Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Canine Osteoarthritis 6
A Painful Reality 7
What Is Arthritis? 7
Early Detection & The Most Common Signs 8
But Don't Take Our Word For It! 9
Chapter 2 Arthritis & The Joints 10
Osteoarthritis 11
Joints Affected 12
Arthritis Of The Elbow 13
Arthritis Of The Hock Or Popping Hock (Ankle) Joints 14
Arthritis Of The Wrist 14
Degeneration Of The Shoulder Joint 14
Dislocation Of The Kneecap 14
Hip Dysplasia 15
Ligament Tears In The Stifle (Knee) Joint 15
Spondylitis 15
The Joint 16
Cartilage 16
Joint Capsule 16
Synovial Membrane 17
Bursae 17
Types Of Joints 18
Ball-and-Socket Joint 18
Gliding Joint 18
Hinge Joint 18
Saddle Joint 18
What Does Arthritis Do To These Joints? 19
Diagnosing Osteoarthritis 19
Chapter 3 Risk Factors & Causes Of Osteoarthritis 21
Dispelling The Myths 22
Causative Factors In Cartilage Cells 22
Hereditary Links 23
Breeding Factors 23
Congenital Factors 23
Poor Nutrition & Obesity 24
Injury 25
Chapter 4 Treating Osteoarthritis 26
Treating Osteoarthritis 27
Pharmaceutical Medications 27
NSAIDs 27
Steroids 28
Opioids 29
Adequan© Canine 29
Surgery 31
Cartilage Transplantation 31
Nutraceuticals 32
Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate -- A Miracle Cure? 32
Exercise 33
Aerobic Exercise 33
Stretching Exercise 33
Strength Training 34
Chapter 5 Preventive Measures 35
Keeping OA At Bay 36
Veterinary Care 36
Regular Exercise 36
Injury Avoidance & Treatment 37
Maintaining A Healthy Diet 38
Chapter 6 Alternative Therapies 39
Holistic Opportunities 40
Acupuncture 40
Acupressure 40
Ayurveda 41
Chiropractic Care 41
Herbal Remedies 42
Boswellia 42
Yucca 42
Nettle 42
Horsetail 43
Homeopathy 43
Hydrotherapy 43
Magnet Therapy 44
Massage 44
Chapter 7 Other Types Of Arthritis In Dogs 46
Autoimmune Erosive Arthritis (EA) 47
Causes 47
Symptoms 47
Idiopathic Polyarthritis (IP) 47
Causes 48
Symptoms 48
Lyme Disease 48
Causes 48
Symptoms 49
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 49
Causes 49
Symptoms 49
Chapter 8 Nutrition 50
Dietary Needs Of The Osteoarthritis Patient 51
The BARF Diet 53
Supplements 54
Antioxidant Vitamins 54
Antioxidant Minerals 56
Seasonings 57
Garlic 57
Ginger 57
Turmeric 57
Special Nutrients 58
B-Complex Vitamins 58
CoEnzyme Q10 59
Flavonoids 59
Additives To Avoid 61
Chapter 9 Recipes For The Osteoarthritis Patient 62
Calorie Calculations According to Dog Size 65
Beef Meatballs With Noodles 67
Cheeseburger Blend 69
Chicken Potato Goulash 70
Crockpot Chicken Chow 72
Frozen Beef Packs 73
Ground Beef Mix 75
Salmon Special 76
Turkey & Apple Skillet Shakeup 78
Turkey Kebabs With Eggplant Puree 79
Whitefish Stew 81
Addendum 83
Comparable Age Of Dogs To Humans 83
Joints Most Commonly Affected By Osteoarthritis 83
The Normal Health Joint 84
Vitamins, Minerals, Nutrients & Spices Which Benefit The Osteoarthritis Patient 85
Keeping Homemade Food Healthful 86
Resources 87
Bibliography 87
Websites 87
Chapter 1 Canine Osteoarthritis
A Painful Reality
It is viewed as an inevitable result of aging in your dog. Eventually will come the day that he will no longer run and jump and play with the same enthusiasm he once had. Limping replaces scampering and pouncing becomes a deliberate, pained meander.
As your dog approaches his middle or senior years, he may be slowed by canine osteoarthritis, a chronic, degenerative joint disease that affects movement. Studies indicate that 20% of all dogs suffer from the condition to some degree, including a surprising number of younger animals. That amounts to nearly 15 million dogs in distress at any given time. In a recent survey, 94% of US veterinarians disclosed that osteoarthritis is one of the leading causes of chronic pain in their patients.
While the onset will be painful for the animal and heartbreaking for his owner, the good news is that osteoarthritis is not inevitable, and living with the pain is not an irrevocable fact of life.
What Is Arthritis?
There are more than 100 different diseases that comprise the comprehensive term arthritis. These diseases vary in many respects, but share the common symptoms of pain and inflammation of the joints. In both humans and animals, the most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis is a gradual, progressive condition resulting from the breakdown of cartilage, the dense, connective tissue of the bones and joints. As the cartilage deteriorates, the bones in the joints lose their cushion and begin to rub against each other unprotected. This leads to pain and, in most cases, inflammation.
Of note is the fact that, clinically, osteoarthritis affects animals in very much the same way as it does humans. It does appear to progress much faster in dogs than in humans, however. This is attributable to the fact that dogs age at a much more advanced rate than humans do. Life expectancy varies among breeds, and smaller dogs age more gradually than larger dogs. While tradition has always suggested that one human year is equal to 7 dog years, the following table is a more accurate representation of the dog's age equivalent in human years, on average. After two years, one year equals four human years.
|Comparable Age of Dogs To Humans |
|Dogs |Humans |
|3 Months |5 Years |
|6 Months |10 Years |
|1 Year |15 Years |
|4 Years |32 Years |
|8 Years |48 Years |
|15 Years |76 Years |
| |Table 1 |
Early Detection & The Most Common Signs
In its initial stages, osteoarthritis may not cause any obvious symptoms. Later, the dog may exhibit stiffness, limping or difficulty with normal movement. Pain invariably develops, and ranges from mild to excruciating. As a result, the dog will avoid movement altogether.
The owner may notice an altered gait, as the dog will attempt to shift its weight to the unaffected limbs. Often, the dog will have difficulty in getting up from a lying down position. Although it might be subtle at first, the limited range of motion will likely become more noticeable over time. Stairs will become tough to navigate, and may be avoided outright. The animal may have problems climbing into and out of a car.
The pain can be mild or of the dull, aching variety, so the dog is unlikely to cry out in anguish. In the early stages, the joint aches may only occur after activity, and disappear with rest. In later stages, any movement may cause sharp pain, and the discomfort may survive rest and even disrupt sleep. Some might lick or bite the affected area. And some will seek isolation, warmth, or soft places to lie.
Depending upon the severity, the dog may also exhibit appetite and behavior changes. A loss of appetite, or disinterest in food is not unusual. A pet that enjoyed being cuddled or lifted into a person's lap may resist being handled, picked up or cradled. An animal may respond to the persistent aches by becoming depressed, withdrawing and becoming unresponsive. The dog may also begin to sleep excessively, as activity is unpleasant. Incontinence also may be a result of the dog's avoidance of movement.
Inflammation is typical, but not guaranteed. Inflammation is the body's protective response when faced with injury or disease. In and of itself, inflammation is painful and it may progress beyond the tissue damage that induced it. It can advance uncontrollably, ironically causing further tissue damage.
But Don't Take Our Word For It!
We are not veterinarians, or experts in anything but loving our dogs. As such, none of the information supplied here should supplant the advice offered to you by your veterinarian. In compiling this manual, we seek to offer you a concise, educational reference to help you provide optimal health care for your dog.
Your veterinarian should be consulted on all matters relating to your dog, from diet and exercise to diagnosis and treatment of any ailments. After all, your vet should be considered your dog's other best friend.
If you find yourself consistently at odds with the advice your vet offers and the information you have learned for yourself, then it is most likely time to find a new vet, one whose ideology and sensitivities more closely resemble yours. Health care is not now, nor is it likely ever to be an exact science and practicing Doctors of Veterinary Medicine (DVMs) vary widely on a whole host of care and treatment issues.
What they all should have in common with us, though, is that the care, health and well being of your dog are the number one priorities.
Chapter 2 Arthritis & The Joints
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is also termed degenerative joint disease (DJD) and hypertrophic arthritis, and these nomenclatures are often used interchangeably.
The degrees of the disease will determine the severity of symptoms. For example, a dog with a mild case may lose 10 - 20% of its range of movement. The owner might notice a small amount of stiffness or lameness when walking, or a dog that is slow to get up in the morning. At times, the animal might be less eager to play, or tire easily.
In the moderate stage, range of motion can diminish from 20 - 50%. At this point, the dog may refuse or hesitate when encountering stairs or any type of climbing. He will have more difficulty rising from a lying position and general stiffness or lameness will be more pointed, especially after a rest, or in cold weather. The dog may flinch, wince or whimper when the joint is touched, and will be noticeably reluctant to play. In addition, the joints themselves may be swollen, or warm to the touch. There may be apparent loss of muscle tone and bulk, and weakness associated with that.
When the disease has progressed to the severe stage, the dog will exhibit a great difficulty in rising from a lying down position, and will hesitate to take more than a few steps at a time. Whining, crying and whimpering, and licking of the sore joint can become more frequent. The dog may also become cranky and short-tempered, or depressed and lethargic. Others may become aggressive.
Osteoarthritis can develop anywhere in the dog's body, in a single joint, or multiple places. When it progresses through the body, it does so asymmetrically, and with no discernible sequence. Weight-bearing joints, such as the hips, knees and ankles, are especially susceptible.
It is said that 90% of all osteoarthritis is traumatic, and 10% is genetic, such as that which results from hip dysplasia (HD) in certain breeds of dogs.
Joints Affected
Osteoarthritis affects both the soft tissues and bones of a joint. It causes distress and an abatement of flexibility in the affected joints. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but those most commonly affected include:
❖ Carpus (wrist)
❖ Elbow
❖ Hip
❖ Hock
❖ Intervertebral joints (the joints between the vertebrae of the spine)
❖ Shoulder
❖ Stifle (knee)
The locations of these joints in the dog are highlighted in the following drawing:
[pic]
Osteoarthritis most commonly manifests itself in animals as secondary arthritis. That is, it is related to, or a result of a predisposing condition. Secondary arthritis can result from any of the following joint issues in the dog:
❖ Arthritis of the Elbow
❖ Arthritis of the Hock or Popping Hock (Ankle) Joints
❖ Arthritis of the Wrists (carpi)
❖ Degeneration of the Shoulder Joint
❖ Dislocation of the Kneecap
❖ Hip Dysplasia
❖ Ligament Tears in the Knee (Stifle) Joint
❖ Spondylitis
Hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, torn ligaments or joint diseases can occur in most breeds of dogs, but are more common in larger breeds, such as:
❖ German Shepherds
❖ Golden Retrievers
❖ Labrador Retrievers
❖ Rottweilers
The most common causes of osteoarthritis in smaller breeds include torn ligaments, kneecap dislocation, and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, a condition involving the degeneration of the thighbone. Small breeds frequently infected include:
❖ Beagles
❖ Bichon Frise
❖ Miniature Poodles
❖ Shih Tzu
❖ Yorkshire Terriers
Arthritis Of The Elbow
Elbow dysplasia, like hip dysplasia, is a hereditary condition, and is a result of malformed bones. As it progresses, arthritis of the elbow and bone chips develop with in the joint, causing pain and chronic lameness.
Arthritis Of The Hock Or Popping Hock (Ankle) Joints
Arthritis of this joint usually results from trauma, such as a sprained ankle, or from the development of bone chips due to osteochondrosis (OCD).
