PROBLEM- ORIENTED POLICING

PROBLEMORIENTED POLICING

Herman Goldstein

University of Wisconsin-Madison

McGraw-Hill, Inc . New York St . Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan

Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

This book was set in Times Roman by the College Composition Unit in cooperation with Waldman Graphics, Inc . The editors were Phillip A . Butcher and Ira C . Roberts ; the production supervisor was Louise Karam . The cover was designed by Amy Becker . R . R . Donnelley & Sons Company was printer and binder .

This book is printed on acid-free paper . PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING

ISBN

15 DOC/DOC 098765432

9

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Goldstein Herman date) Problem oriented policing Herman Goldstein

p cm

Includes bibliographical references

ISBN

9

Criminal justice Administration of United States

Crime prevention United States Citizen participation

HV99 G

99

9 dc O

Police United States I Title

9

To the memory of GARY P HAYES

99 whose vision and drive encouraged the explorations on which this book is based

CONTENTS

PREFACE

xi

Introduction

Progress in Policing

DEVELOPMENT AND INFLUENCE OF THE PROFESSIONAL MODEL

THE FIRST CLUSTER OF RESEARCH : DOCUMENTING REALITY

NEW DEMANDS AN ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS AND THE

BEGINNING OF A QUEST FOR NEW DIRECTIONS

9

EMERGENCE OF A NEW COMMON WISDOM ON THE

POLICE

A SECOND CLUSTER OF RESEARCH : QUESTIONING THE VALUE OF STANDARD RESPONSES

A Critique of the Current State of the Field : Considerations Leading to Problem Oriented Policing

THE PREOCCUPATION WITH MANAGEMENT INTERNAL

PROCEDURES AND EFFICIENCY

THE PREDOMINANTLY REACTIVE POSTURE OF THE POLICE

THE NEED TO ENGAGE THE COMMUNITY

THE NEED TO MAKE FULLER USE OF RANK AND FILE POLICE OFFICERS

THE LIMITATIONS OF PIECEMEAL REFORM

9

The Resistance of the Police Subculture

9

The Lack of a Coherent Plan

vii

VIII CONTENTS

Problem Oriented Policing : The Basic Elements

GROUPING INCIDENTS AS PROBLEMS

FOCUSING ON SUBSTANTIVE PROBLEMS AS THE HEART OF POLICING

EFFECTIVENESS AS THE ULTIMATE GOAL

THE NEED FOR SYSTEMATIC INQUIRY

DISAGGREGATING AND ACCURATELY LABELING PROBLEMS

ANALYSIS OF THE MULTIPLE INTERESTS IN PROBLEMS CAPTURING AND CRITIQUING THE CURRENT RESPONSE AN UNINHIBITED SEARCH FOR A TAILOR MADE RESPONSE

ADOPTING A PROACTIVE STANCE STRENGTHENING THE DECISION MAKING PROCESSES

AND INCREASING ACCOUNTABILITY

EVALUATING RESULTS OF NEWLY IMPLEMENTED

RESPONSES

9

The Early Experiences

BRIEF SUMMARIES OF SOME EARLY EXPERIMENTS Madison Wisconsin Police in Collaboration with the University of Wisconsin

Baltimore County Maryland Police in

Collaboration with the Police Executive Research Forum

London Metropolitan Police

Newport News Virginia Police in Collaboration

with the Police Executive Research Forum PROBLEM ORIENTED COMPONENTS IN THE

COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING PROJECTS OF SEVERAL OTHER CITIES

Flint Michigan New York City

Los Angeles

Houston

9

Edmonton Alberta

9

COMMON THEMES IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS CONTINUING EXPERIMENTATION

Identifying Problems

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF PROBLEM ? WHO IDENTIFIES PROBLEMS?

The Community Police Management Rank and File Officers

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