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AP Review Packet
Know where to identify the following countries on a world map
1. Mexico
2. Dominican Republic
3. Haiti
4. Puerto Rico
5. Panama
6. Chile
7. Argentina
8. Brazil
9. Ireland
10. United Kingdom
11. Spain
12. France
13. Germany
14. Belgium
15. Netherlands
16. Italy
17. Poland
18. Czech Republic
19. Slovakia
20. Serbia
21. Albania
22. Greece
23. Cyprus
24. Turkey
25. Ukraine
26. Norway
27. Sweden
28. Russia
29. Israel
30. Saudi Arabia
31. Iraq
32. Iran
33. Sudan
34. Nigeria
35. Rwanda
36. Democratic Republic of the Congo
37. South Africa
38. Lesotho
39. Zimbabwe
40. India
41. Pakistan
42. Nepal
43. Indonesia
44. Philippines
45. Singapore
46. Taiwan
47. China
48. Hong Kong
49. South Korea
50. Japan
Regional Review Information Pages:
World 2-10
Anglo America 10-16
Latin America 16-17
Western Europe 18-19
Eastern Europe 19-21
Middle East 21-23
Sub-Saharan Africa 23-25
South Asia 25-26
East Asia 27-28
South East Asia 28-29
South Pacific 29
AP Human Geography Regional Review
Using your notes from all 7 units, we will create regional profiles for the 11 Developmental Regions. The point of this review is to review key vocabulary from each unit as well as apply it to different parts of the world. This will give you some definitional information as well as review its real world application by unit for FRQ examples.
World Statistics
Unit II: Population
➢ Population Cartogram
➢ World population Distribution
➢ Growth rate decreasing but adding more people due to high base population (demographic momentum: 100 people having 2 kids apiece creates less new people than 1000 people having 1 kid)
➢ World Wide Contraceptive Use
➢ Life Expectancies increasing due to medical care
o Women outlive men in most countries around the world
o Gap in Life Expectancies between men and women decreasing due to the lives of women becoming similar to men: working, home stresses.
➢ Net In Migration
➢ Net Out Migration
➢ Major Migration Pattern follows the Core-Periphery Model- Migration from LDCs to MDCs
➢ Migrate to areas closest to home country to avoid Distance Decay
➢ Migrate to areas where others from family, community, or country have gone-Chain Migration
➢ Infant Mortality Rates: MDCs 99.5% survive-US highest of developed due to low health care access for poor
o LDCs 94%-malnutrition, lack of medicines an immunizations or clean medical practices
Unit III: Culture
➢ MDCs have higher snack food and alcohol consumption because of additional disposable income and time
➢ Technology: TV and Internet have diffused pop culture quicker threatening Folk Culture because the rising incomes in LDCs means they begin to desire and purchase pop culture items that originally they were only creating in factories. Their traditional culture then begins to die and quickly the Western perspective diffuses
➢ Changes as a result of the spread of Pop Culture include: disappearance of folk clothing in exchange for Western dress and More equality and prostitution (Western Business men traveling to LDCs for business); Placelessness- homogenous look of cities, glorification of youth; increase in needs of scarce resources to ship and produce products such as energy consumption, extinction of animals, and pollution
➢ 3 Main Universalizing Religions
o Christianity: Most followers due to colonization
▪ Churches are sacred spaces, considerable wealth spent on construction and upkeep Catholic and Eastern Orthodox ostentatious, protestant more simple
o Islam
▪ Mosques are places for communal worship but not sacred spaces has Minaret or tower for the Muzzan to call people to prayer 5 times a day
o Buddhism
▪ Pagodas house the relics of Buddha (parts of his body or clothing) not for communal worship just individual remembrance and prayer of Buddha
➢ Can often tell predominant religion of the area today or in the past by Place names (example Islamabad, Pakistan means the House of Islam); burial sites (graveyards for Christianity, Judaism, and Islam-crematoriums for Hinduism and Buddhism)
➢ Sacred Sites are often more well preserved than other areas of a city because they produce tourism and importance
➢ Fundamentalism is growing worldwide because of the spread of popular culture/religion and secularism
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ Map shows ethnic homogeny/nation states which help keep a country united
➢ Cities often largest percentage of minority ethnic groups because of job opportunities they usually create Ethnic Enclaves
➢ Languages create the greatest fragmentation because of communication problems
➢ Most Political Dependencies today are Islands, isolated from the world, have small populations, and were remnants of previous empires
➢ Shapes or the Morphology of a state can effect unity
➢ 4 Types of boundaries: Physical, Antecedent, Subsequent/Consequent, and Superimposed
➢ Law of the Sea gives territory rights to 14 miles off the coast of a country and fishing rights to 200 miles (creates problems because all do not agree and there are sometimes not 200 miles between countries
➢ The following strengthen viability: Economic Development, Forward Capitals, Homogoneous Culture, and Physical Geography
➢ The following weaken viability: Ethnicity, Transportation Infrastructure, Physical Geography, Morphogy
➢ World trends towards federal forms of government
➢ United Nations is primarity a political supranationalist organization that protects countries from attack, maintaing peace. The US, UK, France, Russia, and China are the premanant decision countries of the security council-they can thwart the action of the others by vetoing decisions of the others
