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IntroductionLife expectancy and leading causes of death:Joaquin Vu et al. National Vital Statistics Report 64, no. 2 (2016). of life information:US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Aging, “End of Life: Helping with Comfort and Care.” 1Illinois advance directives:Illinois Department of Public Health website. “Advance Directives.” care-regulation/nursing-homes/advance-directivesIllinois living will (document):Illinois Department of Health website living will and health care power of attorney (documents):Ohio Hospital Association with the living will:Angela Fagerlin and Carl E. Schneider. 2004. Enough: The Failure of the Living Will. Hastings Center Report 34, no. 2 (2004): 30–42. Clinic website, “Aging: What to expect” Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine website, “Aging changes in organs - tissue - cells” 2Cardiac arrest information for families:Mayo Clinic website, “Sudden cardiac arrest” resuscitation (CPR)American Heart Association website, “Cardiac Arrest vs Heart Attack” Maynard Campbell, a champion for people with disabilities:Sian Vasey. Sue Maynard Campbell. The Guardian. June 2008. 3Some facts on ALS:ALS website 4Older drivers:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, “Older Adult Drivers”“Do not resuscitate” (DNR) order:National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, “Do-not-resuscitate order”Updated by Laura J. Martin, MD, February 6, 2016. and statistics on disabilityCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website evaluationMahoney, F. I., and D. Barthel. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Maryland State Med Journal 14 (1965):56–61. Used with permission. 5Useful information on coma scales: website, “What is the Glasgow Coma Scale?” brain injury (TBI):Nucleus Medical Media, “Concussion/Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)”Published by (2012), International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI venous thrombosis:Mayo Clinic website, “Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)” 6The problem of delirium in intensive care unit patients:intensive care unit Delirium and Cognitive Impairment Study Group website of the brain injury known as a subdural hematoma:Harvard Medical School, Patient Education Center, “Subdural Hematoma” 7Multiorgan failure:Posted by ABD broadcast, Australia. “Multiple Organ Failure.” August 7, 2014. scoring:Breslow, M. J., and O. Badawi. Severity Scoring in the Critically Ill: Part 1—Interpretation and Accuracy of Outcome Prediction Scoring Systems. Chest 141, no. 1 (2012): 245-252, doi: 10.1378/chest.11-0330. calculator:QxMD website, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) 8Stroke information:National Stroke Association website, severity, and outcome:Ellis, Mary Ellen, and Erica Cirino. “Massive Stroke: Symptoms, Treatments, and Outlook.” 2016. Medically reviewed by Graham Rogers, MD, Healthline. 9Opioid abuse:Volkow, Nora D. “America’s Addiction to Opioids: Heroin and Prescription Drug Abuse.” National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH. 2014. thinking and the history of withdrawal of care:Luce, John, and Ann Alpers. Legal Aspects of Withholding and Withdrawing Life Support from Critically Ill Patients in the United States and Providing Palliative Care to Them. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162, no. 6(2000):2029–2032, doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.1-00 of ventilator, information for families:American Association of Critical Care Nurses website, “Ventilator Withdrawal Guidelines.” 10Cancer:American Cancer Society website palliative care in advanced cancers improves quality of life and extends life:Howie, Lynn, and Jeffrey Peppercorn. Early palliative care in cancer treatment: rationale, evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology 5, no. 6 (2013): 318–323, doi: 10.1177/1758834013500375 of life issues:Howard LeWine, MD, Chief Medical Editor. “As cancer death approaches, palliative care may improve quality of life.” Internet Publishing, Harvard Health Publications. Posted July 11, 2012. 11Autoimmune disease:Julie Roddick. “Autoimmune Disease.” Medically reviewed by Steven Kim, MD, Healthline. July 22, 2015. hypertension:Cleveland Clinic website, “What is pulmonary hypertension?” of life issues:PBS. Frontline. “Facing Death” . November 2010. 12Pulmonary fibrosis:National Institutes of Health, Health Topics, “Living with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.” Pierce. “The Outlook for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Prognosis and Life Expectancy.” Medically reviewed by George Krucik, MD, MBA. August 28, 2015 13There are many reliable sites for information on coma and vegetative state; check .Ariel Sharon biography: Editors. “Ariel Sharon Biography.” The website. A&E Television Networks. August 24, 2016. 14Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):COPD Foundation website COPD care:Weiss, Barry D. Hospice Eligibility for Patients with COPD. Elder Care. 2010. (Updated May 2015.) catheter and infections: frequently asked questions:, “FAQs about ‘Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection’” 15Robin Williams:Smith, Nigel M. Robin Williams’ widow: “It was not depression” that killed him. The Guardian. November 2015.’s disease:Alzheimer’s Association website 16Heart failure:Ashley, E. A., and J. Niebauer. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica. 2004. Chapter 7, “Heart Failure.” of heart failure:American Heart Association website, “Classes of Heart Failure.” failure and palliative care:Adler, Eric D., Judith Z. Goldfinger, Jill Kalman, Michelle E. Park, and Diane E. Meier. Palliative Care in the Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure. Circulation 120, no. 25 (2009):2597–2606. (Important article: Palliative care is not hospice. Palliative care prolongs life and improves symptoms)Chapter 17Cirrhosis:Jeffrey A Gunter, MD. “Cirrhosis Overview.” Reviewed 1/4/2016. calculator:. MELD Score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) (12 and older) of care for patients with end-stage liver disease:Cox-North, Paula, et al. The Transition to End-of-Life Care in End-Stage Liver Disease. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 15, no. 4(2013):209–215, doi: 10.1097/NJH.0b013e318289f4b0. 18Kidney facts, prevention, and other information:National Kidney Foundation website in renal failure calculator:. Estimated six-month mortality on dialysis (calculator). expectations:Benson, W. F., and N. Aldrich. Advance Care Planning: Ensuring Your Wishes Are Known and Honored If You Are Unable to Speak for Yourself. Critical Issue Brief. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. aging. ................
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