TEXTBOOK STUDY GUIDE FOR INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN …



TEXTBOOK STUDY GUIDE FOR INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BIOLOGY

for:

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, Michael D. Johnson, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 3rd Edition, 2006.

Intro Human Biology (HUB 102) Professor: James C. Marker, Ph.D.

|NATURE OF SCIENCE |

|Chapter 1 – Human Biology, Science, and Society – all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-3 (4, 5); |

|Try_It_Yourself: What 3 criteria does your author recommend be used to evaluate a scientific claim? |

|Cur_Iss: What are two major factors that the FDA tests for when a new drug is being developed? |

|Conpt_Rev:1,2,3,4; Match: all; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1; |

|Terms: criteria for defining biological life | |experimental research |

|sources of biological knowledge | |correlative research |

|nature of science | |descriptive research |

|scientific method | |basic research |

|hypothesis | |applied research |

|role of statistics | |scientific vs. anecdotal evidence |

| |

|CHEMISTRY OF LIFE |

|Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Living Things – all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-4; |

|Hlth_Watch: What are free radicals? How do antioxidants protect us against free radicals? |

|Dir_in_Sci: Protein folding is a process that is important to a protein having its proper shape. What is the consequence of a protein not |

|being folded into its appropriate shape? |

|Concpt_Rev:1-8; Match: all; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1-2; |

|Terms: atom (components) | |acid | |cellulose |

|molecule | |base | |amino acid |

|element | |pH | |protein |

|compound | |strength of an acid | |enzyme |

|isotope | |buffer | |lipid |

|ion | |organic | |fat |

|electrolyte | |inorganic | |lipoprotein |

|covalent bonds | |carbohydrate | |steroid |

|ionic bonds | |monosaccharide | |nucleotide |

|hydrogen bonds water | |disaccharide | |DNA |

| | |polymer | |RNA |

| | |polysaccharide | |ATP |

| | |glycogen | | |

|THE CELL & CELLULAR REPRODUCTION |

|Chapter 3 - Structure and Function of Cells – through section 3.6 (p. 65) |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2,(3),4 |

|Try_It_Yourself: What process is responsible for our fingers getting “wrinkly” when they are in water for a while? |

|Dir_in_Sci: Why was the development of tissue/cell cultures important to finding cure for Polio? |

|Concpt_Rev: 4,5,7; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 9,10; TF: 21-24; Ap_Know: 1 |

|Chapter 17 – Cell reproduction and Differentiation – pp. 389, 395-397, 400-405; |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: (1), 2, 3 |

|Concpt_Rev: 4,7,9; Match: none; Fil_Blnk: 7,8,10-12; TF: 13-15; |

|Terms: cell theory |fluid mosaic model |mitochondria | |osmosis |

|unicellular |plasma membrane |endoplasmic reticulum | |chromatin |

|multicellular |receptor sites |Golgi complex | |chromosome |

|prokaryotic |intercellular connection nucleus |filamentous structures | |chromotid |

|eukaryotic |nuclear envelope |selective permeability | |cell cycle |

|cell size |lysosomes |diffusion - passive, diffusion – | |interphase |

|cyto |vacuoles |facilitated | |mitosis - phases |

|cytoplasm | |active transport | |karyokinesis |

|cytoskeleton | |endocytosis | |cytokinesis |

| | |exocytosis | | |

|TISSUES, ORGANS and SYSTEMS & skINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM |

|Chapter 4 – From Cells to Organ Systems including Integumentary System – all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2-5 |

|Cur_Iss: What characteristics do stem cells have that make them useful to study disease? |

|Hlth_Watch: What specific types of cells are damaged by sunlight? |

|Hlth_Watch: How are skin proteins “damaged” by sunlight? |

|Concpt_Rev: 2,5-7; Match: 1,4-6; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1,2; |

|Terms: epithelial tissue |integument |melanocytes |

|connective tissue |epidermis |sebaceous glands |

|muscle tissue |dermis |sweat glands |

|nerve tissue |keratin |homeostasis |

|interstitial fluid |hair and nails | |

|tissue, organ, system | | |

|SKELETAL SYSTEM |

|Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System – all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1 -5 |

|Hlth_Watch: What three “treatments” are recommended for reducing bone loss associated with having osteoporosis? |

