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MOBILE COMPUTING AND COMMERCE8.1 MOBILE COMMERCE: ATTRIBUTES, BENEFITS, AND DRIVERSMobile Commerce:Mobile commerce is usually called as 'm-Commerce' .This includes B2C and B2B commercial transactions which user can do any sort of transaction including buying and selling of the goods, asking any services, transferring the ownership or rights, transacting and transferring the money by accessing wireless internet service on the mobile handset itself. of M-Commerce and Its Economic Advantages:Ubiquity—easier information access in real-timeConvenience—devices that store data and have Internet, intranet, extranet connectionsInteractivity—transactions, communication, and service provision are immediate and highly interactive in mobile computing environment.Personalization—preparation of information for individual consumersLocalization of products and services—knowing where the user is located at any given time and match service to them following list summarizes the disadvantages of m-commerce:Mobile devices offer limited capabilities (such as limited display).? Between mobile devices these capabilities vary so much that end user services will need to be customized accordingly.The heterogeneity of devices, operating systems and network technologies is a challenge for a uniform end user platform.? For this reason, standardization bodies consisting of telecommunication companies, device manufacturers and value added service providers integrate their work.Mobile devices are more prone to theft and destruction.The communication over the air interface between mobile device and network introduces additional security threats.Advantage of m-Commerce:M-commerce has several major advantages over its fixed counterparts because of its specific inbuilt characteristics such as ubiquity, personalization, flexibility, and distribution, mobile commerce promises exceptional business market potential, greater efficiency and higher fruitfulness. Thus it is not surprising that mobile commerce is emerging much faster than its fixed counterpart. M-commerce is more personalized than e-commerce and thus needs a gentle approach to appraise m-commerce applications.Drivers of M-Commerce:Widespread availability of more powerful mobile devices.The handset culture.The service economy.Vendor’s push.The mobile workforce.Increased mobility.Improved price/performance.Improving bandwidth. 8.2 COMPONENTS, TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, AND SERVICES OF MOBILE COMPUTINGMobile Computing: is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.Mobile computing is enable a real-time connection between a mobile device and computing networks or to another computing device, anytime, anywhere.An extensive hardware and software infrastructure underlies mobile computing. First, there are the mobile devices (e.g., smart phones) that enable a user to connect to a mobile network. Next, there are those components (e.g., network access points) that support the wireless connection, as well as parts of the infrastructure (e.g., GPS locators) that support the delivery of services over the connection. Finally, there are those components that support m-commerce activities in the same way they support typical e-commerce activities. & Bandwidth: Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as GPRS and EDGE, and more recently HSDPA and HSUPA 3G and 4G networks. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. Higher speed wireless LANs are inexpensive but have very limited range.Security standards: When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of VPN. Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line.Power consumption: When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.Human interface with device: Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training.Mobile Device: ()A mobile device (also known as a handheld device, handheld computer or simply handheld) is a small, hand-held computing device, typically having a display screen with touch input and/or a miniature keyboard and weighing less than 2 pounds (0.91?kg). Apple, HTC, LG, Research in Motion (RIM) and Motorola are just a few examples of the many manufacturers that produce these types of devices.A handheld computing device has an operating system (OS), and can run various types of application software, known as apps. Most hand held devices can also be equipped with WI-FI, Bluetooth and GPS capabilities that can allow connections to the Internet and other Bluetooth capable devices such as an automobile or a microphone headset. A camera or media player feature for video or music files can also be typically found on these devices along with a stable battery power source such as a lithium battery.Handheld computers are available a variety of form factors, including smart phones on the low end, handheld Personal digital assistant PDA, Ultra-Mobile PCs and Tablet PCs. Laptops are not generally considered to be mobile devices as they are not small enough to hold in one's hand.Smart phones and PDAs are popular amongst those who wish to use some of the powers of a conventional computer in environments where carrying one would not be practical. Enterprise digital assistants can further extend the available functionality for the business user by offering integrated data capture devices like barcode, RFID and smart card readers.Personal Digital Assistant PDA: of Mobile device: Handheld devices have become ruggedized for use in mobile field management. Uses include digitizing notes, sending and receiving invoices, asset management, recording signatures, managing parts, and scanning barcodes.Recent developments in mobile collaboration systems employ handheld devices that combine video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities to enable multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. Users can also watch television through Internet on mobile devices.Mobile Computing Software and Services: - Messaging Services: 1) Short Message Service (SMS): is a text messaging service component of phone, web, or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. SMS is the most widely used data application in the world, with 3.6 billion active users, or 78% of all mobile phone subscribers. The term "SMS" is used as an acronym for all types of short text messaging and the user activity itself in many parts of the world. SMS is also employed in direct marketing, known as SMS marketing. SMS as used on modern handsets originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers using standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1985 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) series of standards as a means of sending messages of up to 160 characters to and from GSM mobile handsets. Though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support for the service has expanded to include such other mobile technologies as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landline networks.2) Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones. It extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability that allowed exchange of text messages only up to 160 characters in length.The most popular use is to send photographs from camera-equipped handsets, although it is also popular as a method of delivering news and entertainment content including videos, pictures, text pages.MMS enable the convergence of mobile devices and personal computers because MMS messages can be sent between PCs, PDAs and mobile phones that are MMS enable.- Location-Based Services: Location-based services:are a general class of computer program-level services used to include specific controls for location and time data as control features in computer programs. As such (LBS) is an information and has a number of uses in Social Networking today as an entertainment service, which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the geographical position of the mobile device. This has become more and more important with the expansion of the smart phone and tablet markets as well. LBS are used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search, entertainment, work, personal life, etc. LBS use the global positioning system (GPS) services to identify a location of a person or object, such as discovering the nearest banking cash machine or the whereabouts of a friend or employee. LBS can include mobile commerce when taking the form of coupons or advertising directed at customers based on their current location.