Osteochondrosis is a disease of the joints that causes a thickening and growth of cartilage that covers the head of a long bone. The defective cartilage results in poor development of the bone directly beneath it. When weight-bearing activities put pressure on the joint, the cartilage over the defective bone becomes traumatized and may develop fractures and fissures. Pieces of cartilage or bone may break off and become lodged in the joint space, causing lameness. OCD has been linked to poor breeding practices and inadequate diet.
Arthritis Of The Wrist
Arthritis frequently occurs in this joint as a result of repeated pounding activity, usually from jumping to some height. Examples of this would be in dogs that regularly take a flying leap to catch a ball or a Frisbee.
Degeneration Of The Shoulder Joint
Trauma, joint instability or osteochondrosis, in conjunction with elbow difficulties, can cause the breakdown of cartilage in the shoulder joints. As the cartilage deteriorates, joint tissues become inflamed and painful. Arthritis of the shoulder is most frequently seen in larger dogs, but can occur in small dogs as well.
Dislocation Of The Kneecap
With this condition, malformed leg bones cause the kneecap to abruptly pop out of its proper alignment and to slide back and forth. The repeated stress to the joint causes chronic, low-grade inflammation. Like hip dysplasia, this is an inherited condition, and is often found in smaller breeds, deriving from poor breeding situations.
Hip Dysplasia
In its healthy state, the hip joint consists of a ball-type bone and socket that fit snugly together. When hip dysplasia occurs, the joint is malformed, and the ball and socket do not meet as agilely as they are intended. The result is an unstable joint, which allows for excess movement of the bones and leads to:
❖ Breakdown of the hip socket tissues
❖ Calcium deposits
❖ Chronic inflammation
❖ Muscle pain in the legs
Hip dysplasia is inherited and quite common. Although it can affect any dog, large purebreds are especially prone. Breeds in which it is most frequently seen include:
❖ German Shepherds
❖ Great Pyrenees
❖ Golden Retrievers
❖ Labradors
❖ St. Bernards
Ligament Tears In The Stifle (Knee) Joint
A tear of the knee ligament, called the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common cause of arthritis in the knee. The tear makes the joint unstable. This is one of the most common causes of osteoarthritis in small breeds.
Spondylitis
Spondylitis is a degenerative condition in one or more joints of the spinal column. It can result from repeated stress on the joints of the spine in active dogs. It also can result from a genetic predisposition, as a result of a developmental defect in the spine's joint structure.
The Joint
Every move a dog makes, from sitting to jumping to playing, is dependent on the precise, coordinated movement of joints. Anytime the joints become incapacitated, it is easy to see their expansive composition. A joint is the point at which two or more bones meet. They allow the body to move in various directions and perform a complex range of motion.
Animal joints are comprised of the same basic elements that are found in humans: cartilage, joint capsules, the synovium, ligaments, tendons, muscles and bursae.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a bright, bluish-white, spongy substance covering the ends of bones. It consists mostly of water, sugars, proteins (called proteoglycans), and a durable, fibrous material termed collagen.
Healthy cartilage is resilient, and will bounce back into shape after it has taken a pounding, such as when a dog runs. The function of the cartilage is to protect the bones during such activity, acting as a "shock absorber" while simultaneously providing a smooth, friction-free surface that enables the joint to move.
Cartilage is free of blood vessels, and is thereby unable to sustain itself. Instead, it is "fed" by the restorative synovial fluid that fills the joint space. The cartilage is very absorbent, and fills and empties itself of this fluid through normal joint movement, allowing it to take in nutrients and ridding itself of waste as the dog demonstrates his normal motions of everyday activity.
Joint Capsule
The area of bone at a joint surface is known as the subchondral bone, which is just beneath the cartilage. Both the bone and the cartilage are encased in a sealed capsule, known as the joint capsule or the synovial sac.
The joint capsule is comprised of a strong, sinewy outer layer, and a smooth, pliable inner layer, termed the synovial membrane. The outside of the capsule consists of ligaments -- thick, cord-like fibers, which are anchored to the bone on either side of the joint. These enable the joint to remain stable and correctly aligned.
Muscles control joint movement and are attached to the joint bones by tendons, which are durable, compact cords of connective tissues that convey the energy of muscle activity.
Synovial Membrane
The synovial membrane is a thin, smooth lining inside the joint capsule. In a healthy joint, it contains an abundance of blood vessels and nerve endings, and produces a clear fluid that fills the capsule. This fluid lubricates the joints and nourishes the cartilage.
Bursae
Outside the joint are small, fluid-filled sacs called bursae. The function of these is also to produce a lubricating liquid, which protects the tendons and ligaments from injury.
The following drawing allows a basic glimpse of a normal, healthy joint:
[pic]
Types Of Joints
Joints have varying functions in the body, and are thereby classified by how they work, and what they do. Joints can be categorized by the range of motion they allow. They are also distinguished as weight-bearing or non-weight bearing. Some of the major types are the:
❖ Ball-and-socket joint
❖ Gliding joint
❖ Hinge joint
❖ Saddle joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
The upper end of this joint is round, like a ball, which fits neatly into a cup-like socket. This unique joint allows movement in all directions. Hip and shoulder joints are examples of this. The shoulder joint is the most freely-moving joint in the body.
Gliding Joint
This type of joint permits a slight gliding movement, such as the joints in the spine. This allows for some flexibility.
Hinge Joint
These approximate door hinges. Examples include the knee and shoulder joints. They also allow the digits of the paw to open and close.
Saddle Joint
This joint resembles a saddle on a horse's back, with one bone concave and the other convex. These do not rotate, but move up and down and from side to side. Examples of these include the joints in the wrist and thumb.
What Does Arthritis Do To These Joints?
As osteoarthritis develops, the fundamental change that occurs to the joints is the breakdown of cartilage. As it becomes softer and loses elasticity, the surface can become worn or thin in spots. The cartilage gradually loses its capacity to absorb enough synovial fluid to remain nourished.
As the cartilage deteriorates, it provides less of a cushion between the two bones that converge at the joint until, ultimately, it becomes so thin that the bones rub together. Fissures, or small cracks in the bones, can form.
In response, the dog's body endeavors to correct the degradation, which can often worsen the situation. The end of the bones may thicken, or develop bone spurs, which create bony enlargements around the joint. Pieces of cartilage or bone may break off and lodge themselves into the bone fluid, irritating and inflaming the delicate synovial membrane lining the joint.
As osteoarthritis progresses, the cartilage wears away. Joints become painful and stiff, making movement so difficult that it is sometimes avoided entirely. The tendency to avoid using the arthritic joint further worsens the problem as muscles and ligaments surrounding it become weaker, causing even more stiffness. In the most severe stages of arthritis, the cartilage may be completely worn away, with the bone fully exposed.
Osteoarthritis also effects the tissues in and around the joints, the subchondral bone, the joint capsule and the muscles surrounding the joint.
Diagnosing Osteoarthritis
If arthritis is suspected, the first step is to consult a veterinarian to confirm the diagnosis. Your veterinarian can clinically diagnose osteoarthritis by initially manipulating the suspect joint, checking for some of the following indicators:
❖ Audible cracking or grinding of the joint (termed crepitus)
❖ Lameness and gait abnormalities
❖ Limited range of movement of joints
❖ Muscle atrophy
❖ Pain from the manipulation
❖ Tenderness to the touch
The diagnosis can also be confirmed with x-rays, which can reveal these indicators of osteoarthritis:
❖ Bone spurs and abnormal density of the subchondral bone
❖ Changes in the bone adjacent to the cartilage
❖ Extensive loss of cartilage (in advanced stages)
❖ Narrowing of the joint spaces
The vet may employ more sophisticated technology to complete the diagnosis, or determine the extent of the damage. Available diagnostic tools include:
❖ Arthroscopy
❖ Computerized tomography (CT scans)
❖ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Arthroscopy is becoming the method of choice for diagnosis and surgical treatment of joint problems. A small, rigid endoscope is inserted into the joint so that the vet can visually examine the joint surfaces, and other structures within the joint.
Chapter 3 Risk Factors & Causes Of Osteoarthritis
Dispelling The Myths
Until recently, the commonplace thinking among experts and pet owners alike has been that osteoarthritis is the inevitable result of aging and the normal wear and tear the animal places on his body. In addition, it has been postulated that little can be done about osteoarthritis in the dog, since deteriorated cartilage is gone forever. Many veterinarians theorized that most animals are doomed to develop the disease, and live out their final days as feeble, afflicted shadows of their former selves.
While it is true that arthritis is most common in aging dogs, recent medical and technological developments in diagnosing and treating osteoarthritis are changing this thinking. The long-held notion that joints become stiff and sore because of the normal wear-and-tear of everyday activity is now believed to be a misconception. In addition, medical studies are displaying evidence of cartilage regeneration through nutritional therapies!
The thinking is changing in large part because of new evidence regarding the causative factors of osteoarthritis. Not only can the disease be treated, it can be prevented and perhaps even cured!
Causative Factors In Cartilage Cells
Scientists now assert that the origins of osteoarthritis are rooted in metabolic changes in the cartilage itself. The progressive deterioration occurs when chondrocytes go askew. These are special cells in the cartilage that create collagen, amongst other substances. When there are issues with the chondrocytes, they instead produce cartilage-destroying enzymes and nitric oxide. In turn, nitric oxide causes oxidative damage to tissue and contributes to a process called apoptosis, which, interestingly enough, kills chondrocyte cells. The result is that the cartilage deteriorates faster than new cartilage can be produced.
Causes of cell degeneration include:
❖ Allergies
❖ Free-radical buildup
❖ Illness & infection
❖ Inadequate rest
❖ Improper diet
❖ Injury
❖ Malfunctioning immune & inflammatory systems
❖ Overactivity
❖ Stress
❖ Toxins
Studies provide evidence of cartilage regeneration and repair, thereby all but eliminating the wear-and-tear theory of osteoarthritis. This new understanding has also opened up new avenues of healing.
The veterinary community in the US points to recent research to underscore its position change on the causative factors of osteoarthritis. Now, the three primary factors cited are:
❖ Heredity
❖ Poor Nutrition, and
❖ Injury
Hereditary Links
Hereditary links to osteoarthritis include poor breeding practices and inherent conditions.
Breeding Factors
Poor breeding practices increase the risk of osteoarthritis because they raise the genetic odds of developing a predisposition to the disease. Breeding facilities that are more concerned about the bottom line than the animals' health are notorious for breeding animals with known congenital issues. In conjunction with poor nutritional practices, poor breeding practices increase the risk of developing arthritis.
Congenital Factors
Several congenital conditions lend themselves to osteoarthritis. Some of the more common innate defects known to contribute to the development of osteoarthritis include:
❖ Hip Dysplasia (HD) --> the leading cause of lameness in the rear legs of dogs
❖ Osteochondrosis (OCD) --> thought to be both genetic and environmental; can affect the shoulder, elbow, stifle joint and ankle
❖ Elbow Dysplasia --> affects more than 50 large-and giant-breed dogs
❖ Canine Patella Luxation (CPL) --> affects the stifle joints of a wide range of canines, but most often in large females
❖ Spondylitis --> thought to be both genetic and developmental; results from an unstable joint structure in the spine
While the developmental defect is usually evident within the first year of the dog's life, osteoarthritis may not become serious until much later in life. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the developmental defect can decrease the risk for, and perhaps even prevent secondary osteoarthritis.
Poor Nutrition & Obesity
Research underscores the speculation that nutrition affects the inflammatory process involved with osteoarthritis. Overfeeding is one example of poor nutrition. Rapid-growth is a well-known risk factor for hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis, particularly in fast-growing, large-breed dogs.
Obesity is also considered a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Overweight dogs are prone to osteoarthritis, and are more likely to develop the disease in several joints because of the excessive load on their joints. They are also more difficult to treat than healthy-weight dogs.
Additionally, red meats contain certain fatty acids that promote production of prostglandins. These are said to trigger and worsen inflammation. We will discuss the nutrition factor at length in Chapter 8.
