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U.S. Department of Justiee National Institute of Corrections

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Legal Issues in Drug Testing Probation and Parole Clients and Employees

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LeGAL ISSUES IN DRUG TESTING PROBATION AND PAROLE CLIENTS AND EMP~OYEES

by

Rolando V. del Carmen and

Jonathan R. Sorensen Criminal Justice Center Sam Houston State University

January 1989

This document was prepared under an award (TA #88C0012) from the National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view or opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or pOlicies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

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U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice.

Permission to reproduce this., I ; Yond material has been

Pu grantedbbY1 l?C DOma.ln /NIC

u.s. Dept. of Justice

to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NC,)RS system requires permission of Ihe~ owner.

? Copyright 1988, Rolando V. del Carmen. The National Institute of Corrections reserves the right to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use, and to authorize others to publish and use all or any part of the copyrighted material contained in this publication.

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD ......................................................... v

INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 METHODS OF DRUG TESTING ................................. 2

Screening Tests .. ......... ............................. 3 Confirmation Tests .................................... , 5 TESTING PROBATIONERS AND PAROLEES ................ 5 Testing as a Condition of Probation: Is It Valid? .................................................. 5 Constitutional Issues ....................................... 1 0 The Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure ....................... .............. 1 0 The Right to Due Process ............................. 1 1

Test accuracy....................................... 1 2 Chain of custody....... ..... ............ ............ 1 3 The Right to Confrontation and Cross-Examination .................................... 1 4 The Right to Equal Protection ........................ 1 6 The Right Against Self-Incrimination ............... 1 7 Summary and Suggestions................................. 1 8 TESTING PROBATION AND PAROLE OFFICERS .... ...... 20 Constitutional Issues ....................................... 2 1

iii

The Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure .................................... 2 1

Right to privacy . ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... Government's interest ............................ Level of proof needed to search.................. Individualized suspicion v.

random testing ................................... Federal drug testing program ....................

21 I

22 I 23

2 4 24

The Right to Due Process ...... ........................ 26

Cases Pending in the U.S. Supreme Court ............... 2 8

Summary and Suggestions ..... ...... ... .... ...... ... ...... 29

CONCLUSION ....................................................... 30

NOTES ................................................................ 32

iv

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