- Voice-Support Services: 1) Interactive Voice Response (IVR): a telephony technology in which someone uses a touch-tone telephone to interact with a database to acquire information from or enter data into the database. IVR technology does not require human interaction over the telephone as the user's interaction with the database is predetermined by what the IVR system will allow the user access to.IVR technology is also used to gather information, as in the case of telephone surveys in which the user is prompted to answer questions by pushing the numbers on a touch-tone telephone.IVR applications can be used to control almost any function where the interface can be broken down into a series of simple interactions. IVR systems deployed in the network are sized to handle large call volumes.For example, banks and credit card companies use IVR systems so that their customers can receive up-to-date account information instantly and easily without having to speak directly to a person.2) Voice portals: are the voice equivalent of Web Portals, giving access to information through spoken commands and voice responses. Ideally a voice portal could be an access point for any type of information, services, or transactions found on the Internet. Common uses include movie time listings and stock trading.Advantages: ? No dependency on the access device; even low end mobile handsets can access the service ? Voice portals talk to users in their local language ? Reduced customer learning required for using voice services compared to Internet/SMS based services.Limitations:Voice is the most natural communication medium, but the information that can be provided is limited compared to visual media.Wireless Telecommunications Networks: Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is not connected by cables of any kind. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure. Wireless telecommunications networks included among the various networks are:Personal area networks for device-to-device connections up to 30 feet.Wireless local area networks for medium-range connections up to 300 feet.Wireless metropolitan networks for connections up to 30 miles.Wireless wide area networks for connecting to a network with cellular phone coverage.1) A personal area network (PAN):A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The reach of a PAN is typically 10 meters (about 30 feet). PAN’s can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet.Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire. However, a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is made possible with network technologies such as Infrared Data Association (IrDA) and Bluetooth.) Wireless local area network (WLAN): links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.IEEE 802.11 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5 and 60?GHz frequency bands. The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had subsequent amendments. These standards provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".3) Municipal Wi-Fi networks: Municipal wireless network (Municipal Wi-Fi, Muni Wi-Fi or Muni-Fi) is the concept of turning an entire city into a Wireless Access Zone, with the ultimate goal of making wireless access to the Internet a universal service. This is usually done by providing municipal broadband via Wi-Fi to large parts or all of a municipal area by deploying a wireless mesh network. The typical deployment design uses hundreds of routers deployed outdoors, often on poles. The operator of the network acts as a wireless internet service provider.4) WiMax: WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum. (Similarly, Wi-Fi, refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance). WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.The original IEEE 802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001. Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries, and basis of future revisions such as 802.16m-2011.WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on steroids" and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances. The range of WiMAX probably generates more confusion than any other single aspect of WiMAX. It is common to see statements in the media describing WiMAX multipoint coverage extending 30 miles.The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) services. Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.Smart grids and metering.) Wireless wide area networks: A wireless wide area network (WWAN) is a wide area network in which separate areas of coverage or cells are connected wirelessly to provide service to a large geographic area.WWAN services are typically delivered to smart phones and other handheld devices sold by cellular service providers and their retail partners but other mobile devices can use them as well. Some netbooks are available with WWAN cards installed; you can also purchase wireless WAN cards to install yourself. Unlike Wi-Fi cards, which can be used in just about any hotspot, WWAN devices must be provisioned specifically for access to your service provider's network. Your service provider will take care of billing for roaming access that involves other provider networks.The three families of WWAN technologies are GSM/UMTS, CDMA One/CDMA2000 and WiMAX. In the United States, service providers include AT&T, Clearwire, Sprint and Verizon. Wireless WAN services are expected to become increasingly available as 4G technologies mature.WWAN communication bandwidths:1G: the first generation of wireless technology. It was an analog-based technology and was used exclusively for voice.2G: this second generation of digital wireless technology. 2G is based on digital radio technology and is able to accommodate text message (SMS).2.5G: an interim wireless technology that can accommodate voice, text, and limited graphics.3G: the third generation of digital wireless technology supports rich media, such as video. 3G utilizes packet switching in the high 15 to 20 MHz range.3.5G: this generation is expected to be about seven times better than 3G. It promises data download of 14 Mbps and upload speeds of up to 1.8 Mbps. This means major improvements in mobile voice telephony, video telephony, mobile TV and other media.4G: the next generation after 3.5G which will provide faster display of multimedia including video chat and mobile TV.8.3 MOBILE FINANCIAL APPLICATIONSMobile Banking:Mobile banking is a system that allows customers of a financial institution to conduct a number of financial transactions through a mobile device such as a mobile phone or personal digital assistant.Mobile banking differs to mobile payments which involve the use of a mobile device to pay for goods or services either at the point of sale or remotely, analogously to the use of a debit or credit card to effect an EFTPOS payment.The earliest mobile banking services were offered over SMS, a service known as SMS banking. With the introduction of smart phones with WAP support enabling the use of the mobile web in 1999, the first European banks started to offer mobile banking on this platform to their customers. Mobile banking has until recently (2010) most often been performed via SMS or the mobile web. Apple's initial success with iPhone and the rapid growth of phones based on Google's Android (operating system) have led to increasing use of special client programs, called apps, downloaded to the mobile device. With that said advancements in web technologies such as HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript have seen more banks launching mobile web based services to complement native applications. A recent study (May 2012) by Mapa Research suggests that over a third of banks have mobile device detection upon visiting the banks' main website. A number of things can happen on mobile detection such as redirecting to an app store, redirection to a mobile banking specific website or providing a menu of mobile banking options for the user to choose from. Mobile Banking Conceptual ModelIn one academic model, mobile banking is defined as:Mobile Banking refers to provision of banking- and financial services with the help of mobile telecommunication devices. The scope of offered services may include facilities to conduct bank and stock market transactions, to administer accounts and to access customized information."According to this model mobile banking can be said to consist of three inter-related concepts:Mobile accountingMobile brokerageMobile financial information servicesMost services in the categories designated accounting and brokerage are transaction-based. The non-transaction-based services of an informational nature are however essential for conducting transactions - for instance, balance inquiries might be needed before committing a money remittance. The accounting and brokerage services are therefore offered invariably in combination with information services. Information services, on the other hand, may be offered as an independent module.Mobile banking may also be used to help in business situations as well as financialMobile Banking Services:Typical mobile banking services may include:Account InformationMini-statements and checking of account historyAlerts on account activity or passing of