Injury
Degeneration of cartilage and osteoarthritis also develop as a result of trauma. Repeated stress to a joint can have the same effect as trauma. In both cases, the cycle of cartilage destruction and bone spur formation results.
The theory holds that prompt and vigilant care of an injured joint can help minimize permanent damage, and delay the onset of arthritis symptoms. When a dog is involved in an accident of any kind, a visit to the vet is warranted.
Chapter 4 Treating Osteoarthritis
Treating Osteoarthritis
Anti-inflammatory medications and pain relievers are among the standard, accepted methods of treating osteoarthritis. Surgery may be recommended in special cases. On the horizon for cartilage regeneration is cartilage transplantation. Newer to the treatment scene are the less commonly accepted, but potentially miraculous nutraceuticals glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, and, while ostensibly paradoxical, low-impact exercise.
Pharmaceutical Medications
The aim of anti-inflammatory therapy is to mitigate the dog's pain and improve his mobility by alleviating joint inflammation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Steroids can be used in this capacity. Opioids are a potent pain reliever that can be used in the short term. Adequan© Canine is a unique, prescription-only injection available for treatment as well.
NSAIDs
NSAIDs are the therapy of choice for osteoarthritis sufferers. They relieve pain by controlling inflammation in the osteoarthritic joints.
On the market today are NSAIDs developed specifically for dogs, and they are available in different forms, such as tablets, suspensions, gels and as fast melting tablets, which facilitate their administration.
Human NSAIDs should never be used, as the dosage is quite different. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen, in particular, are toxic to animals. NSAIDs should never be given to a pregnant dog or to a dog that is scheduled to have surgery. These drugs can inhibit platelets, which are important for blood clotting. Your vet can prescribe the appropriate NSAID for your dog. The effectiveness and tolerability of any given NSAID can vary among individual dogs. If he does not respond well to one, another can be tried.
NSAIDs allow the dog to continue his daily activities, like eating, exercising and sleeping, without pain. It is estimated that as many as 8 million dogs are using NSAIDs worldwide.
An important distinction here, though, is that NSAIDs treat the symptoms, not the disease. They can make osteoarthritis more tolerable for the dog, but they do nothing to remedy the affliction itself.
Side effects of NSAIDs include:
❖ Aggravation of pre-existing hypertension
❖ Constipation
❖ Cramps
❖ Damage to liver or kidney
❖ Diarrhea
❖ Increase in gastrointestinal bleeding
❖ Nausea
❖ Ulcers in the stomach & intestines
❖ Vomiting
There is also some evidence that NSAIDs can actually damage cartilage, thereby making the osteoarthritis worse. To avoid these problems, the use of NSAIDs should be limited.
Rimadyl is an NSAID created specifically for relieving pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. Introduced in 1997, it has fewer side affects than other anti-inflammatory drugs, but it can cause digestive upset or liver problems. Compared to other drugs (such as aspirin), Rimadyl is less likely to cause cartilage destruction. Etogelic is another prescription NSAID recommended for dogs. Animals can get effective results when the dosage is administered properly and consistently over time. Follow-up visits to the vet are recommended for the dog taking Rimadyl or Etogelic.
Steroids
These potent anti-inflammatory drugs can be very effective in managing pain by decreasing inflammation within the joints. Because of the many side effects, though, they should only be used in dogs with severe osteoarthritis pain that is unresponsive to other treatment methods.
Direct injections into joints can potentially accelerate damage to cartilage within the joints. Side effects of oral steroids given over the long-term include:
❖ Excessive thirst and urination
❖ Gastric ulceration and perforation
❖ Increased appetite and weight gain
Steroids may add to the ulcer-producing effects of NSAIDs, and should never be used in combination with NSAIDs.
Opioids
Opioids are not anti-inflammatory drugs, the cause of pain in osteoarthritis. They are narcotics that can be used to control moderate to severe pain in dogs. Opioids, including morphine and fentanyl, make the brain and nervous system less sensitive to pain signals. Opioids typically are given only for short periods (four to five days) to dogs recovering from surgery or acute trauma. Sometimes opioids are used in combination with NSAIDs to maximize pain relief. They can provide effective pain management in dogs with moderate to severe pain that has been non-responsive to NSAIDs.
Opioids must be given more often than once a day. Chronic use of morphine produces physical dependence in dogs. Side effects can include:
❖ Behavioral changes
❖ Constipation
❖ Nausea
❖ Respiratory depression
❖ Vomiting
Adequan© Canine
Adequan© Canine stimulates cartilage repair processes, binds to damaged cartilage and suppresses the enzymes that eat away at joints. It helps keep joints lubricated, making movement easier and increases your dog's comfort by reducing inflammation and relieving pain.
Adequan© Canine is in a unique class of drugs termed disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOAD), and is the only FDA approved product of its type in the arthritis treatment market. It is a prescription-only injection administered by licensed veterinarians.
Derived from the trachea and lungs of cows, Adequan© is purified polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG), part of a class of molecules that are the precursors to the creation of joint fluid and cartilage. Treatments can enhance the quality of the joint fluid, and protect and repair cartilage.
Adequan© Canine is also the only product on the market that has clinically demonstrated its capacity to treat the disease while also offering relief from pain. At its recommended dosage, it is considered safe, non-toxic and easily tolerated by dogs. Adverse reactions are rare, mild and temporary, but might include:
❖ Abnormal bleeding
❖ Depression
❖ Diarrhea
❖ Pain at injection site
❖ Vomiting
Adequan© Canine should be never be used in dogs with known or suspected bleeding disorders, or with hypersensitivity to PSGAG. It should be used with extreme caution in dogs with renal or hepatic impairment.
It is administered as a series of eight injections, and studies indicate that nearly 79% of dogs respond favorably, and remain pain-free six months afterwards. It is said to work best in mild to moderate situations. In advanced stages, Adequan© Canine may not provide enough pain relief to make a difference.
It is fairly costly to use Adequan© Canine as it requires a minimum of eight trips to the vet's office for injections. In addition, monthly maintenance visits are recommended once the animal has shown improvement.
Surgery
Surgery may be recommended in the treatment of osteoarthritis in special cases. There are generally two reasons for performing surgery:
❖ To correct an abnormality involving the joint, thereby preventing or slowing joint degeneration
❖ To fuse or replace a badly degenerated joint, thereby relieving chronic pain
Surgical options vary pursuant to the joint involved and the specific problem. Inclusive among surgical options are:
❖ Arthroscopic removal of abnormal tissue from the joint space, such as bone cartilage and fragments, torn ligaments, damaged meniscus
❖ Cartilage resurfacing techniques, which are predominantly experimental at this time
❖ Correction of a fracture of the joint surface
❖ Correction of a limb deformity that is placing exceptional stress on the joint
❖ Fusion of the joint
❖ Removal of the femoral head or repositioning of the hip joint in dogs with severe hip dysplasia
❖ Stabilization of an unstable joint, such as cruciate or collateral ligament reconstruction
❖ Total joint replacement, such as a hip replacement
Cartilage Transplantation
Significant progress has been made with this technique in recent years. In humans, the technique is known as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and encompasses cultivating a graft of healthy living cartilage from the patient. The graft is then implanted into the damaged joint. ACI has proven effective in treated secondary arthritis, but not primary arthritis.
Its use in dogs is still in the experimental stage. The challenge that must be answered to date is whether this form of cartilage can withstand the pressure of normal use.
Nutraceuticals
Nutraceuticals are nutritional supplements that may slow cartilage destruction and help the body repair cartilage within joints. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, sold by veterinarians and as over-the-counter drugs in pharmacies, are often used in combination with NSAIDs.
Nutraceuticals are non-toxic and harmless, when administered according to directions. They are effective in managing low-grade pain in dogs. It can, however, take as long as eight weeks before dogs show signs of improvement with nutraceutical therapy.
Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate -- A Miracle Cure?
American physicians and veterinarians have been slow to embrace this form of treatment for people and dogs with osteoarthritis, despite documented success worldwide for over fifty years. Finally, though, this form of treatment is creating inroads in the understanding and treatment of osteoarthritis in the US.
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate enable the body to create healthy cartilage and slow down the breakdown of cartilage. While other remedies may treat the symptoms of the disease, only glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate can actually repair the damage and prevent more from occurring.
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate can be purchased as individual supplements or in combination form. Cosequin is a combination glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplement created specifically for animals. It has been used in research, and is the product most veterinarians recommend.
These supplements are nearly always effective in inhibiting osteoarthritis and perhaps stopping the disease as well. But they are not a miracle cure, ridding the symptoms of disease quickly and completely. For the treatment to be effective, it must be administered over a long period of time, under the care of a veterinarian, in combination with proper exercise, nutrition and vitamin and mineral supplements.
Exercise
It is vital that a dog gets daily exercise. Movement keeps joints lubricated, nourished and free of toxins. It also builds strong muscles, tendons and ligaments that support joints and absorb stress that might otherwise damage cartilage and tissues.
Despite the pain associated with osteoarthritis, rest is not beneficial. Joints that are not exercised stiffen. In addition, the lack of exercise can lead to weight gain, which will only serve to exacerbate the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Further, muscles that are not used will atrophy and essentially become useless. Without activity, muscle and bone waste away, losing tone, strength and flexibility, and cartilage and bone thin and soften.
An exercise program for the dog should include aerobic activity, stretching and strength training. The dog should always be monitored for pain, and not exercised too strenuously. Excessive activity can indeed further inflame the joint. Moderation and control should be exercised diligently in the diligent exercise program.
Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic exercise is any activity that raises the heart rate and keeps it elevated for 15 - 20 consecutive minutes. It increases blood flow throughout the body, joints included. It relieves pain and stiffness, and is important for maintaining cardiovascular health as well.
Aerobic exercise is easily accomplished for a dog by playing fetch, or simply engaging in a brisk walk or jog.
Stretching Exercise
Stretching should be performed daily to aid with increasing the flexibility of the affected joints. Although the dog will likely stretch on his own, you can assist the effort by bending and flexing the joint to the same extent that the dog would if he could move naturally.
Stretching each joint for a few minutes several times a day will result in noticeable improvement in your dog's movements and flexibility. If your dog takes well to water, swimming is also a good stretching exercise for dogs.
Strength Training
Building muscles, ligaments and tendons provides joints with strong support, and takes the pressure off of damaged, aching joints. Walking, fetching, jogging, running and swimming are all examples of exercises that build strength. The dog should be monitored carefully for signs of tiring, reluctance or lameness. If symptoms noticeably worsen, it is likely that the exercise was too strenuous.
Chapter 5 Preventive Measures
Keeping OA At Bay
There is plenty to be said for the power of a preventive program. You can actually help your dog avoid the onset of osteoarthritis. Believe it or not, it is not especially time-consuming or remarkable. In fact, for the most part, you will simply be providing the care that every dog owner should be providing for their pet everyday of their lives.
By simply providing regular veterinary care and exercise, along with avoiding injury and maintaining a healthy diet you will be establishing the building blocks of the osteoarthritis prevention program.
Veterinary Care
Your dog should have regular visits with a veterinarian to ascertain overall wellness. A complete physical will include an inspection of your dog's joints, to ensure they are healthy.
Further, you should never diagnose and treat a dog for any ailments yourself. Doing so will only introduce more variables into the equation, which makes diagnosis that much more complex. You will force your doctor to do an end around to reach the same conclusion he or she may have made initially, and potentially much more quickly. Instead, provide your doctor with the facts, and only the facts, regarding your dog's history, behavior, diet, and any indications that the status quo has been upended.
Your doctor can take it from there. In addition, your vet should be consulted on all matters regarding diet and supplementation. These should never be approached haphazardly. Your vet can help you create the personalized plans for diet, supplementation and exercise that are most beneficial for your dog.
Regular Exercise
A daily exercise program will not only maintain your dog's athleticism, it will also help prevent age-related health issues, including heart disease, gastrointestinal disease, respiratory problems and arthritis. Workouts should be tailored to the needs and preferences of your dog.
