A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National ...

A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents

Periodic Table of the Elements

A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students

Click an element for more information:

Group**

Period

1

IA

1A

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

18

VIIIA

8A

1.008

2

IIA

2A

3

4

H

13 14 15 16 17

IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

5

Li Be

6.941

9.012

11

12

Na Mg

22.99

24.31

19

20

6

7

8

9

2

He

4.003

10

B C N O F Ne

10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18

3

4 5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12

IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII

IB IIB

3B 4B 5B 6B 7B

1B

2B

------------- 8 ------21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

13

14

15

16

17

18

Al Si P S Cl Ar

26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95

31

32

33

34

35

36

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

39.10

40.08

37

38

Rb Sr

85.47

87.62

55

56

44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98)

57

72

73

74

75

101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

132.9

137.3

87

88

138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222)

112

114

116

118

Fr Ra Ac~ Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- ---

---

---

---

()

()

()

(223)

(226)

89

104 105

106

107

108

109

(227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266)

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110

()

111

()

()

A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory

58

Lanthanide Series*

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0

90

Actinide Series~

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257)

** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.

For a list of a the element names and symbols in alphabetical order, click here

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What is the Periodic Table?

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Click here to see Mendeleev's original Periodic

Table

Chemistry in a Nutshell

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Last Updated: 5/10/2001

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A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory

about this resource

(3 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM]

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

For rocket fuel

Atomic Number:

1

Atomic Symbol:

H

Atomic Weight:

1.0079

Electron Configuration: 1s1

History

(Gr. hydro, water, and genes, forming) Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a

distinct substance by Cavendish in 1776.

Named by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe. The heavier elements

were originally made from Hydrogen or from other elements that were originally made from Hydrogen.

Sources

Hydrogen is estimated to make up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the

universe. This element is found in the stars, and plays an important part in powering the universe through

both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle -- stellar hydrogen fusion processes that

release massive amounts of energy by combining Hydrogen to form Helium.

Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Hydrogen is

prepared by

¡ñ steam on heated carbon,

¡ñ decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat,

¡ñ action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum

¡ñ electrolysis of water, or

¡ñ displacement from acids by certain metals.

Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is

only 20 degrees above absolute zero.

Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb.

Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the

planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic

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Hydrogen

hydrogen.

In 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8

Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore,

California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume

point centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have

predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature.

Compounds

Although pure Hydrogen is a gas we find very little of it in our atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is so light

that uncombined Hydrogen will gain enough velocity from collisions with other gases that they will

quickly be ejected from the atmosphere. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen

in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as

the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume. The lightest of

all gases, hydrogen combines with other elements -- sometimes explosively -- to form compounds.

Uses

Great quantities are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia

process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol

production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. Other uses include rocket

fuel, welding, producing hydrochloric acid, reducing metallic ores, and filling balloons.

The lifting power of 1 cubic foot of hydrogen gas is about 0.07 lb at 0C, 760 mm pressure.

The Hydrogen Fuel cell is a developing technology that will allow great amounts of electrical power to

be obtained using a source of hyrogen gas.

Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen.

Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high cost of hydrogen with respect to today's fuels are

but a few of the problems facing such an economy. Located in remote regions, power plants would

electrolyze seawater; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free

hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy,

chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene.

Forms

Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that under ordinary conditions hydrogen gas is a mixture of

two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins

of their electrons and nuclei.

Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The

ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical

properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1oC lower than those

of normal hydrogen.

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