set thresholdsMonitoring of term depositsAccess to loan statementsAccess to card statementsMutual funds / equity statementsInsurance policy managementPension plan managementStatus on cheque, stop payment on chequeOrdering cheque booksBalance checking in the accountRecent transactionsDue date of payment (functionality for stop, change and deleting of payments)PIN provision, Change of PIN and reminder over the InternetBlocking of (lost, stolen) cardsLocating nearest bank branch, ATMsPayments, Deposits, Withdrawals, and TransfersCash-in, cash-out transactions on an ATMDomestic and international fund transfersMicro-payment handlingMobile & Direct to Home package rechargingPurchasing tickets for travel and entertainmentCommercial payment processingBill payment processingPeer to Peer payments (e.g., Pop Money, Isis)Withdrawal at banking agentDeposit at banking agentA specific sequence of SMS messages will enable the system to verify if the client has sufficient funds in his or her wallet and authorize a deposit or withdrawal transaction at the agent. When depositing money, the merchant receives cash and the system credits the client's bank account or mobile wallet. In the same way the client can also withdraw money at the merchant: through exchanging SMS to provide authorization, the merchant hands the client cash and debits the merchant's account.Kenya's M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash may be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country, and may be transferred electronically from person to person as well as used to pay bills to companies. One of the most innovative applications of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit micro lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to the borrowers in rural Africa using nothing but the internet and mobile phones. In C?te d'Ivoire, Orange has a commercial offer which allows subscribers to use ATMs to top up their mobile wallet account. Due to very flexible and modular sicap software, it is easy to add future options such as the payment of utility bills or insurance premium.InvestmentsPortfolio management servicesReal-time stock quotesPersonalized alerts and notifications on security pricesSupportStatus of requests for credit, including mortgage approval, and insurance coverageCheck (cheque) book and card requestsExchange of data messages and email, including complaint submission and trackingATM LocationContent servicesGeneral information such as weather updates, newsLoyalty-related offersLocation-based servicesA report by the US Federal Reserve (March 2012) found that 21 percent of mobile phone owners had used mobile banking in the past 12 months. Based on a survey conducted by Forrester, mobile banking will be attractive mainly to the younger, more "tech-savvy" customer segment. A third of mobile phone users say that they may consider performing some kind of financial transaction through their mobile phone. But most of the users are interested in performing basic transactions such as querying for account balance and making bill payment.Future functionalities in mobile bankingBased on the 'International Review of Business Research Papers' from World business Institute, Australia, following are the key functional trends possible in world of Mobile Banking.With the advent of technology and increasing use of smart phone and tablet based devices, the use of Mobile Banking functionality would enable customer connect across entire customer life cycle much comprehensively than before. With this scenario, current mobile banking objectives of say building relationships, reducing cost, achieving new revenue stream will transform to enable new objectives targeting higher level goals such as building brand of the banking organization. Emerging technology and functionalities would enable to create new ways of lead generation, prospecting as well as developing deep customer relationship and mobile banking world would achieve superior customer experience with bi-directional communications. Among digital channels, mobile banking is a clear IT investment priority in 2013 as retail banks attempt to capitalize on the features unique to mobile, such as location-based services.Illustration of objective based functionality enrichment In Mobile BankingCommunication enrichment: - Video Interaction with agents, advisors.Pervasive Transactions capabilities: - Comprehensive “Mobile wallet”Customer Education: - “Test drive” for demos of banking servicesConnect with new customer segment: - Connect with Gen Y – Gen Z using games and social network ambushed to surrogate bank’s offeringsContent monetization: - Micro level revenue themes such as music, e-book downloadVertical positioning: - Positioning offerings over mobile banking specific industriesHorizontal positioning: - Positioning offerings over mobile banking across all the industriesPersonalization of corporate banking services: - Personalization experience for multiple roles and hierarchies in corporate banking as against the vanilla based segment based enhancements in the current context.Build Brand: - Built the bank’s brand while enhancing the “Mobile real estate”.Challenges for a Mobile Banking Solution:Key challenges in developing a sophisticated mobile banking application are:Handset operabilityThere are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. Some of these devices support Java ME and others support SIM Application Toolkit, a WAP browser, or only SMS.Initial interoperability issues however have been localized, with countries like India using portals like R-World to enable the limitations of low end java based phones, while focus on areas such as South Africa have defaulted to the USSD as a basis of communication achievable with any phone.The desire for interoperability is largely dependent on the banks themselves, where installed applications (Java based or native) provide better security, are easier to use and allow development of more complex capabilities similar to those of internet banking while SMS can provide the basics but becomes difficult to operate with more complex transactions.There is a myth that there is a challenge of interoperability between mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of common technology standards for mobile banking. In practice it is too early in the service lifecycle for interoperability to be addressed within an individual country, as very few countries have more than one mobile banking service provider. In practice, banking interfaces are well defined and money movements between banks follow the IS0-8583 standard. As mobile banking matures, money movements between service providers will naturally adopt the same standards as in the banking world.On January 2009, Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) Banking Sub-Committee, chaired by Cell Trust and VeriSign Inc., published the Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions in which it discussed the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile Channel Platforms such as Short Message Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS.SecuritySecurity of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks' IT departments.The following aspects need to be addressed to offer a secure infrastructure for financial transaction over wireless network:Physical part of the hand-held device. If the bank is offering smart-card based security, the physical security of the device is more important.Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application.Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction. This would ensure that unauthorized devices are not connected to perform financial transactions.User ID / Password authentication of bank’s customer.Encryption of the data being transmitted over the air.Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer.One-time password (OTPs) are the latest tool used by financial and banking service providers in the fight against cyber fraud. Instead of relying on traditional memorized passwords, OTPs are requested by consumers each time they want to perform transactions using the online or mobile banking interface. When the request is received the password is sent to the consumer’s phone via SMS. The password is expired once it has been used or once its scheduled life-cycle has expired.Because of the concerns made explicit above, it is extremely important that SMS gateway providers can provide a decent quality of service for banks and financial institutions in regards to SMS services. Therefore, the provision of service level agreements (SLAs) is a requirement for this industry; it is necessary to give the bank customer delivery guarantees of all messages, as well as measurements on the speed of delivery, throughput, etc. SLAs give the service parameters in which a messaging solution is guaranteed to perform. and ReliabilityAnother challenge for the CIOs and CTOs of the banks is to scale-up the mobile banking infrastructure to handle exponential growth of the customer base. With mobile banking, the customer may be sitting in any part of the world (true anytime, anywhere banking) and hence banks need to ensure that the systems are up and running in a true 24 x 7 fashion. As customers will find mobile banking more and more useful, their expectations from the solution will increase. Banks unable to meet the performance and reliability expectations may lose customer confidence. There are systems such as Mobile Transaction Platform which allow quick and secure mobile enabling of various banking services. Recently in India there has been a phenomenal growth in the use of Mobile Banking applications, with leading banks adopting Mobile Transaction Platform and the Central Bank publishing guidelines for mobile banking operations.Application distributionDue to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect customers to regularly visit banks or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking application. It will be expected that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download necessary patches (so called "Over the Air" updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this approach such as upgrade / synchronization of other dependent components.PersonalizationIt would be expected from the mobile application to support personalization such as:Preferred LanguageDate / Time formatAmount formatDefault transactionsStandard Beneficiary listAlertsMobile Banking in the World:Mobile banking is used in many parts of the world with little or no infrastructure, especially remote and rural areas. This aspect of mobile commerce is also popular in countries where most of their population is unbanked. In most of these places, banks can only be found in big cities, and customers have to travel hundreds of miles to the nearest bank.In Iran, banks such as Parsian, Tejarat, Mellat, Saderat, Sepah, Edbi, and Bankmelli offer the service. Banco Industrial provides the service in Guatemala. Citizens of Mexico can access mobile banking with Omnilife, Bancomer and MPower Venture. Kenya's Safaricom (part of the Vodafone Group) has the M-Pesa Service, which is mainly used to transfer limited amounts of money, but increasingly used to pay utility bills as well. In 2009, Zain launched their own mobile money transfer business, known as ZAP, in Kenya and other African countries. In Somalia, the many telecom companies provide mobile banking, the most prominent being Hormuud Telecom and its ZAAD service.Telenor Pakistan has also launched a mobile banking solution, in coordination with Taameer Bank, under the label Easy Paisa, which was begun in Q4 2009. Eko India Financial Services, the business correspondent of State Bank of India (SBI) and ICICI Bank, provides bank accounts, deposit, withdrawal and remittance services, micro-insurance, and micro-finance facilities to its customers (nearly 80% of whom are migrants or the unbanked section of the population) through mobile banking. In a year of 2010, mobile banking users soared over 100 percent in Kenya, China, Brazil and USA with 200 percent, 150 percent, 110 percent and 100 percent respectively. Dutch Bangla Bank launched the very first mobile banking service in Bangladesh on 31 March 2011. This service is launched with ‘Agent’ and ‘Network’ support from mobile operators, Banglalink and City cell. Sybase 365, a subsidiary of Sybase, Inc. It has provided software solution with their local partner Neurosoft Technologies Ltd. There are around 160 million people in Bangladesh, of which, only 13 per cent have bank accounts. With this solution, Dutch-Bangla Bank can now reach out to the rural and unbanked population, of which, 45 per cent are mobile phone users. Under the service, any mobile handset with subscription to any of the six existing mobile operators of Bangladesh would be able to utilize the service. Under the mobile banking services, bank-nominated ‘Agents’ perform banking activities on behalf of the banks, like opening mobile banking account, providing cash services (receipts and payments) and dealing with small credits. Cash withdrawal from a mobile account can also be done from an ATM validating each transaction by ‘mobile phone & PIN’ instead of ‘card & PIN’. Other services that are being delivered through mobile banking system are person-to-person (e.g. fund transfer), person-to-business (e.g. merchant payment, utility bill payment), business-to-person (e.g. salary/commission disbursement), government-to-person (disbursement of government allowance) transactions.Mobile Payments: Mobile payment, also referred to as mobile money, mobile money transfer, and mobile wallet generally refer to payment services operated under financial regulation and performed from or via a mobile device. Instead of paying with cash, check, or credit cards, a consumer can use a mobile phone to pay for a wide range of services and digital or hard goods. Although the concept of using non-coin-based currency systems has a long history, it is only recently that the technology to support such systems has become widely available.Mobile payment is being adopted all over the world in different ways. Combined market for all types of mobile payments is expected to reach more than $600B globally by 2013, which would be double the figure as of February, 2011, while mobile payment market for goods and services, excluding contactless NFC transactions and money transfers, are expected to exceed $300B globally by 2013. In developing countries mobile payment solutions have been deployed as a means of extending financial services to the community known as the "unbanked" or "under banked," which is estimated to be as much as 50% of the world's adult population, according to Financial Access' 2009 Report "Half the World is Unbanked". These payment networks are often used for micropayments. The use of mobile payments in developing countries has attracted public and private funding by organizations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID and MercyCorps. are four primary models for mobile payments:Premium SMS based transactional paymentsDirect Mobile BillingMobile web payments (WAP)Contactless NFC (Near Field Communication)Additionally there is a new emerging model from Haiti: direct carrier/bank co-operation. [Citation needed]Financial institutions and credit card companies as well as Internet companies such as Google and a number of mobile communication companies, such as mobile network operators and major telecommunications infrastructure such as w-HA from Orange and handset multinationals such as Ericsson have implemented mobile payment solutions.SMS/USSD-Based Transactional PaymentsThe consumer sends a payment request via an SMS text message or an USSD to a short code and a premium charge is applied to their phone bill or their online wallet. The merchant involved is informed of the payment success and can then release the paid for goods.Since a trusted delivery address has typically not been given these goods are most frequently digital with the merchant replying using a Multimedia Messaging Service to deliver the purchased music, ringtones, wallpapers etc.A Multimedia Messaging Service can also deliver barcodes which can then be scanned for confirmation of payment by a merchant. This is used as an electronic ticket for access to cinemas and events or to collect hard goods.Transactional payments have been popular in Asia and Europe but are now being overtaken by other mobile payment methods, such as mobile web payments (WAP), mobile payment client (Java ME, Android...) and Direct Mobile Billing.Possible reasons include:Poor reliability - transactional payments can easily fail as messages get lost.Slow speed - sending messages can be slow and it can take hours for a merchant to get receipt of payment. Consumers do not want to be kept waiting more than a few seconds.Security - The SMS/USSD encryption ends in the radio interface, and then the message is a plaintext.High cost - There are many high costs associated with this method of payment. The cost of setting up short codes and paying for the delivery of media via a Multimedia Messaging Service and the resulting customer support costs to account for the number of messages that get lost or are delayed.Low payout rates - operators also see high costs in running and supporting transactional payments which results in payout rates to the merchant being as low as 30%. Usually around 50%Low follow-on sales - once the payment message has been sent and the goods received there is little else the consumer can do. It is difficult for them to remember where something was purchased or how to buy it again. This also makes it difficult to tell a friend.Some mobile payment services accept "premium SMS payments." Here is the typical end user payment process:User