of this oral tradition with morals and rituals passed down by word of mouth is known as the folklore of a society. Oral Historians attempt to record the memories of many different people when researching a given event. Oral History is now often used when historians investigate history from below.Political HistoryPolitical History is the study of various historical facts, dates of events, governments, political leaders, electoral activities, battles, court intrigues, revolutions, and the explanation of these events and people. It is history with an emphasis on the state. PostmodernismPostmodern historians write about a need to express the stories of the past by investigating artistic and literary techniques in the representation of history.Psycho-geographyPsycho-geography is the study of specific effects of the geographical environment on the emotions and behavior of individuals.PsychohistoryPsychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events. It attempts to understand the emotional origin of the social and political behavior of groups and nations, past and present. Psychohistory derives its insights from areas that are often ignored by historians as shaping factors of human history. Psychohistorians suggest that social behavior of people can be a result of past experiences (as early as childhood).RevisionismRevisionism is the effort by historians to broaden the awareness of certain historical events by re-examining what is normally accepted. However, some scholars view revisionism as an attempt to rewrite history by downgrading or simply ignoring essential facts.Social HistorySocial History attempts to view historical evidence from the point of view of developing social trends. It may include areas of economic history, legal history and the analysis of other aspects of society that show the evolution of social behaviors. Social History deals with the everyday people, the masses and how they shape history rather than the leaders. The customs of the family, education, children, population change, and institutions play a key role in Social History.Universal HistoryUniversal History is the presentation of the history of mankind as a whole, as one unit. These historians believe that the events of our world and the events within the human community are directed towards an end.World HistoryWorld History examines history from a global perspective. It looks for common patterns that emerge across all cultures. World historians focus on two major points: integration (how world history has drawn people of the world together) and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience). The study of world history is often associated with globalization. ................
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