There are many benefits of regular exercise, not the least of which include:
❖ Decreased incidence of behavioral problems, such as digging, barking and chewing
❖ Decreased incidence of restlessness or boredom
❖ Increased stamina, alertness and energy
❖ Lifts mood and enhances well-being
❖ Maintains healthy weight
❖ Strengthens dog's muscles and bones and keeps joints limber
❖ Strengthens heart & lungs
Your vet can help you ascertain how much exercise your dog needs and desires. The amount and type of exercise needed is dependent upon several factors, including:
❖ Age
❖ Breed
❖ General Health
The cardinal rule is to remain consistent -- create a routine and stick to it. Dog's who exercise judiciously are happier, healthier and better behaved.
Injury Avoidance & Treatment
Creating a safe environment for your dog is simply responsible dog ownership. In addition to just not wanting to see you dog hurt, an injury suffered today can lead to long-term problems down the road.
Osteoarthritis and degeneration of cartilage develop when there is trauma to the cartilage, or to the bone directly under it. Once joint cartilage is damaged, the new, replacement cartilage is likely to be inferior to the original. As a result, osteoarthritis is likely to occur at the point of injury, at some point. In humans, such an injury may take years to develop into arthritis. In dogs, substantial osteoarthritis can be observed within weeks of the injury.
Still, as much as you will try to avoid injury, accident can, will and do happen. Prompt and vigilant care of an injured joint can help minimize permanent damage, and delay the onset of arthritis symptoms. When a dog is involved in an accident of any kind, a visit to the vet is warranted, even if all seems normal. Traumatic physical mishaps, such as being hit by a car or jumping from great heights, can damage ligaments and soft tissues and fracture joints. Your vet can ascertain any such damage, and apply the requisite treatment that can help ward off the onset of osteoarthritis.
Maintaining A Healthy Diet
Whatever type of food you choose to feed your dog, it is imperative that it be nutritionally complete and balanced, with the appropriate mix of vitamins and minerals. And, of course, the ideal diet should be all natural and wholesome, and free of additives, preservatives, by-products and fillers.
With osteoarthritis prevention in mind, an anti-osteoarthritic diet can benefit your dog. Some commercial dog food companies are seeking to fulfill that niche and have introduced formulas containing glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and omega-3 fatty acids.
We are of the mindset that the best diet is a homemade diet. Of vital concern is maintaining a normal weight for the dog. As mentioned, obesity is one of the risk factors of osteoarthritis. Overweight dogs stress the joints and can even change the surface and interior structure of the joint.
The anti-osteoarthritis diet should be rich in healthy proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, grains and vegetables. Supplements championed in the fight against osteoarthritis include the antioxidant vitamins A, C and E, B-complex vitamins, calcium and selenium. Nutrition will be discussed in detail in Chapter 8.
Chapter 6 Alternative Therapies
Holistic Opportunities
Along with standard medical intervention, some holistic therapies can be administered to the dog, essentially risk-free. These options can help alleviate pain, without adding any toxins to the body, or causing any side effects. The alternative therapies should be considered complementary approaches, not primary treatments.
Acupuncture
This Chinese practice has been in use for thousands of years, on both humans and animals. It stems from the theory that an energy force, termed qi (and pronounced chi), flows through bodies along twelve meridians. As long as the energy force flows freely, the body remains healthy. When one of the meridians becomes blocked, the body takes ill.
To get the force flowing, acupuncturists insert fine needles into specific areas of the body. Studies indicate that acupuncture aids in circulation and triggers the release of many neurotransmitters and neurohormones, including endorphins -- the body's natural pain killers. As such, acupuncture can relieve muscle spasms and stimulate the nerves and the body's defense system.
In dogs, acupuncture has become somewhat common in the treatment of arthritis in the last ten years. The acupuncturist inserts the tiny, sterile needles into the appropriate points as quickly as possible, so as not to agitate the animal. The front paws, hind legs, head and back are the most common stimulation points. A treatment can be as brief as ten seconds, or as long as thirty minutes, and can be repeated for a period of four to six weeks.
Acupuncture should only be performed by a qualified acupuncturist. The procedure is virtually painless, there are no side affects and complications rarely develop.
Acupressure
Acupressure is an alternative to acupuncture, and is sometimes preferred by pet owners who fear the use of needles. It is based on the same theory of qi, but the therapist will use pressure from the fingers at specific points of the body, as opposed to inserting needles. The therapist can also train the dog owner to perform the therapy at home.
Acupressure is non-invasive and risk-free. It can be used in conjunction with acupuncture, or on its own.
Ayurveda
Ayurveda is deemed the oldest medical system in the world, originating in India more than 5,000 years ago. Its healing principles have influenced the development of all subsequent medical traditions, including Western medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine.
Ayurveda assumes that everything in the universe is filled with consciousness and is evolving toward enlightenment. Ayurveda is a holistic approach to health and wellness. Its prescriptions include meditation and yoga, as well as dietary and medicinal remedies. The Ayurvedic vet will ascertain that the dog can skip meditation, and that dogs instinctively practice their own form of yoga.
The underlying principle is balance. The goal is to achieve balance through detoxification, diet, and slow, gentle healing techniques that emphasize prevention.
Chiropractic Care
Chiropractic care is based on the belief that the spine must be in proper alignment for the body to function properly. Poor spinal alignment can be the result of injury, genetics, posture, stress and other factors. Disease, pain and other unhealthful conditions are the result of blocked energy from the nerves that pass through the spinal column.
Practiced for more than 100 years on humans, it is becoming more popular for animals in recent years. In dogs, it is especially helpful for acute pain, such as sore joints. Experts indicate that helping the joint tissues heal properly means the dog is less likely to develop arthritis at an early age.
Anecdotal evidence abounds for chiropractic success with dogs. It is considered a relatively painless and inexpensive treatment for acute conditions. Your veterinarian can provide a referral for a qualified animal chiropractor.
Herbal Remedies
Herbalists who treat canines generally assume you are already feeding your dog a nutritious diet. As healing agents, herbs have been used for thousands of years, and are frequently used by veterinarians of the holistic bent who prefer natural remedies to chemical substances. Herbal medicines should only be administered under a veterinarian's supervision, as some herbs can be poisonous to dogs, and others may interact with food or prescription medications your dog is taking.
Boswellia
Boswellia is the gummy resin of a large tree native to India. It is used for treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and lower back pain.
There is some anecdotal evidence of its success in treating osteoarthritis in dogs. It is available in powder, capsule and cream form.
Yucca
Yucca is native to the southwestern deserts of the US. It contains saponin, which has been found to be 60% effective in reducing human arthritis symptoms such as swelling, pain, and stiffness. It has no known toxicity, but no controlled studies have been performed to demonstrate its effectiveness in treating arthritis in animals.
Nettle
Nettle is a stinging plant with bristly hairs that is considered a powerhouse as a supplement. It is packed with nutrients, including vitamin A, beta-carotene, B-complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, potassium and iron. It is prescribed for arthritis in humans, but has yet to be studied for effectiveness in animals. It can be used in pets in capsule form or as a tincture. There have been rare reports of allergic reaction to nettle.
Horsetail
Horsetail has been proven clinically to mend connective tissue and bone by stimulating the metabolic repair processes. Its use in animals, however, has not been shown clinically.
Homeopathy
Homeopathy is based on the belief that, "like cure like." Hippocrates, the father of medicine, subscribed to this principle. A homeopathic treatment for hives, for example, would be a highly diluted solution of a substance that would normally produce hive-like symptoms in a healthy person. It is believed the diluted treatments activate the body's own healing processes and enable it to surmount the ailment.
Because they are so diluted, homeopathic remedies rarely have toxic effects. But, if administered without the supervision of an experienced practitioner, these medicines can be dangerous, even fatal.
There are currently 2,500 homeopathic remedies available. A homeopathic veterinarian can assist in this area. The Academy of Veterinary Homeopathy has a referral search engine on its website, located at: .
There is a great deal of anecdotal evidence pointing to the success of these remedies on various ailments with pets. It is relatively inexpensive and safe, so it may be worth giving a try.
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy uses water of all temperatures, hot compresses and ice packs to treat a variety of conditions. Warm water, for example, enlarges blood vessels, supplying more blood to the muscles and skin. The process allows stiff limbs and joints to relax. Cold water, on the other hand, slows blood flow and reduces inflammation. Swimming is also a form of hydrotherapy. Since the body weight is supported by water, the sore limb or joint can be strengthened through exercise without suffering strain or further aggravation.
There are specialized facilities for exercising injured dogs, but they are not especially common or easy to find. It is safe and effective, but not recommended for dogs that are not agreeable to water, as it will prove too stressful to be of use. Hydrotherapy has been shown to be effective in treating arthritis, and hip and elbow dysplasia.
Magnet Therapy
In recent years, magnetism has gained popularity as a simple, safe and inexpensive method of promoting health with no side effects. Magnets have been used to ease pain for thousands of years, dating back to ancient Egypt, Greece and China. Arthritis is one of the many ailments magnets have been used to treat.
Magnets can be purchased in different forms at alternative health stores. A large magnet pet bed, for example, can be procured for about $150. Other less costly forms include a strap with magnets in a Velcro enclosure, or individual magnets of varying sizes.
Magnets are placed directly on a sore joint, and to alternate pressure points in the body, much like the principles of acupuncture and Acupressure. They are successful in alleviating the pain of osteoarthritis in dogs.
Massage
Massage is a respected therapeutic treatment in nearly every culture. While many consider it merely an indulgence, studies prove the ability of massage to reduce pain, improve flexibility and stimulate circulation of the lymph and blood systems.
Massage is said to help:
❖ Lower blood pressure
❖ Reduce stress
❖ Improve the state of well-being
❖ Increase immune resistance
One of the biggest benefits is that you can perform it on your pet yourself, risk-free.
Chapter 7 Other Types Of Arthritis In Dogs
Autoimmune Erosive Arthritis (EA)
EA is a potentially debilitating disease in animals, akin to rheumatoid arthritis in people. As a result of some change in the immune system, the animal's own cells begin to attack themselves and create antibodies against its own cells. It is an autoimmune disease, and causes intense inflammation and joint disease.
Causes
The causes of EA are unknown to date. There is speculation that a virus or bacteria may be the source. Exposure to lead has also been suspected. The disease tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic link. EA is much more common in females than males. Small breeds, such as the Miniature Poodle and Pekinese are the most commonly affected.
Symptoms
EA is rarely seen in dogs, but when it does occur, the animal experiences chronic, progressive inflammation throughout the body. Joints can erode and become deformed. In dogs the disease attacks the toes, wrists and ankles. The progression is slow. A veterinarian may have to observe the animal over a period of months to make an accurate diagnosis.
In later stages of the disease, symptoms become more severe, and the animal's range of motion becomes limited. A dog will be unable to perform routine, familiar tasks. Eventually, walking may become difficult.
Idiopathic Polyarthritis (IP)
IP is the most common form of immune-mediated, non-erosive polyarthritis in dogs. It affects both large and small breeds, but is more common to larger dogs. It is not known to be hereditary. Breeds most commonly inflicted include:
❖ Chihuahuas
❖ Doberman Pinschers
❖ Lhaso Apsos
❖ Pointers
❖ Retrievers
❖ Spaniels
❖ Toy Poodles
❖ Yorkshire Terriers
Causes
The cause of IP is unknown, but it is linked to an overactive immune system.
Symptoms
Dogs suffering from IP show lameness in one or multiple limbs. The lameness is not associated with any trauma, and may shift from leg to leg. The dog will also exhibit stiffness of gait, fever, joint swelling, lethargy, anorexia and pain in one or more of the joints. IP can affect all joints, but is most commonly seen in the wrist and ankle of the dog. The preferred method of treatment for IP is steroids.