sends SMS with keyword and unique number to a premium short code.User receives a PIN (User billed via the short code on receipt of the PIN)User uses PIN to access content or services.Direct Mobile BillingThe consumer uses the mobile billing option during checkout at an e-commerce site—such as an online gaming site—to make a payment. After two-factor authentication involving a PIN and One-Time-Password (often abbreviated as OTP), the consumer's mobile account is charged for the purchase. It is a true alternative payment method that does not require the use of credit/debit cards or pre-registration at an online payment solution such as PayPal, thus bypassing banks and credit card companies altogether. This type of mobile payment method, which is extremely prevalent and popular in Asia, provides the following benefits:Security - Two-factor authentication and a risk management engine prevents fraud.Convenience - No pre-registration and no new mobile software is required.Easy - It's just another option during the checkout process.Fast - Most transactions are completed in less than 10 seconds.Proven - 70% of all digital content purchased online in some parts of Asia uses the Direct Mobile Billing method.Mobile Web Payments (WAP)The consumer uses web pages displayed or additional applications downloaded and installed on the mobile phone to make a payment. It uses WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) as underlying technology and thus inherits all the advantages and disadvantages of WAP. Benefits include:Follow-on sales where the mobile web payment can lead back to a store or to other goods the consumer may like. These pages have a URL and can be bookmarked making it easy to re-visit or share.High customer satisfaction from quick and predictable paymentsEase of use from a familiar set of online payment pagesHowever, unless the mobile account is directly charged through a mobile network operator, the use of a credit/debit card or pre-registration at online payment solution such as PayPal is still required just as in a desktop environment.Mobile web payment methods are now being mandated by a number of mobile network operators.Direct operator billingDirect operator billing, also known as mobile content billing, WAP billing, and carrier billing, requires integration with the operator. It provides certain benefits:the operators already have a billing relationship with the consumers, the payment will be added to their bill.Provides instantaneous paymentProtect payment details and consumer identityBetter conversion ratesReduced customer support costs for merchantsOne drawback: the payout rate will be much lower than with other payment providers. Examples from a popular provider:92% with PayPal85 to 86% with Credit Card45 to 91.7% with operator billing in the US, UK and some smaller European countries, but usually around 60%.More recently, direct operator billing is being deployed in an in-app environment, where mobile application developers are taking advantage of the one-click payment option that Direct operator billing provides for monetizing mobile applications. This is a logical alternative to credit card and Premium SMS billing.In 2012, Ericsson and Western Union partnered to expand the direct operator billing market, making it possible for mobile operators to include Western Union Mobile Money Transfers as part of their mobile financial service offerings. Given the international reach of both companies, the partnership is meant to accelerate the interconnection between the m-commerce market and the existing financial world. Credit cardA simple mobile web payment system can also include a credit card payment flow allowing a consumer to enter their card details to make purchases. This process is familiar but any entry of details on a mobile phone is known to reduce the success rate (conversion) of payments.In addition, if the payment vendor can automatically and securely identify customers then card details can be recalled for future purchases turning credit card payments into simple single click-to-buy giving higher conversion rates for additional purchases.Online walletsOnline companies like PayPal, Amazon Payments and Google Wallet also have mobile options. Generally, this is the process:First payment:User registers, inputs their phone number, and the provider sends them an SMS with a PINUser enters the received PIN, authenticating the numberUser inputs their credit card info or another payment method if necessary (not necessary if the account has already been added) and validates paymentSubsequent payments:The user re enters their PIN to authenticate and validates paymentRequesting a PIN is known to lower the success rate (conversion) for payments. These systems can be integrated with directly or can be combined with operator and credit card payments through a unified mobile web payment platform.QR Code PaymentsQR Codes 2D barcode are square bar codes. QR codes are an easy way to inject info into mobile phone. This makes it easy to create communication such as visit a website or copy useful text. QR codes have been around since they were invented in 1994. Originally used to track products in warehouses, QR codes were designed to replace traditional (1D bar codes). Traditional bar codes just represent numbers, which can be looked up in a database and translated into something meaningful. QR or “Quick Response” bar codes were designed to contain the meaningful info right in the bar code. They’ve been a successful marketing tool in Asia and Europe.Since November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic as an open format for a payment information exchange - a Short Payment Descriptor - was introduced and blessed by the Czech Banking Association as the official local solution for the QR payments. Due to technical limitations, the format is applicable only within the European Union.Contactless Near Field CommunicationNear Field Communication (NFC) is used mostly in paying for purchases made in physical stores or transportation services. A consumer using a special mobile phone equipped with a smartcard waves his/her phone near a reader module. Most transactions do not require authentication, but some require authentication using PIN, before transaction is completed. The payment could be deducted from a pre-paid account or charged to a mobile or bank account directly.Mobile payment method via NFC faces significant challenges for wide and fast adoption, due to lack of supporting infrastructure, complex ecosystem of stakeholders, and standards. Some phone manufacturers and banks, however, are enthusiastic. Ericsson and Aconite are examples of businesses that make it possible for banks to create consumer mobile payment applications that take advantage of NFC technology. NFC vendors in Japan are closely related to mass-transit networks, like the Mobile Suica used on the JR East rail network. Osaifu-Keitai system, used for Mobile Suica and many others including Edy and nanaco, has become the de facto standard method for mobile payments in Japan. Its core technology, Mobile FeliCa IC, is partially owned by Sony, NTT DoCoMo and JR East. Mobile FeliCa utilize Sony's FeliCa technology, which itself is the de facto standard for contactless smart cards in the country.Other NFC vendors mostly in Europe use contactless payment over mobile phones to pay for on- and off-street parking in specially demarcated areas. Parking wardens may enforce the parkings by license plate, transponder tags or barcode stickers. First conceptualized in the 1990s, the technology has seen commercial use in this century in both Scandinavia and Estonia. End users benefit from the convenience of being able to pay for parking from the comfort of their car with their mobile phone, and parking operators are not obliged to invest in either existing or new street-based parking infrastructures. Parking wardens maintain order in these systems by license plate, transponder tags or barcode stickers or they read a digital display in the same way as they read a pay and display receipt.Other vendors use a combination of both NFC and a barcode on the mobile device for mobile payment, for example, Cimbal or DigiMo, making this technique attractive at the point of sale because many mobile devices in the market do not yet support NFC.Audio Signal-Based PaymentsThe audio channel of the mobile phone is another wireless interface that is used to make payments. Several companies have created technology to use the acoustic features of cell phones to support mobile payments and other applications that are not chip-based. The technologies Near sound data transfer (NSDT), Data Over Voice and NFC 2.0 produce audio signatures that the microphone of the cell phone can pick up to enable electronic transactions. Direct Carrier/Bank Co-OperationIn the T-Cash model the mobile phone and the phone carrier is the front end interface