|Hlth_Watch: What is the order (first, last) of heat vs. cold application for treatment of a sprained joint? |

|Concpt_Rev: 1-3,5,8,10; Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 7-8; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2 |

|Terms: composition of bone (tissue) | |axial skeleton |

|Haversian systems | |appendicular skeleton |

|compact vs. spongy bone | |non-movable joints, e.g., sutures |

|red marrow | |synovial joints |

|osteo-cytes | |bursa |

|-blasts | |cartilage |

|-clasts | |ligament |

|pattern of bone growth | |sprain |

|growth(epiphyseal) plate | |arthritis |

| | |osteoporosis |

|MUSCULAR SYSTEM |

|Chapter 6 – The Muscular System – all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's:1-4 |

|Cur_Iss: Does research support the hypothesis that taking anabolic steroids enhances strength? |

|Cur_Iss: What is the main problem is determining with certainty the positive (or negative) effects of anabolic steroids? |

|Hlth_Watch: This piece suggests that delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused by damage to muscle. In lecture, it was pointed out that the |

|most likely cause of DOMS is damage to ________________________. |

|Concpt_Rev: 1-3,9; Match: 4-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-10; TF: all; Ap_Know: none; |

|Terms: characteristics of skeletal muscle |overall contractile process |voluntary |

|sarcomere |sliding filament theory |involuntary |

|sarcoplasm |the “calcium connection” |myogenic |

|sarcolemma |motor unit |multi-unit smooth muscle |

|sarcoplasmic reticulum |neuro-muscular strength |single-unit smooth muscle |

|T-tubules |neuromuscular junction |cardiac muscle |

|actin and myosin |fast twitch fiber |(refractory period) |

| |slow twitch fiber | |

|CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM |

|Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 138-145, 151,152 |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,3,4; |

|Hlth_Watch: How would you rank the risks associated with giving/donating blood compared to receiving blood (e.g., receiving a blood transfusion)? |

|Concpt_Rev: 1; Match: 1,2,4; Fil_Blnk: none; TF: none; Ap_Know: 1,2 |

|Terms: plasma | |anemia |

|formed elements | |hemophilia |

|red blood cell - erythrocyte | |leukemia |

|hemoglobin | |carbon monoxide poisoning |

|hematocrit | |arteriosclerosis |

|white blood cells | | |

|platelets | | |

|Chapter 8– Heart and Blood Vessels – all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; |

|Table 8.2: What is the number one risk factor for high blood pressure (hypertension)? |

|Concpt_Rev: 1,3-8; Match: 1-4; Label_Diag: 8-16; Fil_Blnk: 17,19,20; |

|Ap_Know: Question # 1 is misleading as blood pressure does increase with exercise, why do you think blood pressure would increase with exercise, |

|that is, what would cause it to increase? |

|Terms: heart anatomy |artery |cardiac output |

|heart valves |arteriole |EKG |

|heart sounds (lub dub, murmurs) |capillary |cardiac cycle |

|blood flow through heart |vein |SA and AV node |

|pulmonary circuit |varicose veins |arrhythmias |

|systemic circuit |lymphatic system |systolic blood pressure |

|coronary arteries |lymph vessels |diastolic blood pressure |

|angina |lymph nodes |hypertension |

|myocardial infarct | |stroke |

|IMMUNE SYSTEM |

|Chapter 9– The Immune System & Mechanisms of Defense: - pp. 180-204 |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; |

|Hlth_Watch: How does breast feeding contribute to infant’s ability to defend against disease? |

|Hlth_Watch: Why is it important to take ALL of the antibiotics given in your prescription in terms of bacterial resistance, i.e., what can happen if |

|you don’t? |

|Concpt_Rev: 2-10; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-10; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2 |

|Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 143-145, 145-147 |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 4; |

|Concpt_Rev: 3,4,6,7; Match: 3,4,6; Fil_Blnk: 9,10,12; TF: 13,14; |

|Terms: bacteria, (fungi), (protozoa) |lymphatic system |humoral mediated immunity |

|virus |lymphocytes (B & T) |B cells |

|parasites |antigen |plasma cells |

|antibiotics |antibody |cell mediated immunity |

|antibiotic (drug) resistance |active immunity |helper T cells |

|leukocytes |passive immunity |killer T cells |

|eosinophils |vaccination |ABO blood type |

|neutrophils |non-specific immune |Rh factor |

|monocytes |inflammation |allergies |

|macrophages |lymphokines, e.g. histamine |autoimmune disorders |

| | |AIDS |

|RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |

|Chapter 10 – The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases– 215-232 |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,(3) |