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease causes arthritis, and is prevalent in southern New England, Middle Atlantic states, Georgia, Wisconsin and California.
Causes
Ticks carry the bacterium known as Borrelia burgdorferi and transmit it to animals when they feed on their blood. The tick must remain attached to the animal for 24 to 72 hours to transmit the disease. Not all ticks carry the disease. In the US, deer ticks are the primary carriers.
Symptoms
While the symptoms of Lyme disease in humans are severe, in dogs they are relatively mild. The dog will exhibit fever and hot, painful, stiff joints, particularly the wrists. Dogs are treated with antibiotics, and most achieve permanent recovery. About 15% will remain chronically ill.
A raw diet, which is often recommended for general animal health and support of the immune system, is also considered helpful for Lyme disease. Vitamin C and trace minerals are recommended as well.
There is a Lyme vaccine available for dogs. If your dog is in a geographic region considered at risk for contracting this disease, your vet is likely to recommend the Lyme vaccine for prevention.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Lupus is another autoimmune disease, and attacks and inflames connective tissue, the fibrous and fatty tissues throughout the body. The immune system produces abnormal substances termed "antinuclear" antibodies, which damage tissues in the joints.
Causes
The cause of lupus is unknown, to date.
Symptoms
Symptoms of lupus include joint pain, inflammation and stiffness. The disease can also affect the lymph nodes, kidneys, nervous system, lungs, heart and skin. During the active phases of the disease, rest is recommended. At other times, exercise is advised, to increase joint mobility. Treatment includes aspirin, NSAIDs and antimalarial drugs.
Chapter 8 Nutrition
Dietary Needs Of The Osteoarthritis Patient
The anti-osteoarthritis diet should be rich in omega-3 fatty acids, moderate proteins, grains, vegetables and specific supplements. Omega-6 fatty acids should be limited. Omega-6 fatty acids convert to inflammatory arachidonic acid forms of prostglandins, and, as such, are believed to actually worsen the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Beef, pork, lamb, turkey, chicken and organ meats commonly used in commercial dog foods are also rich in arachidonic acid. Fortunately, omega-3 fatty acids will counteract the effects of the arachidonic acid, thereby making it possible to feed your dog the meat he needs.
Important omega-3 fatty acids are a-linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA & DHA are found in cold-water fish such as:
❖ Cod
❖ Halibut
❖ Herring
❖ Mackerel
❖ Salmon
❖ Sardines
❖ Tuna
Fish oils are also available in supplement form. These essential fatty acids are needed to limit the body's inflammatory response. Many commercial dog foods contain little or no omega-3 oils, and instead use saturated, hydrogenated or cooked oils, which provide no benefit.
ALA is found in:
❖ Canola oil
❖ Flaxseeds & flaxseed oil
❖ Linseed oil
❖ Perilla seed oil
❖ Pumpkin seeds & pumpkin seed oil
❖ Purslane
❖ Soybeans & soybean oil
❖ Walnuts and walnut oil
Nutraceuticals are foods that are believed to have a medicinal effect on health. Scientists have isolated hundreds of nutraceuticals. Many veterinarians give credence to the notion that these so-called, "foods that heal" can be beneficial for dogs. These include:
❖ Antioxidants
❖ Co-enzyme Q-10
❖ Flavonoids
❖ Garlic
❖ Indoles (found in cabbage and broccoli, e.g.), and
❖ Perna Canaliculus mussel
Indoles have been found to boost immune function. Perna Canaliculus mussel contain glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate.
As discussed in Chapter 4, Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate are also substances that have been shown to ease arthritis pain and help build connective tissue. Antioxidants and other supplements are believed to work with these compounds to maximize their benefits.
In addition to the maximizing supplements, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate therapy should be provided in conjunction with a painkiller or an NSAID, if the dog is in obvious pain. This approach allows the glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to target the actual causes of osteoarthritis, and provide long-term management. It takes several weeks for the dog's joints to realize the benefits of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. In the meantime, pain relievers can provide temporary, short-term relief, and permit the dog to get the exercise he needs to strengthen the joints and nourish the cartilage.
Many commercial dog food companies now add glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to their adult dog food formulas, based on the proven ability of those substances to maintain healthy joints. While this is a positive addition, there are other drawbacks to most commercial dog foods, including the use of additives, preservatives and inferior-grade ingredients, which will negate the benefits supplied by glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Dog foods containing chemical additives, herbicides, hormones and antibiotics have the same effect as arachidonic acid, which will only cause further inflammation and worsen the symptoms of osteoarthritis. A commercial dog food should be chosen with extreme care and research.
Most experts will agree that a home-cooked approach is the most beneficial proposition for the osteoarthritis-stricken dog. Good home cooking allows for flexibility and purity. It also gives us total control over our dog's nutritional needs. We can be assured that all ingredients are of the highest quality, and add up to a balanced, toxin-free diet. We can also maintain complete caloric discretion, modifying as necessary to accommodate our dog's ever-changing demands.
The BARF Diet
Proponents of the BARF diet (biologically appropriate raw food) swear by its nutritional superiority, believing this to be as close to the dog feeding in the wild as is possible. There is supporting evidence that cooking some food deprives it of many important nutrients.
The diet is deemed rich in vitamins, minerals, living enzymes, natural protein sources and premium quality fruits and vegetables. Holistic veterinarians, who contend that it is the most healthy, safe and nutritious dietary option, commonly embrace the BARF diet. The BARF Diet is said to mimic the way pets used to eat before highly processed, grain-based foods entered our food chain. There is also some supporting evidence for claims that dogs can achieve a higher level of health on the raw diet -- as exhibited by glossier coats and stronger teeth and skeletal structure.
But there is controversy as to whether a raw diet really is a safe diet. While the dog's digestive tract is able to process raw meat, that fact does not mean he is immune to salmonella and E. coli, although some vets believe otherwise. Still others maintain that as long as the food is frozen before serving, the risk of contracting salmonella or E. coli is eliminated.
In addition, the raw diet advocates the feeding of bones. Most traditional veterinarians emphasize avoidance of raw bones to chew as they can splinter and become lodged in the dog's throat, or splinter and cause gastrointestinal issues.
In general, traditional veterinarians do not advocate a raw diet. The choice is yours. Some dogs do not tolerate raw food, and some owners are uncomfortable serving it. That being said, its proponents declare this is the way to go when caring for the osteoarthritis patient.
As always, your vet should be consulted on all matters regarding diet and supplementation. This should never be a random venture. As mentioned, your vet can and should help you create the personalized plans for diet, supplementation and exercise that are most beneficial for your dog.
Supplements
Antioxidants and other supplements can work in conjunction with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to maximize their benefits. These include vitamins and minerals found in foods and in nutritional supplements.
Antioxidant Vitamins
A diet lacking in antioxidants can cause healthy cells to be vulnerable to the harsh, oxidizing chemicals released during the body's inflammatory process. Once activated, the inflammatory response can progress uncontrollably, causing widespread damage to the body's tissues. The osteoarthritic dog's diet should be rich in the following antioxidants:
❖ Vitamin A
❖ Vitamin C
❖ Vitamin D
❖ Vitamin E
Beta-carotene, the form of Vitamin A found in plants, is a powerful antioxidant. Diets deficient in beta-carotene promote unchecked, destructive inflammation. Foods that naturally contain carotenoids are the best source of beta-carotene, and include:
❖ Alfalfa sprouts
❖ Broccoli
❖ Carrots
❖ Green beans
❖ Green leafy vegetables
❖ Peas
❖ Sweet potatoes
❖ Yams
Vitamin C is another antioxidant that maximizes the benefits of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. In addition to helping the body build cartilage, vitamin C is essential for healthy bones and joints, has been proven to support the immune system, and is even said to reduce the effects of some allergy-producing substances.
Although dogs produce their own vitamin C, it is believed the quantities are insufficient, particularly in the osteoarthritic dog. As such, supplementing is recommended. Oranges are also a good, whole food source of vitamin C.
Recent studies indicate that vitamin D plays a role in preventing osteoarthritis. Vitamin D helps stabilize joints and bones surrounding weight-bearing joints. Stronger bones reduce stress on the joint and take weight off of ligaments and cartilage. Its antioxidant capabilities may also slow cartilage degeneration. Food sources for vitamin D include:
❖ Cod liver oil
❖ Egg yolk
❖ Fortified milk
❖ Yeast
The body converts sunlight into vitamin D, so it is unlikely that most dogs would be deficient. Also, vitamin D can be toxic if oversupplied, so this is a supplement that should always be administered under a vet's supervision.
Vitamin E is another antioxidant with impressive capabilities. It works synergistically with vitamins A, B and C, and also helps the body metabolize calcium. Supplements are available, but it is most effective in its natural form. The most concentrated sources are:
❖ Cold-pressed vegetable oils, such as sunflower and safflower
❖ Nuts
❖ Raw whole seeds, such as sunflower
❖ Soybeans
Substances that destroy vitamin E include rancid oil or fat, inorganic iron compounds, and the chlorine in drinking water.
Antioxidant Minerals
Minerals maintain healthy body chemistry and fluid balance, and regulate bone formation. Some animal-health experts believe that commercial dog foods lack the minerals needed by dogs. The body does not easily eliminate excess minerals, so supplementation should always be done under your vet's supervision. High doses of minerals are never recommended.
Minerals also work synergistically with vitamins and other minerals, so they should be taken together, and the dosage is vital. As always with the diet, balance is of essence.
Two minerals are believed to have specific benefit for the osteoarthritis patient -- manganese and selenium. Some combination glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements supply these minerals as well.
Manganese reinforces the benefits of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate by stimulating the production of cartilage. It also functions as an antioxidant, slowing the free-radical damage of joint tissues. It is found naturally in:
❖ Egg yolks
❖ Green, leafy vegetables
❖ Nuts
❖ Seeds, and
❖ Whole-grain cereals
Selenium is an antioxidant that works in tandem with vitamin E, and supports joint health by eliminating free radicals and bolstering the immune system. Selenium is found in whole grains and cereals, but as much as 75% of the mineral can be lost when grains are refined, and heated or processed. The best whole foods that contain selenium are:
❖ Cereals
❖ Organ and muscle meats
❖ Salmon
❖ Shrimp
❖ Tuna
❖ Whole wheat
Seasonings
Garlic
Garlic is said to fight colds, lower cholesterol and prevent heart disease. It has antioxidant properties, and is a source of selenium. It is also a potent natural antibiotic, helps the body regulate blood sugar, and possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic abilities.
Some experts recommend adding a clove of garlic to the dog's food, or making a garlic "condiment" to be used as an additive. Such a condiment can be made by chopping it and placing it in a jar of apple cider vinegar and allowing it to stand for a few weeks. This can then be added to foods in small amounts (as little as an 1/8 of a teaspoon for a small dog or 1 teaspoon for a large dog.) Another "recipe" for a garlic condiment involves soaking raw cloves in soy sauce mixed with water. One-half teaspoon of the soaked garlic can be added to a medium-sized dog's food.
Excessive use of garlic is not recommended for dogs. Besides giving him bad breath, it is believed to cause problems with red blood cells. Moderation and common sense would be key here. John M. Simon, DVM, who boasts more than thirty years of experience in "conventional and alternative pet care" asserts that, "Garlic is one of the best foods you can feed your dog; add it to every meal." The author of several books, Dr. Simon further clarifies that, "Garlic intake should not exceed a quarter of a clove per 20-pound dog each day when fed on a routine basis."
Ginger
Ginger has long been hailed for its "healing" powers in Eastern cultures. Well-known for its ability to relieve nausea, one of its lesser-known benefits is its capacity to markedly alleviate arthritis pain. You can add a bit of fresh ginger to your dog's food, but the striking flavor may not be to your dog's liking.