to the consumers. The consumer can purchase goods, transfer money to a peer, cash-out, and cash-in. A 'mini wallet' account can be opened as simply as entering *700# on the mobile phone, presumably by depositing money at a participating local merchant and the mobile phone number. Presumably other transactions are similarly accomplished by entering special codes and the phone number of the other party on the consumer's mobile phone.Mobile payment service provider modelThere are four potential mobile payment models:Operator-Centric Model: The mobile operator acts independently to deploy mobile payment service. The operator could provide an independent mobile wallet from the user mobile account(airtime). A large deployment of the Operator-Centric Model is severely challenged by the lack of connection to existing payment networks. Mobile network operator should handle the interfacing with the banking network to provide advanced mobile payment service in banked and under banked environment. Pilots using this model have been launched in emerging countries but they did not cover most of the mobile payment service use cases. Payments were limited to remittance and airtime top up.Bank-Centric Model: A bank deploys mobile payment applications or devices to customers and ensures merchants have the required point-of-sale (POS) acceptance capability. Mobile network operator are used as a simple carrier, they bring their experience to provide Quality of service (QOS) assurance.Collaboration Model: This model involves collaboration among banks, mobile operators and a trusted third party.Peer-to-Peer Model: The mobile payment service provider acts independently from financial institutions and mobile network operators to provide mobile payment. For example the MHITS SMS payment service uses a peer-to-peer model. MOBILE MARKETING AND ADVERTISINGMobile Marketing:Mobile marketing?is marketing on or with a mobile device, such as a cell phone. Mobile marketing can also be defined as “the use of the mobile medium as a means of marketing communication”, the “distribution of any kind of promotional or advertising messages to customer through wireless networks”. More specific definition is the following: “using interactive wireless media to provide customers with time and location sensitive, personalized information that promotes goods, services and ideas, thereby generating value for all stakeholders".Mobile marketing is commonly known as wireless marketing, although viewing advertising on a computer connected to a home?local area network?is not considered to be mobile marketing. advertising?is a form of?advertising?via?mobile (wireless) phones?or other mobile devices. It is a subset of?mobile marketing. Marketing Campaigns:There are basically four classes of online campaigns focused on one of four types of Internet campaign objectives. The classes included:Information: programs providing information about products, points of interest, news, weather, traffic, horoscopes, and related content.Entertainment: programs that “produce value to the customers” and provide amusement and emotional triggers through videos, music, games, and so forth.Raffles: programs that provide prizes as digital content or physical goods.Coupons: programs that offer monetary incentives (like discounts), trial packages, or free services.The major objectives of these classes fell into one of six categories:Building brand awareness: increase customers’ ability to recognize and recall a brand in purchase and consumption situations.Changing brand image: change the perception of the brand by customers.Promoting sales: stimulate quicker or greater purchase of a product or service.Enhancing brand loyalty: increase consumers’ commitment to purchase the brand.Building customer database: collect data about the mobile device, data network, or profiles of customers.Stimulating mobile word of mouth: encourage customers to pass ads from customer to customer via their mobile devices.Mobile Marketing Guidelines:The Global Code of Conduct from the Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) is indicative of the types of practices promoted by the industry. The basic principles of the code include:Notice.Choice and consent.Customization and constraint.Security.Enforcement and accountability.8.5 MOBILE WORKFORCE SOLUTIONMobile Workforce Solution provide today solution to create a mobile environment for your businesses to ease the high cost of rental and human capital with the added ability to steer your business and made important decision. Our solutions are Mobility with Security, Mobility with Productivity, Mobility in Virtual World, Mobility with Green and Mobility with Peace of mind.Mobile Workforce Solution welcome you to our integrated solution to build your mobile environment with us. Mobile Workforce Solution online store has wide selection set by Security, Wireless, Storage with Remote Data Access, Mobile workspace and Mobility with Peace of Mind. Workforce Needs: More users have become mobile to stay productive while they are away from the office. According to IDC, the third quarter of?2008 marked the point at which computer manufacturers began shipping more mobile computers than desktop computers worldwide (IDC Worldwide Quarterly PC Tracker, December 2008). The number of mobile users is expected to grow; in?2008, mobile workers worldwide will be?26.8% of the total workforce, and that number will increase to?30.4% by?2011 (IDC, "Worldwide Mobile Worker Population 2007–2011 Forecast," Doc #209813, Dec 2007).However, the way users access network resources hasn’t changed. Although home broadband, wireless broadband, and Wi-Fi allow users to connect to the Internet while they are away from the office, corporate firewalls prevent them from connecting to resources on the intranet. Only users physically connected to the intranet can access intranet resources. This becomes a management problem because IT administrators can update computers only when they connect to the intranet. To overcome this limitation, many organizations provide VPNs. Benefits of a mobile workforce:Benefits of a Mobile Workforce Today we can see a radical change in the way people work. The concept of going to a high-rise building, spending time there and then returning home no longer works. It can be said that the age of 9 to 5 job is breathing its last. Globalization coupled with explosive growth in the development and use of communication devices accelerated the growth of a mobile workforce. This next generation workforce no longer requires an office atmosphere to be productive. The availability of new devices and services are empowering employees to make the choice with respect to location and time. Be it customer / partner sites, home office, coffee shops, public Internet kiosk, airport lounges, or libraries the location is not an issue for the new workforce. Though it is a matter of choice most enterprises and organizations are taking the plunge because of its immense advantages. There are several advantages of having a mobile workforce; the notable ones are given below:Greater Flexibility: Being a mobile worker means getting the flexibility to do work the way he/she prefers. Their approach to work depends on their individual preferences, styles and strengths.Low Absenteeism: Absenteeism is one of the major problems faced by companies all over the world. It can be a burden for the organization as it translates into low productivity and extra costs in hiring the services of additional staff. However, with a mobile workforce the rate of absenteeism reduces considerably.Technological Advancements: The development of new devices such as smartphones, iPhones, iPads, laptops, tablets, Wi-Fi and increased accessibility of the Internet has made tasks such as filing reports, holding meetings, editing proposals and so on easy. Increased Productivity: Mobile workers increase productivity by putting in those hours, which would have otherwise spent on commuting. They can work even at those times when going to office is impossible such as bad weather, roadblocks, or any repair works at office. Some workers work even when they are ill. Reduced Carbon Footprint: Since mobile workers need not require office space, it translates into reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, reduced commuting means reduced air pollution.Reduced Expenses: Employers benefits from reduced capital cost for offices and reduced infrastructure costs. Employees on the other hand, enjoy reduced transportation costs and parking charges. As stated above, it is a matter of choice. Those enterprises that truly believe in a mobile workforce can make it a success. Since mobile workforce is not without disadvantages, only a properly managed and implemented mobile workforce can give companies and enterprises the much-needed competitive edge in this hypercompetitive business environment. of a