|Hlth_Watch: What is the name of the procedure used to force food out of a person’s respiratory passage when they are choking? |

|Dir_Sci: What is the advantage of administering a drug via the respiratory passages? |

|Concpt_Rev: 5-8; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 8,10,12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: none |

|Terms: trachea | |mechanics of breathing |

|bronchi | |regulation of ventilation |

|larynx | |carbon monoxide poisoning |

|alveoli | |lung volume vs. function |

|diaphragm | |asthma |

|ventilation (vs. respiration) | |emphysema |

|diffusion | |bronchitis |

|partial pressure of gasses | |pneumonia |

|NERVOUS SYSTEM |

|Chapter 11– The Nervous System: Integration and Control– pp. 236-252 |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: (1-3) |

|Hlth_Watch: In what ways to our (own) bodies contribute to spinal cord injury? |

|Concpt_Rev: 3,4; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 8-11; TF:13; |

|Terms: glial cells | |myelin (and speed of conduction) |

|neuron structure | |motor (efferent) |

|body | |sensory (afferent) |

|axon | |reflex |

|dendrite | |CNS (central nervous system) |

|nerve (vs. neuron) | |PNS (peripheral nervous system) |

|cranial nerves | |somatic nervous system |

|spinal nerves | |autonomic nervous system |

|action potential (aka conduction) | |sympathetic nervous system |

|synapse | |parasympathetic nervous system |

|neurotransmitter, e.g., acetylcholine | | |

|ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |

|Chapter 13– The Endocrine System: - pp. 290-3008 (know basic function of endocrine glands) |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2,3,(5) |

|Hlth_Watch: What is the main distinction (problem) between Type I and Type II diabetes? |

|Concpt_Rev: 2-5,8-10; Match: none; Fil_Blnk: 7-12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1,(2) |

|Terms: endocrine glands and/or tissue | |neurohormones |

|hormone | |hypothalamus |

|mechanism of hormone action | |pituitary (master) gland |

|secretion of hormone | |primary endocrine glands and roles |

|target tissue | |endocrine disorders and treatment |

|receptors | |diabetes |

|feedback loop (positive and negative) | |hormones-like substances, e.g., prostaglandins, nitric oxide (NO), |

|half life | |histamine |

|DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |

|Chapter 14– The Digestive System and Nutrition – all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,(3,4) |

|Dir_Sci: Why is it that antibiotics are an effective treatment for stomach ulcers? |

|Hlth_Watch: Low carb diets have come and gone over the last few years. What does research suggest about the short term and long term results of such |

|diets? |

|Concpt_Rev: 1,4-10 Match: 4,10; Fil_Blnk: 7,9-12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2 |

|Terms: digestive tract (general structure) | |bile | |carbohydrates - function |

|mouth - function | |digestive enzymes, e.g., protease | |fat - function |

|esophagus - function | |digestive hormones, e.g., secretin | |protein - function |

|stomach - function | |villi and microvilli | |vitamins - function |

|gastric juice | |regulation of digestion | |minerals - function |

|chyme | |disorders; e.g., ulcer, hepatitis | |water – function |

|small intestine -function | | | |trace elements |

|large intestine –function | |nutrients roles | |glycogen |

|gall bladder - function | |"essential" | |triglyceride |

|pancreas – function | |know your kcals! | |saturated fats |

|liver - functions | |basic kcaloric requirements (%) | |unsaturated fats |

| | | | |food pyramid |

| |

|INTRODUCTION to ENERGY |

|Chapter 3 – Structure & Function of Cells – section 3.7 (p 65-73) |

|Concpt_Rev: 9,10; Match: 6; Fil_Blnk: 11.12; TF: 13-14; Ap_Know: none |

|Terms: energy | |ATP producing pathways | |aerobic |

|work | |glycolysis | |anaerobic pathway |

|CHEMNL | |Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle | |lactic acid production |