Turmeric
Claims about the benefits of turmeric include its ability to:
❖ Counteract toxins
❖ Enhance immunity
❖ Function as a natural cortisone
❖ Reduce swelling and abate inflammation caused by wounds, bruises and insect bites
These claims are all supported by anecdotal evidence only, there is no science behind this. There are no side effects associated with the use of turmeric, but it has a peppery flavor, which the dog may not appreciate.
Special Nutrients
B-complex vitamins and flavonoids are championed for the anti-osteoarthritis diet.
B-Complex Vitamins
Essential to joint health is B6. A deficiency of this vitamin, also known as pyridoxine, is linked to the degeneration of joint tissues. There is also evidence that B12 and folic acid (B9) lessen the pain of osteoarthritis, but the reasons for this are not clear. The B-complex vitamins also detoxify the body from toxins, such as the preservatives, additives and hormones in commercial pet foods.
Natural sources of B vitamins include:
❖ Bananas
❖ Brewer's Yeast
❖ Chili peppers
❖ Lentils
❖ Liver
❖ Potatoes
❖ Tempeh (a cultured, fermented, cake form of soybeans)
❖ Tuna
❖ Turkey
Beer (due to its high content of brewer's yeast) and molasses are also good sources of B vitamins, but neither of these should be fed to dogs.
CoEnzyme Q10
CoEnzyme Q10 (CoQ) is available in some commercial dog foods, and in supplement form. It is an antioxidant that works synergistically with vitamin E. It is present and plays a critical role in the production of energy in nearly every cell of the body, and has been shown to improve many conditions associated with normal aging. Anti-aging effects include increased energy and exercise tolerance and stimulation of immune function.
It is significant that the body's levels of CoQ decrease with age, by as much as 80%. CoQ is synthesized by the body, but production wanes in the dog's adult years. As such, supplementation is reasonable for the adult dog.
Flavonoids
Flavonoids must be present for the body to metabolize vitamin C, and to process other nutrients. There are more than 4,000 different types of flavonoids, and they are found in practically all foods. Flavonoids have an amazing capacity to protect the body from a wide range of different free radicals. They are also said to slow the progress of osteoarthritis and even assist in the reversal of the disease. If a joint is injured, flavonoids can speed the healing process, thereby limiting the capacity for osteoarthritis to set in.
Whole food sources for flavonoids include fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and seeds. The highest concentration of these nutrients are found in:
❖ Berries
❖ Citrus
❖ Green tea
❖ Onions
All the necessary flavonoids can also be found in a good supplement.
The following table summarizes the perceived benefits of the vitamins, minerals, special nutrients and seasonings discussed in this chapter.
|Vitamins, Minerals, Nutrients & Seasonings For Osteoarthritis Patients |
|Nutrient |Perceived Benefit |Source |
|B-Complex Vitamins |Lessen pain, maintain joint tissue, detoxification |Bananas, Brewer's yeast, Chili peppers, Lentils,|
| | |Liver, Potatoes, Tempeh, Tuna, Turkey; |
| | |Supplement Form |
|Coenzyme Q10 |Anti-aging effects |Supplement Form |
|Flavonoids |Slow progress of osteoarthritis & assist in reversal|Berries, Citrus, Green Tea, Onions; Supplement |
| |of the disease |Form |
|Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate |Enable the body to create healthy cartilage and slow|Supplement Form |
| |down the breakdown of cartilage | |
|Garlic |Anti-inflammatory & anti-arthritic agent |Fresh Cloves; Supplement Form |
|Ginger |Ease arthritis pain |Fresh |
|Indoles |Boost immune function |Cabbage & Broccoli |
|Manganese |Antioxidant; reinforces the benefits of glucosamine |Egg yolks, Green, Leafy Vegetables, Nuts, Seeds |
| |and chondroitin sulfate by stimulating the |& Whole Grain Cereals; Supplement Form |
| |production of cartilage | |
|Omega-3 Fatty Acids |Limit the body's inflammatory response & counteract |Cod, Halibut, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon, |
| |affects of arachidonic acids |Sardines, Tuna, Canola oil, Flaxseeds & flaxseed|
| | |oil, Linseed oil, Perilla seed oil, Pumpkin |
| | |Seeds & Pumpkin Seed Oil, Purslane, Soybeans & |
| | |Soybean Oil, Walnuts and Walnut Oil; Supplement |
| | |Form |
|Perna Canaliculus Mussel |Contains glucosamine & chondroitin sulfate |Supplement Form |
|Selenium |Antioxidant; eliminates free radicals and bolstering|Cereals, Garlic, Organ and Muscle Meats, Salmon,|
| |the immune system |Shrimp, Tuna, Whole Wheat |
|Turmeric |Antioxidant; reduce swelling & inflammation |Fresh |
|Vitamin A |Antioxidant; controls inflammation |Alfalfa Sprouts, Broccoli, Carrots, Green Beans,|
| | |Green Leafy Vegetables, Peas, Sweet Potatoes, |
| | |Yams; Supplement Form |
|Vitamin C |Antioxidant; maximizes the benefits of glucosamine |Citrus; Supplement Form |
| |and chondroitin sulfate | |
|Vitamin D |Antioxidant; stabilizes joints and bones surrounding|Cod liver oil, Egg yolk, Fortified milk, Yeast; |
| |weight-bearing joints |Supplement Form |
|Vitamin E |Antioxidant; works synergistically with vitamins A, |Cold-pressed Vegetable oils, such as Sunflower |
| |B and C |and Safflower; Nuts, Raw Whole Seeds, such as |
| | |Sunflower, Soybeans; Supplement Form |
Additives To Avoid
The major additive to avoid for the osteoarthritic patient is sugar. Aside from supplying unnecessary, empty calories that will make your dog fat and prone to osteoarthritis, the body's process of converting sugar to energy uses up the B vitamins and magnesium that are needed for joint health. In addition, the excessive use of sugar in long-term diets leads to diabetes, which is a devastating problem in itself.
If you are using commercial dog food, you need to be aware of the "hidden" sugar additives. Sugars can constitute as much as 25% of a semi-moist dog food, and a large percentage of dog biscuits as well. Be sure to avoid these ingredients in dog foods, especially noxious if listed near the top:
❖ Corn sweetener
❖ Corn syrup
❖ Dextrose
❖ Fructose
❖ Malt Syrup
❖ Molasses
❖ Sucrose
Chapter 9 Recipes For The Osteoarthritis Patient
The following pages are teeming with homemade recipes for your dog's health and pleasure. The recipes included here were devised specifically for dogs suffering from osteoarthritis, including some offerings advocated by proponents of the controversial BARF diet, should you opt to go that route.
Each recipe includes a calorie count for your ease of use and comfort. Please consider these counts as approximates when deciding which recipes to select for your dog, and to assist with portion sizes. For an exact tally, it is important that you read labels and tabulate the calories yourself as you make the meals.
This is because many of the ingredients are somewhat generic and we might not be using the same items in our preparation. For example, when a recipe calls for one cup of turkey, you might use lean, fresh ground (300 calories), whereas we may have fresh ground turkey breast (240 calories) or perhaps one cup diced, roasted turkey with meat and skin included (291 calories). Further, when "liver" is listed, you might select beef liver, where we may have preferred chicken liver.
In our counts, our intent was to stay right within the average range for these, but keep in mind, a series of these "minor" discrepancies in a given recipe can add up to a big difference in your dog's waistline in the end!
Just as there are ingredients to avoid in commercial dog food, there are some foods in the homemade arena that are considered unsafe, unhealthy, or otherwise unwholesome for dogs, whether or not they suffer from osteoarthritis. Some foods, such as omega-6 fatty acids and the unneeded toxins deriving from preservatives, additives and hormones in commercial pet foods, should be avoided specifically in the osteoarthritis patient. Be sure and refrain from using these in your recipes:
|Keeping Homemade Food Healthful |
| |Foods To Avoid |Healthful Alternatives |
|Meats & Fish |Fatty Meats, Cured Meats (e.g., Sausage, |Cooked Lean Cuts of Boneless Chicken or |
| |Bacon, Hot Dogs), Fried Chicken, Raw Pork |Turkey, Beef, Lamb, Whitefish, Salmon & |
| | |Herring |
|Fat Sources |Fats high in Omega-6 Fatty Acids, such as |Fats High in Omega-3 Fatty Acids, such as |
| |GLAs, Primrose Oils, Borage Oil, Black |Fish & Eggs, Flaxseed Oil, Salmon Oil |
| |Currant Oil | |
|Vegetables |Batter-Dipped, Deep Fried Vegetables, |Alfalfa sprouts, Bok Choy, Broccoli, |
| |French Fries, Onions |Cabbage, Carrots, Celery, Chinese Cabbage, |
| | |Collards, Garlic, Green beans, Green leafy |
| | |vegetables, Peas, Sweet potatoes, Spinach |
| | |Summer Squash, Turnip Greens, Yams |
|Grains |White Bread, Pastries, Cookies, Cakes & Any|Cooked Rice, Barley, Bulgar, Polenta, |
| |Sugary Baked Goods |Oatmeal & Pasta |
|Breakfast Foods |Pancakes, Waffles & Processed Foods |Raw (except for Newborn Pups), Scrambled, |
| | |Fried (In Canola Oil), Hard Boiled or |
| | |Poached Eggs |
|Dairy |Milk, Cream, Ice Cream |Plain Yogurt, Grated Hard Cheese |
|Fruits |Grapes & Raisins |Blueberries, Blackberries, Raspberries, |
| | |Strawberries, Melons, Apples, Pears & |
| | |Bananas, Cherries |
|Prepared People Foods |Junk Food, Frozen Dinners, Fast Food, |Stew or Soup with Meat & Vegetables, |
| |Chocolate & Any Sweets, Onion Soup |Meatloaf, Egg Salad, Tuna Salad |
| | |Table 3 |
Calorie Calculations According to Dog Size
|Size of Dog |Weight of Dog |Daily Calorie Requirement |
|Toy |6 lbs |2.7 kg |250 calories |
|Small |22 lbs |9.9 kg |750 calories |
|Medium |48 lbs |21.7 kg |1360 calories |
|Large |75 lbs |34 kg |1830 calories |
|Extra Large |90 lbs ++ |40.8 kg++ |2150 calories ++ |
Equation for calculating Percentage of Daily Calorie Requirement:
[pic]
*The calorie chart is for your dog’s ideal weight. If your dog is overweight, please calculate with his target weight in mind.
**Note: If Percentage of Daily Calorie Requirement is greater than 100%, then it is more than one day’s worth of food.
We wish for you and your dog a long and healthful life together, and we hope that you both enjoy the selections we have gathered here!