Mobile Workforce:Global business expansion and the need to rapidly mobilize a talented workforce across states and countries have sparked a shift from traditional short- and long-term relocation assignments to a more heavy reliance on frequent business travel.Collaboration Opportunities and Challenges for the Mobile Workforce With the explosion of newly-available mobile computing options, many companies now support their employees’ smartphones and tablet computers. With employees increasingly ‘always on,’ new opportunities abound for better and more efficient collaboration. But this requires a shift in how people work together, and the ways we support people on-the-go. Porting desktop collaboration tools to mobile devices won’t work. The unique needs of the mobile worker and mobile devices’ form factor mandate for a fresh look at what it means to collaborate on the road. For example, mobile devices:?Offer a convenient way to view documents ‘on the run,’ but they are not appropriate for editing documents.?Provide a simple way to connect with people working remotely on joint projects — as long as there is a clear context for that connection. Case in point, if a team is working on a contract proposal, it would be great to reach out to one of the contract negotiators via IM, when both parties can simultaneously see the same version of the same document.?Allow people to follow what their colleagues are working on with “Twitter-style” updates, within the secure confines of the corporate communications environment. Facing the Mobile WorkforceWhile freeing employees from the tether of the office, these new opportunities bring fresh challenges for business users, as well as application developers and IT staff supporting them. For example:?Being ‘on’ all the time means employees have to develop new ways of working that allow them to be effective, without burning out from a lack of downtime.?Making it easy for typical business users (as opposed to technically-savvy ones) to see what interests them, without overwhelming them with information overload, is really tough. Relevant contexts need to be created for information sharing and consumption. Since people work in different ways, this is a daunting task to make simple.?Getting applications to run smoothly and securely across multiple operating systems and a plethora of mobile devices is not trivial.Opportunities to Build OnHere are some recommendations for taking advantage of opportunities while overcoming the challenges of using mobile devices in the enterprise:?Initially, support a limited number of popular mobile devices. Learn as you go. Start with a few devices built upon two different mobile operating systems.?Augment internal social networks with the capabilities of public social networks that connect business people, such as LinkedIn and Twitter. ?Employ new cross-platform technologies for achieving a uniform user experience across multiple devices. HTML 5, for example, offers a lot of promise in overcoming the difficulties in supporting multiple mobile operating systems.Final ThoughtsThe rapid proliferation of tablet computers will create many new opportunities for businesses in 2011. With many new devices available and application developers feverishly cranking out new applications on a daily basis, the way enterprises work is poised to change forever. Exciting times.8.6 MOBILE ENTERTAINMENTGrowth of Mobile Entertainment and Marketing: Games:Can be classified as:1) Technology: Embedded, SMS/MMS, Web Browsing, J2Me, BREW, native OSEmbedded ?( embedding )?may refer to:In science:In mathematics,?embedding?is one instance of some mathematical object contained within another instance.Graph embedding.In computing, an?embedded system?is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls.In computing, embedding media into a text document, forming a?compound document.In computing,?font embedding?is inclusion of font files inside an electronic document.Distributed generation?of energy, also known as embedded generation or decentralized generation.In linguistics, a?dependent clause?is sometimes called an embedded clause.In linguistics,?center embedding?defines the recursive nesting of an element in the middle of a similar element.In psychology,?self-embedding?is an activity in which one pushes items into one's own flesh in order to feel pain.In biology, embedding is part of?sample preparation?for?electron microscopes, in which the sample is infused with a plastic, which then hardens so the sample can be cut into thin slices.In art:Embedded journalism, working within and under the control of one side's army in a military conflict.Embedded?(play), a play by Tim Robbins about embedded journalists covering military conflict in the US-Iraq war.Embedded?(album), a 2004 music album by Mark Seymour.Embedded, a song in the Job for a Cowboy album?Genesis, which was released in 2007.Embed Series, works by artist?Mark Jenkins.In business:Embed International, a supplier of debit card systems.MMS vs. SMS:SMS?(Short Message Service) and?MMS?(Multimedia Messaging Service) are both used in mobile phones for non-voice communications. Some landline phones also have SMS capability. While both SMS and MMS stand for the service, the abbreviations are often used in common parlance to mean the actual message itself that is sent using the parison chartMMSSMSStands for:Multimedia Messaging?ServiceShort?Message ServiceTransmission mechanism:Messages are sent to the message center. They are then sent to the recipient via the internet, if the phone supports MMS formats. If it doesn't, the MMS can be viewed in a?web browser.Message centers are responsible for sending and receiving texts. They also try and re-send messages if they failed in the first try.Challenges:Spamming, content adaptation, distribution lists, poor handset capabilitiesSpoofing and spammingSize:No limit.160 charactersUsage:1.3 billion active users, 50 billion MMS messages, $26 billion revenue (in 2008)4.1 trillion SMS text messages were sent generating a revenue of $81 billion (in 2008)Web Browsing: Platform, Micro Edition, or?Java ME, Short for?Java?2?Platform?Micro?Edition (J2ME):is a?Java platform?designed for?embedded systems?(mobile devices?are one kind of such systems).?Java ME was designed by?Sun Microsystems (answer to a consumer wireless device platform) , acquired by?Oracle Corporation. It was originally created in order to deal with the constraints associated with building applications for small devices. For this purpose Oracle defined the basics for Java ME technology to fit such a limited environment and make it possible to create Java applications running on small devices with limited memory, display and power capacity. Java ME devices implement a?profile. The most common of these are the?Mobile Information Device Profile?aimed at mobile devices, such as cell phones, and the?Personal Profile?aimed at consumer products and embedded devices like?set-top boxes?and PDAs. Profiles are subsets of?configurations, of which there are currently two: the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) and the Connected Device Configuration (CDC).?provides a robust, flexible environment for applications running on mobile and embedded devices: mobile phones, set-top boxes, Blu-ray Disc players, digital media devices, M2M modules, printers and more.J2ME consists of two elements --?configurations?and?profiles.Configurations?provide a set of?libraries?and a?virtual machine?for a category of wireless device. There are two configurations for J2ME, one for?fixed wireless?devices and one for mobile wireless devices.Profiles?are?APIs?built on top of configurations to provide a?runtime environment for a specific device, such as a?PDA, cell phone, or set-top box. The profile manages the application,?user interface,?networking?and?I/O.In order to support Java apps, manufacturers need to implement a profile for their specific devices.Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW):Is an application development platform created by?Qualcomm, originally for? code division multiple access?(CDMA)?mobile phones, featuring third-party applications such as?mobile games. It is offered in some?feature phones?but not in?smartphones. It debuted in September 2001.As a software platform that can download and run small programs for playing games, sending messages, and sharing photos, the main advantage of Brew MP is that the application developers can easily?port?their applications among all Brew MP devices by providing a standardized set of?application programming interfaces. Software for Brew MP enabled handsets can be developed in?C?or?C++?using the freely downloadable Brew MP?software development kit?