|transformation of energy | |Electron transport chair | |lactic acid removal |

|biological cycle | | | | |

|Lecture - Human Energy Expenditure |

|Try_It_Yourslf: (p. 333) What is the BMI (Body Mass Index) of a person that weighs 128 lbs and is 5 ft. 3 in. tall? According to Figure 14.18, what is |

|their weight (health) status? |

|Terms: energy balance | |ideal body weight |

|daily energy expenditure | |body mass index |

|basal metabolic rate (BMR) | |% body fat |

|energy capacity of humans | |relative mortality |

|obesity | |weakness of weight indices |

|URINARY SYSTEM |

|Chapter 15– The Urinary System – all. |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,(2),3,(4,5) |

|Dir_Sci: It has been proposed that donating a kidney will result in health problems later in life. Is this idea supported by the most recent data |

|related to the long-term health of kidney donors? |

|Cur_Iss: How do the number of organs available compare to the number of organs needed over the last decade? |

|Table 15.3 (p 347): According to the table, how much glucose is filtered per day? How much is reabsorbed? Should there normally be glucose in urine?|

|Concpt_Rev: 1,2,7; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 9; TF: none; Ap_Know: 3 |

|Terms: anatomy of urinary system | |processes in urine formation |

|kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra | |diffusion, filtration, osmosis, active transport, permeability, |

|anatomy of kidney | |reabsorption, tubular secretion |

|cortex, medulla, nephron | |filtrate |

|anatomy of nephron | |control of urine volume - ADH hormone |

|glomerulus | |dialysis |

|Bowman's capsule | |urinalysis |

|special tubules | |other roles of kidney |

|role of blood vessels/circulation | |kidney stones |

| |

|HEREDITY |

| |

|Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: - pp. 397-399 |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 3,5 |

|Cur_Iss: What is the basic process involved in the cloning technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer? |

|Concpt_Rev: 1,5; Match: 3,4; Fil_Blnk: none; TF: 13,14; Ap_Know: none |

|Terms: chromosome | |gametes (sperm or egg ) |

|chromatid | |gonads (testis or ovary) |

|karyotype | |spermatogenesis [Ch 16; p. 364-366] |

|diploid | |oogenesis [Ch 16; p. 370-371] |

|haploid | |polar body |

|meiosis | |zygote |

|tetrads | | |

|crossover | | |

|HEREDITY (continued) |

|Chapter 19– Genetics and Inheritance: - all |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5 |

|Hlth_Watch: Cystic Fibrosis is the result of a recessive gene. What is the primary characteristic of this disorder as is relates to the lungs? |

|Cur_Iss: What is the role of genetic testing in determining disease? |

|Cur_Iss: What is the downside of genetic testing, i.e., potential harm that may be caused? |

|Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-12; TF: 13-15; Concpt_Rev: 1-10; Ap_Know: 1-2 |

|Terms: Mendelian principles |phenotypic ratio |seX-linked inheritance |

|gene |genotypic ratio |chromosome “inheritance” – deletion, duplication and |

|locus |Punnett Square |translocation |

|allele |autosomal |Klinefelter's syndrome |

|dominant |sex chromosome |Turner's syndrome |

|recessive |polygenic inheritance |Down's syndrome (trisomy) |

|homozygous |incomplete dominance | |

|heterozygous |codominance | |

|MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE |

|(protein synthesis) |

|Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: - pp. 393-395 |

|Concpt_Rev: 2,3,6,8,9,10; Match: 1,2,5,6; Fil_Blnk: 8; TF: none; Ap_Know: 2,3 |

|Terms: DNA – detailed structure |tRNA |mutagen |

|RNA – detailed structure |rRNA |mutations |

|semi conservative replication |mRNA |chromosomal |

|transcription |protein synthesis |genetic |

|translation |exon |germinal |

|codon |operon |somatic |

|anticodon |induction |genetic disease, e.g., PKU |

|MOLECULAR BIOLOGY |

|Chapter 20– DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering: - all (and lecture notes) |

|Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; |

|Dir_Sci: What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting, i.e., what do the restriction enzymes do, and how is it that they provide a “fingerprint”? |

|Cur_Iss: What are the major points related to genetically modified food? |

|Concpt_Rev: 5,7,8; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 11-20; TF: 6,9-12; Ap_Know: (1,2) |

|Terms: genetic engineering – applications | | |

|recombinant DNA technique | | |

|plasmids | | |

|ethical aspects of genetic engineering | | |

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