Beef Meatballs With Noodles
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for the osteoarthritic dog because of the balance of healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Pasta is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source. Fruits and vegetables are natural sources of vitamins and minerals. Cabbage is believed to boost immune function. Peas are a good source of beta-carotene. Eggs are a source of omega-3 and (and omega-6) fatty acids. Fresh ginger is said to relieve arthritis pain. Cod liver oil is one of the most effective providers of omega-3 fatty acids, is an excellent source of vitamins A & D, and also contains DHA, for healthy brain and eye development. Walnut oil is another source of omega-3 fatty acids.
|Recipe |Beef Meatballs With Noodles |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |lb |ground beef |1168 |
|½ |cup |1/2 c. chopped mushrooms |8 |
|1 |cup |cabbage, chopped |21 |
|¼ |cup |peas |29 |
|2 |pcs |apples, any, peeled, cored & grated |150 |
|1 |pc |egg |74 |
|½ |cup |shredded cheddar cheese |98 |
|2 |tbsp |tbsp. soy sauce |16 |
|1 |tsp |tsp. ginger |2 |
|1 |tbsp |tbsp. cod liver oil |123 |
|1 ½ |tsp |cornstarch dissolved in 1/2 c. water |27 |
|2 |cubes |chicken bouillon cubes |50 |
|½ |tsp |crushed walnut oil |20 |
|2 |cup |cooked macaroni |780 |
|Total |2566 |
|Method |Preheat oven to 350°. |
| |Cook macaroni according to package instructions. Drain and set aside. |
| |In a large mixing bowl, combine beef, mushrooms, cabbage, peas, apples, egg, cheese, soy sauce, ginger and cod liver oil and |
| |mix thoroughly. |
| |Shape into 12 meatballs and place into greased baking pan. |
| |Bake for 15 - 20 minutes, until lightly browned and cooked through (not pink). |
| |In a large skillet, combine cornstarch mixture and crushed bouillon cubes and cook over medium heat, stirring continuously. |
| |Liquid will bubble and thicken. At that point, stir in walnut oil. Add meatballs, stir gently to coat in the mixture. |
| |Served cooled meatballs over pasta. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large Dog |
|Requirement Met | | | | | |
| |1026% |342% |188% |140% |119% |
Cheeseburger Blend
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for the osteoarthritic dog because of its omega-3 fatty acids and healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Cod liver oil is one of the most effective providers of Omega-3 fatty acids, is an excellent source of vitamins A & D, and also contains DHA, for healthy brain and eye development. Brown rice is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source and a whole grain, rich in vitamins and nutrients. Cabbage is said to boost immune function. Spinach and green beans are excellent sources of beta-carotene.
|Recipe |Cheeseburger Blend |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |lb |ground beef patties |1168 |
|1 |tbsp |cod liver oil |123 |
|½ |cup |shredded cheddar cheese |98 |
|2 |cup |cooked brown rice |436 |
|½ |cup |cooked baby cabbage, finely chopped |10 |
|½ |cup |cooked spinach, chopped |3 |
|½ |cup |cooked green beans, chopped |19 |
|Total |1857 |
|Method |In broiler, cook the burger patties until done, turning once. Set aside to cool, then cut into bite-sized pieces. |
| |In a large bowl, combine all ingredients, and mix thoroughly. |
| |Divide into appropriate portion sizes and serve cooled. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large Dog |
|Requirement Met | | | | | |
| |742% |247% |136% |101% |86% |
Chicken Potato Goulash
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for osteoarthritic dogs because of the balance of healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Potatoes are a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source. Vegetables are naturally hypoallergenic sources of vitamins and minerals. Potatoes, broccoli & parsley and are good sources of beta-carotene. Broccoli and cabbage are said to boost immune function. Tomatoes are a source of lycopene, a potent antioxidant. Olive oil is a source of the antioxidants vitamin A and vitamin E. Turmeric reduces swelling and inflammation. The use of garlic cloves is optional -- some experts are advocates of garlic as beneficial to the osteoarthritis patient. Others believe dogs should never be given garlic.
|Recipe |Chicken Potato Goulash |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|3 ½ |tbsp |olive oil, divided |417 |
|1 |tsp |oregano |5 |
|1 |clove |garlic clove, pressed (optional) |4 |
|½ |tsp |salt |0 |
|½ |tsp |ground turmeric |4 |
|1 |tbsp |parsley |4 |
|1 |lb |potatoes, peeled and thinly sliced |562 |
|2 |lb |chicken, cubed |1344 |
|1 |cup |broccoli, chopped |30 |
|½ |cup |yellow bell pepper, chopped |20 |
|1 |cup |cabbage, chopped |21 |
|5 |pcs |roma tomatoes, sliced |100 |
|Total |2511 |
|Method |Preheat oven to 350°. |
| |Brush bottom and sides of a large casserole dish with olive oil. |
| |In a small bowl, combine oregano, garlic, salt, turmeric & parsley. |
| |Layer 1/3 of the potatoes and 1/2 the chicken, broccoli, peppers, cabbage and tomatoes in the prepared casserole. |
| |Sprinkle with 1/3 of the seasonings and drizzle with 1 tbsp. olive oil. |
| |Repeat with 1/3 of the potatoes and the remaining chicken, broccoli, peppers, cabbage and tomatoes. |
| |Sprinkle with 1/3 of the seasonings and drizzle with 1 tbsp. olive oil. |
| |Finish with a layer of potatoes, topping with remaining seasonings and oil. |
| |Cover with foil, and cook for an hour to an hour and 15 minutes. If the potatoes seem to be sticking, add a few tbsp. of water|
| |to the dish. |
| |Divide into appropriate portion sizes and serve cooled. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large Dog |
|Requirement Met | | | | | |
| |1004% |334% |184% |137% |116% |
Crockpot Chicken Chow
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for the osteoarthritic dog because of the balance of healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Brown rice is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source, and a whole grain, rich in vitamins and nutrients. Vegetables are a natural source of vitamins and minerals. Carrots are a good source of beta-carotene and cabbage is believed to boost immune function. The use of garlic cloves is optional -- some experts are advocates of garlic as beneficial to the osteoarthritis patient. Others believe dogs should never be given garlic. Flaxseed oil is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids.
|Recipe |Crockpot Chicken Chow |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |lb |Chicken, cut into bite-sized pieces |672 |
|2 |cup |Brown rice |436 |
|1 |cup |Celery, sliced |17 |
|1 |cup |Carrots, sliced |50 |
|1 |cup |Cabbage, chopped |21 |
|1 |can |Sliced water chestnuts |50 |
|3 |cup |Chicken broth |114 |
|1 |tbsp |Flaxseed oil |130 |
|1 |clove |Garlic, pressed (optional) |4 |
|Total |1494 |
|Method |Place all ingredients in crockpot and cook on low for at least 6 hours. |
| |Divide into appropriate size portions and serve cooled. Extra portions can be refrigerated or frozen for later use. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large Dog |
|Requirement Met | | | | | |
| |597% |199% |109% |81% |69% |
Frozen Beef Packs
(Raw Food for the Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for the osteoarthritic dog because it is high in Omega-3 fatty acids, has a healthy balance of proteins, grains and vegetables. Proponents believe raw is nutritionally superior, and meat that is frozen before serving does not pose risk for salmonella or E.coli. If uncomfortable with serving raw, meat can be cooked. Brown rice is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source, and a whole grain, rich in vitamins and nutrients. Tomatoes are a source of lycopene, a potent antioxidant. Cabbage and broccoli are said to boost immune function. Eggs are a source of omega-3 and (and omega-6) fatty acids. Tofu is another good source of protein. Flaxseeds are an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids and Vitamin E. The use of garlic cloves is optional -- some experts are advocates of garlic as beneficial to the cancer patient. Others believe dogs should never be given garlic.
|Recipe |Frozen Beef Packs |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|3 |lbs |Beef, chicken or turkey |2832/2016/2160 |
|3 |cups |Brown rice, cooked |654 |
|2 |pcs |Medium tomatoes |40 |
|¼ |head |Cabbage |55 |
|2 |pcs |Broccoli florets |30 |
|3 |pcs |Eggs (yolks raw, whites cooked) |222 |
|¼ |lb |Tofu |97 |
|6 |tbsp |Salmon, flaxseed or cod liver oil |738/780/738 |
|1 |tsbp |Flaxseeds, hulled or cracked |50 |
|3-4 |cloves |Garlic (optional) |16 |
|Total |4734/4008/4062 |
| |4776/3960/4104 |
|Method |Steam or food-process the cabbage, broccoli and tomatoes. Combine in a large bowl. |
| |Add egg yolks into the vegetable bowl. Drop whites and crumbled shells into another bowl to be cooked. |
| |Cook the egg whites and crumbled shell until whites are solid. Add to vegetables. |
| |Add tofu and mix thoroughly. |
| |Cube meat into bite-sized pieces. Add to vegetable mix. |
| |Add flaxseeds and garlic. |
| |Add oil, a rotation of these is recommended. Mix thoroughly with your hands. |
| |Scoop into portion-sized bags, and flatten to squeeze the air out. |
| |Freeze bags. |
| |Thaw & serve. At serving time, yogurt, cottage cheese, and supplements. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large Dog |
|Requirement Met (same order as in | | | | | |
|ingredient list) | | | | | |
| |1893% |631% |348% |258% |220% |
| |1603% |534% |294% |219% |185% |
| |1624% |541% |298% |221% |188% |
| |1910% |636% |351% |260% |222% |
| |1584% |528% |291% |216% |184% |
| |1641% |547% |301% |224% |190% |
Ground Beef Mix
(Raw Food for the Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for the osteoarthritic dog because it is high in Omega-3 fatty acids, has a healthy balance of proteins, grains and vegetables. Proponents believe raw is nutritionally superior. Oatmeal is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source and a whole grain, rich in vitamins and nutrients. Broccoli and watercress are excellent sources of beta-carotene. Broccoli is also said to boost immune function. Eggs are a source of omega-3 and (and omega-6) fatty acids. Fresh ginger is said to relieve arthritis pain. Cod liver oil and salmon oil are among the most effective providers of Omega-3 fatty acids, are excellent sources of vitamins A & D, and also contain DHA, for healthy brain and eye development.
|Recipe |Ground Beef Mix |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |lb |Ground beef, uncooked |1168 |
|2 |Cup |Prepared oats |600 |
|½ |Cup |Broccoli, chopped or food processed |15 |
|½ |Cup |Watercress, chopped or food processed |4 |
|1 |Egg |Egg |74 |
|1 |Tsp |Ginger |2 |
|1 |Tbsp |Cod liver oil |123 |
|1 |Tbsp |Salmon oil |123 |
| | | | |
|Total |2109 |
|Method |Combine all ingredients and mix thoroughly. |
| |Serve as is, in appropriate portion size. Leftovers can be refrigerated or frozen for later use. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large |
|Requirement Met | | | | |Dog |
| |843% |281% |155% |115% |98% |
Salmon Special
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for osteoarthritic dogs of the balance of healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Salmon is low in saturated fat, has a high Omega-3 fatty acids content, and is a source of calcium, as is cottage cheese. Brown rice is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source and a whole grain, rich in vitamins and nutrients. Vegetables are a naturally hypoallergenic source of vitamins and minerals. Carrots and peas are a good source of beta-carotene. Cod liver oil is one of the most effective providers of Omega-3 fatty acids, is an excellent source of vitamins A & D, and also contains DHA, for healthy brain and eye development. Seaweed is known for its high vitamin and mineral content.
|Recipe |Salmon Special |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |Can |Pink salmon, reserve liquid |631 |
|1 |Can |Brown rice |218 |
|2 |Can |Water |0 |
|1 |Can |Frozen mixed vegetables, thawed |118 |
|½ |Can |Cottage cheese |110 |
|1 |Tbsp |Fresh parsley, chopped |4 |
|2 |Tbsp |Cod liver oil |246 |
|1 |package |Nori sheets |130 |
|Total |1457 |
|Method | |
| |Drain salmon, reserve liquid. |
| |In saucepan, combine reserved salmon liquid, rice and water. Cook until rice is done, set aside to cool. |
| |In a large bowl, combine salmon, rice, vegetables, cottage cheese, parsley and cod liver oil. Mix thoroughly. |
| |Place one Nori sheet on a flat surface and spread mixture 1/4" thick over Nori, leaving 1/4" edge. |
| |Dampen edge of Nori sheet and roll. |
| |Repeat until Nori sheets are used, or mixture is gone. |
| |Individually wrap rolls in plastic wrap and refrigerate until ready to serve. Can freeze extras for later use, if desired.|
| |Cut rolls into bite size pieces for your dog and serve. |
| | |
| |*Nori is dried seaweed, and is found in the specialty section of the grocery store. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large |
|Requirement Met | | | | |Dog |
| |582% |194% |107% |79% |67% |
Turkey & Apple Skillet Shakeup
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for osteoarthritic dogs of the balance of healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Quinoa (pronounced keen-wah) is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source and a whole grain, rich in vitamins and nutrients. Fruits and vegetables are natural sources of vitamins and minerals. Cabbage is believed to boost immune function. Tumeric is said to reduce swelling and inflammation. Green beans and parsley are good sources of beta-carotene.