(SDK). The Brew?runtime library?is part of the wireless device on-chip?firmware?or?operating system?to allow programmers to develop applications without needing to code for system interface or understand wireless applications. Brew is described as a pseudo operating system, but not a true?mobile operating system. Brew is not a?virtual machine?such as?Java ME, but runs?native code.BREW OS: rightbottom?Is used by some mobile phone manufacturers and mobile networks, however most often the end-user does not know this since mobile phones running Brew most often lack any Brew OS branding and Brew runs in the background with the custom "skins" of the mobile phone manufacturer or operator on-top. Brew OS is used by?Sprint Nextel,?metroPCS,?Cricket Wireless,?U.S. Cellular,?Verizon,?Syringa Wireless, and AT&T (in the HTC Freestyle) in the?US?and by the?3?network in much of?Europe, the?UK?and?Australia?on many mobile phones produced especially for their network.2) Number of Players: solo player or multiple players.3) Genre.Mobile Gambling:Internet gambling has become one of the most popular and lucrative business present on the Internet. In 2007 the gambling commission stated that the gambling industry achieved a turnover of over ?84 billion according to the UK?Gambling Commission.Mobile gambling refers to playing games of chance or skill for money by using a remote device such as a?tablet computer,?smartphone?or a?mobile phone?with a wireless internet connection.“UK is the largest mobile gambling market”:In February the digital research firm comScore surveyed?parts of Europe on its mobile gaming habits during that month.?It found that in the last year the amount of people playing games on their mobile at least once a month had increased by 55%, a figure that has risen to 46.2 million people.?British smartphone users were found to be the most active gamers with over half (52%) of the UK smartphone population (14.2 million people) accessing games on their mobile that month, and 16.4% of the survey community answering they game “almost every day”.The country appearing the least engaged with mobile gaming was France, where only 27.2% of the smartphone population claimed have played a game in that month, and only 7.4% appearing to do so every day.Also importantly the report looked into the emerging social gaming market and found that 6.1 million European smartphone users logged in via Facebook on their phones during that month. This figure represents 13.2% of the smartphone community and has risen by 42% since the same survey taken six months prior.Championing social gaming in Europe are the Italians, with 15.5% of them logging in via email of Facebook that month, with the UK coming in second with 14.2% connecting and playing with friends on their phone.Hesham Al-Jehani, comScore Europe product manager for mobile points out that the reason for deeper penetration of mobile gaming compared to social gaming is the ability to play on an downloadable app so there is no reliance on the internet. This leads to games being played in “idle time”."As mobile games evolve from simple pre-loaded games to highly challenging and visually appealing games, their entertainment value has increased substantially," he adds.The survey too in the UE5 market, consisting of England, France, Italy, Spain and Germany.?8.7 LOCATION-BASED MOBILE COMMERCELocation Based Mobile Commerce: (l-commerce) refers to use of GPS (Global Positioning System) enabled devices to find where a customer and sometimes deliver product and service based on the customer's location. Location based m-commerce offers an opportunity to provide services that more quickly or precisely meet customer's needs.The services provided through location based m-commerce focus on five key factors:*Location. Determining the basic position of a person or a thing (car or boat)*Navigation. Plotting a route from one location to anther*Tracking. Monitoring the movement of a person or a thing (a package or vehicle)*Mapping. Creating maps of specific geographical locations*Timing. Determining the precise time at a specific locationLocation Commerce Infrastructure:Mobile devices. These are tools used to request information. Location based devices can be divided into two categories:Single purpose devicesMultipurpose munication network. The network transfer user data and services requests from the mobile terminal to the service providers, and then the requested information is transferred back to the user.Positioning component. In order to process or services a user's request, the user's position has to determined. This can be done either through a mobile network or by using a global positioning system (GPS).Service or application provider. Provides are responsible for servicing a user's request. Services can include such things as finding routes, searching yellow pages or other information source based on the user's location.Data or content provider. Services providers usually rely on geographic data or location based information is maintained by a third party, not the service provider.Positioning Components:Network-based positioning:Relies on base stations to find the location of a mobile device sending a signal or sensed by the networkTerminal-based positioning:Calculating the location of a mobile device from signals sent by the device to base stationsGlobal positioning system (GPS):A worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth.Location-Based Data:Locating. Where am I? Where is a specific object or person?Navigating. How do I get to a specific address, place, position, or person?Searching. Where is the nearest or most relevant object or person?Identifying. What, who, or how much is here or there?Event checking. What happens here or there?geographical information system (GIS)A computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced (spatial) information Location Based Services and Applications:Location-Based Applications and ServicesCategoryExamplesAdvertisingBillingEmergencyGamesInformationLeisureManagementNavigationTrackingBanners, advertising alertsRoad tolling, location-sensitive billingEmergency calls, automotive assistanceMobile games, geocachingInformation services, travel guides, travel planner, mobile yellow pageBuddy finder, instant messaging, social networkingFacility, infrastructure, feet, security, environmentalDirections, indoor routing, car park guidance, traffic managementPeople/vehicle tracking, product tracking Barriers to Location-Based M-Commerce:Accuracy of devicesThe cost-benefit justificationLimited network bandwidthInvasion of privacy8.8 SECURITY AND OTHER IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES IN MOBILE COMMERCEMobil Commerce Security Issues: Issues that concern M-commerce in terms of security and privacyThe most important element when we are dealing with m-commerce is security issues and how we can make it safe for customers to feel comfortable when using mobile phones, so in order to attract as many customers we need to insure the quality of the security level provided .However, it’s absolutely crucial to insure the safety of all kind of m-commerce transaction special those that involve money transactions, therefore there are three main arias that this article will cover and elaborate.Technological Barriers to Mobile Commerce: Technical Limitations of mobile computingDescriptionLimitationSufficient bandwidth is necessary for widespread mobile computing, and must be inexpensiveUniversal standards are still under development. It may take three or more years for sufficient standards to be in placeBatteries with long life are needed for mobile computing. Color screen and Wi-Fi consume more electricity, but new chips and emerging battery technologies are solving some of the power-consumption problemsWeather and terrain, including tall buildings, can limit reception. GPS may be inaccurate in a city with tall buildings, limiting the use of location-based mobile commercePotential health damage from cellular radio frequency emission is not know yet. Known health hazards include cell phone addition, thumb-overuse syndrome, and accidents caused by people using cell phones while drivingScreens and keyboard are too small, making mobile devices uncomfortable and difficult for many people to useToo many optional add-ons (battery charges, external keyboard, headsets, microphone, cradles) are available. Storing and using the optional add-ons can be a problem Insufficient bandwidthSecurity standardsPower consumptionTransmission interferencesGPS accuracyPotential health hazardsHuman-computer interfaceComplexityEthical, Legal, and Health Issues in M-Commerce:The isolation that mobile devices can impose on a workforceField service employees dispatched remotely visit “the office” only briefly at the start and end of each day, if at allNot easy to separate work and personal life on a cell phone, unless one is willing to carry two phones Health damage from cellular radio frequency emissionsMonitoring staff movements based on GPS-enabled devices or vehicles ................
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