|Recipe |Turkey & Apple Skillet Shakeup |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |lb |Turkey sausage |912 |
|1 ½ |cups |Quinoa |954 |
|3 |cups |Water or chicken broth |114 |
|3 |pcs |Apples, any variety, peeled cored & grated |225 |
|2 |tbsp |Butter |204 |
|6 |cups |Cabbage, shredded |126 |
|1 |cup |Green beans, chopped |38 |
|½ |cup |Yellow bell pepper, chopped |12 |
|2 |tbsp |Water |0 |
|1 |tbsp |Cider vinegar |2 |
|½ |tsp |Salt |0 |
|¼ |tsp |Black turmeric |2 |
|1 |tbsp |parsley |4 |
|Total |2593 |
|Method |Combine all ingredients and mix thoroughly. |
| |Serve as is, in appropriate portion size. Leftovers can be refrigerated or frozen for later use. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large |
|Requirement Met | | | | |Dog |
| |1037% |345% |190% |141% |120% |
Turkey Kebabs With Eggplant Puree
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for the osteoarthritic dog because of the balance of healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Turmeric is an antioxidant, and believed to reduce swelling and inflammation. Eggplant and tahini (sesame seed paste) are rich in vitamins and minerals. Parsley is a good source of beta-carotene. The use of garlic cloves is optional -- some experts are advocates of garlic as beneficial to the osteoarthritis patient. Others believe dogs should never be given garlic. Walnut oil is a good source of Omega-3 fatty acids. Brown rice is a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source and a whole grain, rich in vitamins and nutrients. You can substitute cooked oatmeal for the brown rice.
|Recipe |Turkey Kebabs With Eggplant Puree |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |lb |Turkey, cubed |720 |
|2 |tbsp |Walnut oil |240 |
|2 |tsp |Ground coriander seeds |10 |
|1 |tsp |Freshly ground turmeric |8 |
|2 |pcs |Medium-sized eggplants |220 |
|1 |clove |Minced garlic (optional) |4 |
|2 |tbsp |Lemon juice |6 |
|1 |tbsp |Tahini |95 |
|½ |tsp |Sea salt |0 |
|2 |ounces |Plain yogurt |40 |
|1 |tbsp |Parsley |4 |
|2 |cups |Cooked brown rice |436 |
|Total |1783 |
|Method |Combine coriander and turmeric in a medium-sized bowl. |
| |Roll the turkey cubes in the spices, coating lightly. |
| |Skewer meat, and set aside. |
| |Cook brown rice, per package instructions, and set aside. |
| |Grill eggplants until skins are black and blistered. |
| |Cool slightly, and skin them while still warm. |
| |In a large bowl, mash the flesh with a fork, adding garlic, lemon, tahini, sea salt, yogurt and parsley to make eggplant |
| |puree. |
| |Grill the kebabs over high heat, brushing with oil to keep moist. |
| |Combine cooked brown rice, eggplant puree and grilled meat cubes and mix thoroughly. |
| |Divide into appropriate portion size and serve cooled. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large |
|Requirement Met | | | | |Dog |
| |713% |237% |131% |97% |82% |
Whitefish Stew
(For The Canine Osteoarthritis Patient)
Recommended for the osteoarthritic dog because of the balance of healthy proteins, grains and vegetables. Sweet potatoes are a healthy, easily digestible carbohydrate source and an excellent source of beta-carotene, as are peas and carrots. Fruits and vegetables are natural sources of vitamins and minerals. Broccoli is another source of beta-carotene and is said to boost immune function. Ginger is said to ease arthritis pain. Tomato sauce and paste are sources of lycopene, a potent antioxidant. Blueberries are also a powerful antioxidant. The use of garlic cloves is optional -- some experts are advocates of garlic as beneficial to the osteoarthritis patient. Others believe dogs should never be given garlic.
|Recipe |Whitefish Stew |
|Amount |Measure |Ingredients |Calories |
|1 |lb |Whitefish (tilapia or halibut) |800 |
|4 |cups |Water |0 |
|3 |cups |Sweet potatoes, cubed |480 |
|½ |cup |Broccoli, chopped |15 |
|¼ |cup |Carrots, chopped |13 |
|½ |cup |Peas |59 |
|½ |cup |Orange bell pepper, chopped |20 |
|½ |cup |Red bell pepper, chopped |20 |
|1 |clove |Garlic, pressed (optional) |8 |
|1 |tbsp |Oregano |14 |
|1 |tbsp |Basil |11 |
|1 |tsp |Ginger |2 |
|2 |cup |Tomato sauce |156 |
|½ |cup |Tomato paste |120 |
|¼ |cup |Fresh blueberries |21 |
|Total |1739 |
|Method |In large pot, combine water, sweet potatoes, broccoli, carrots, peas and peppers, and bring to a boil. |
| |Simmer for about 30 minutes. |
| |Broil whitefish. Set aside to cool. |
| |Add garlic, oregano, basil, ginger and tomato sauce to vegetable mixture, continue to cook over low heat for about 15 |
| |minutes. |
| |Cut whitefish into bite-sized pieces. |
| |Add whitefish and blueberries to stew, stir thoroughly and cook for about a minute, then set aside to cool. |
| |Divide into appropriate portion sizes and serve cooled. Leftovers can be refrigerated or frozen for later use. |
| |Supplements can be added at serving time. |
|Percentage of Daily Calorie |Toy Dog |Small Dog |Medium Dog |Large Dog |Extra-Large |
|Requirement Met | | | | |Dog |
| |695% |231% |127% |95% |80% |
Addendum
Comparable Age Of Dogs To Humans
|Comparable Age of Dogs To Humans |
|Dogs |Humans |
|3 Months |5 Years |
|6 Months |10 Years |
|1 Year |15 Years |
|4 Years |32 Years |
|8 Years |48 Years |
|15 Years |76 Years |
| |Table 1 |
Joints Most Commonly Affected By Osteoarthritis
[pic]
The Normal Health Joint
[pic]
Vitamins, Minerals, Nutrients & Spices Which Benefit The Osteoarthritis Patient
|Vitamins, Minerals, Nutrients & Seasonings For Osteoarthritis Patients |
|Nutrient |Perceived Benefit |Source |
|B-Complex Vitamins |Lessen pain, maintain joint tissue, detoxification |Bananas, Brewer's yeast, Chili peppers, Lentils,|
| | |Liver, Potatoes, Tempeh, Tuna, Turkey; |
| | |Supplement Form |
|Coenzyme Q10 |Anti-aging effects |Supplement Form |
|Flavonoids |Slow progress of osteoarthritis & assist in reversal|Berries, Citrus, Green Tea, Onions; Supplement |
| |of the disease |Form |
|Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate |Enable the body to create healthy cartilage and slow|Supplement Form |
| |down the breakdown of cartilage | |
|Garlic |Anti-inflammatory & anti-arthritic agent |Fresh cloves; Supplement Form |
|Ginger |Ease arthritis pain |Fresh |
|Indoles |Boost immune function |Cabbage & Broccoli |
|Manganese |Antioxidant; reinforces the benefits of glucosamine |Egg yolks, Green, Leafy Vegetables, Nuts, Seeds |
| |and chondroitin sulfate by stimulating the |& Whole Grain Cereals; Supplement Form |
| |production of cartilage | |
|Omega-3 Fatty Acids |Limit the body's inflammatory response & counteract |Cod, Halibut, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon, |
| |affects of arachidonic acids |Sardines, Tuna, Canola oil, Flaxseeds & Flaxseed|
| | |oil, Linseed Oil, Perilla Seed Oil, Pumpkin |
| | |Seeds & Pumpkin Seed Oil, Purslane, Soybeans & |
| | |Soybean Oil, Walnuts and Walnut Oil |
|Perna Canaliculus Mussel |Contains glucosamine & chondroitin sulfate |Supplement Form |
|Selenium |Antioxidant; eliminates free radicals and bolstering|Cereals, Garlic, Organ and Muscle Meats, Salmon,|
| |the immune system |Shrimp, Tuna, Whole wheat |
|Turmeric |Antioxidant; reduce swelling & inflammation |Fresh |
|Vitamin A |Antioxidant; controls inflammation |Alfalfa sprouts, Broccoli, Carrots, Green beans,|
| | |Green Leafy Vegetables, Peas, Sweet Potatoes, |
| | |Yams; Supplement Form |
|Vitamin C |Antioxidant; maximizes the benefits of glucosamine |Citrus; Supplement Form |
| |and chondroitin sulfate | |
|Vitamin D |Antioxidant; stabilizes joints and bones surrounding|Cod Liver Oil, Egg yolk, Fortified Milk, Yeast; |
| |weight-bearing joints |Supplement Form |
|Vitamin E |Antioxidant; works synergistically with vitamins A, |Cold-pressed Vegetable Oils, Such as Sunflower |
| |B and C |and Safflower; Nuts, Raw Whole Seeds, such as |
| | |Sunflower, Soybeans; Supplement Form |
| | |Table 2 |
Keeping Homemade Food Healthful
|Keeping Homemade Food Healthful |
| |Foods To Avoid |Healthful Alternatives |
|Meats & Fish |Fatty Meats, Cured Meats (e.g., Sausage, |Cooked Lean Cuts of Boneless Chicken or |
| |Bacon, Hot Dogs), Fried Chicken, Raw Pork |Turkey, Beef, Lamb, Whitefish, Salmon & |
| | |Herring |
|Fat Sources |Fats high in Omega-6 Fatty Acids, such as |Fats High in Omega-3 Fatty Acids, such as |
| |GLAs, Primrose Oils, Borage Oil, Black |Fish & Eggs, Flaxseed Oil, Salmon Oil |
| |Currant Oil | |
|Vegetables |Batter-Dipped, Deep Fried Vegetables, |Alfalfa sprouts, Bok Choy, Broccoli, |
| |French Fries, Onions |Cabbage, Carrots, Celery, Chinese Cabbage, |
| | |Collards, Garlic, Green beans, Green leafy |
| | |vegetables, Peas, Sweet potatoes, Spinach, |
| | |Summer Squash, Turnip Greens, Yams |
|Grains |White Bread, Pastries, Cookies, Cakes & Any|Cooked Rice, Barley, Bulgar, Polenta, |
| |Sugary Baked Goods |Oatmeal & Pasta |
|Breakfast Foods |Pancakes, Waffles & Processed Foods |Raw (except for Newborn Pups), Scrambled, |
| | |Fried (In Canola Oil), Hard Boiled or |
| | |Poached Eggs |
|Dairy |Milk, Cream, Ice Cream |Plain Yogurt, Grated Hard Cheese |
|Fruits |Grapes & Raisins |Blueberries, Blackberries, Raspberries, |
| | |Strawberries, Melons, Apples, Pears & |
| | |Bananas, Cherries |
|Prepared People Foods |Junk Food, Frozen Dinners, Fast Food, |Stew or Soup with Meat & Vegetables, |
| |Chocolate & Any Sweets, Onion Soup |Meatloaf, Egg Salad, Tuna Salad |
| | |Table 3 |
Resources
Bibliography
Beale, Brian, D.V.M., D.A.C.V.S., and Adderly, Brenda, M.H.A., The Arthritis Cure For Pets, © 2000 Affinity Communications Corporation.
Callahan, Jean, Your Older Dog, © 2001 Jean Callahan.
Heinerman, Dr. John, Natural Pet Cures, © 1998 Prentice Hall, Inc.
Simon, John M., D.V.M., Anti-Aging For Dogs, © 1998 The Philip Lief Group.
Websites
, © 2002 Schering Plough Animal Health Corporation.
, © 2001-2007 Know Better Dog Food Ltd.
, © 2001 Luitpold Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
, © 2006 Schering-Plough Animal Health.
, © 1997 - 2007 Foster & Smith.
, © 2005 Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.
, © 2007 Schering-Plough Animal Health Corporation.
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