➢ NATO: US, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe as protection against former Soviet Union (which created its own Warsaw pact with Eastern Europe before its breakup and these nations becoming apar to NATO)
➢ Al-Qaeda’s political organization and distribution make it difficult to catch because it is beurocratically structures meaning no one person controls or knows everything, in addition there are sleeper cells all over the world which on a daily basis act as ordinary citizens until they are called to duty to perform an act of terrorism. There goal is to get the Western Influence out of the Middle East, to isolate and destory Israel, as well as take control of Saudi Arabia so that the 3 holiest Islamic cities (Jeruselem, Mecca, and Medina) are controlled by fundamentalist Muslims
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Hearths of Agriculture
➢ Agricultural practices most associated with environmental determinism: climate, vegetation affect what can grow; biotechnology and greenhouses are examples of possibilism
➢ Because of how extensive shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism are, these occupy the largest percentage of land even if few people depend upon this form of agriculture for sustenance
➢ The number of Dairy Farms is decreasing due to mechanization (not as labor intensive more capital intensive today) but because of this the ones left are much more productive. Small dairy farmers are often put out of business by these large Dairy ag biz (cannot compete with low price of their products) and switch to organic or specialty farming to still make a living
➢ Von-Thunen said that farmers chose where to plant their crops and what to grow based on cost of transportation and land. Products that spoil easy will locate close to market to avoid the entire shipment going bad before sale. Products that require a large amount of land locate far from the market where land is cheapest. farmer 1st ring dairy, 2nd ring lumber, 3rd ring fruits and vegis, 4th mixed crop, 5th lumber, 6th grain, 7th livestock ranching Today problems with the model because we have refrigerated trucks, green houses, and interstate highways to reduce transportation times; governments with zone land for certain uses despite the type of crop that would grow well there; sometimes culturally people just want to grow something or do not because of taboos; environment topography, soil quality etc stop things from being grown in certain rings
➢ MDCs are facing problems with overproduction because their population growth are low to negative meaning these farmers do not have new markets plus governments have created subsidies such as paying people to plant rest crops instead of farm, price floors that place a minimum market price, or buying up surplus goods to donate to foreign governments or feed food stamp programs. These were put in place to keep small farmers in business maintaining rural life because of the lower demand but have unexpectedly been going to large agribusinesses, encouraging them to overproduce – surplus purchased leading to high grocery costs because prices do not meet their equilibrium. This disproved Malthus because food supply is outgrowing population in these areas
➢ Commercial agriculture creates hidden costs upon local communities such as water contamination from the run-off of pesticides used on the crops causing health problems and sickness; soil degradation; Rural cultures are disappearing as Agribusiness put small farmers out of work who must move away in search of work; pending health risks of genetically altered foods; Air pollution from the increased energy consumption from petroleum based fertilizers and trucks that must travel long distances to deliver foods to market
➢ Sustainable Agriculture utilizing, sensitive land management (intertillage and few large pieces of equipment), Limited use of chemicals(only on the crops if at all) Integrate crops and livestock on one farm to take advantage of organic fertilizer and food for the livestock. Type of farming is growing.
➢ Urbanization in MDCs is eating up the best farmland because the soil needed to build buildings is also the best for farming
➢ All over many areas that were once suitable for farming are dealing with desertification because of the excessive over production of food that has already occurred there, exhausting the soil
➢ Subsistence Farmers in LDCs are facing problems of underproduction because of population growth. Like Malthus said, in many areas the population is outgrowing its food supply because of population growth. The first way to increase their food supply would be through land intensification switching to more intensive subsistence agriculture, double cropping etc. Other ways would be to become more capital intensive by increasing mechanized farm equipment. The problem with the second option is that in order to get the money to purchase the equipment, many farmers have to switch to cash crops to export to MDCs, increasing revenue. When they do this, they are no longer creating food for their own population so instead of that money going to equipment; it is going to purchasing food for their families instead. This is one reason many LDCs engage in drug crops which yield a very high profit.
➢ The Green Revolution of the late 20th century helped alleviate the stressing on food production especially in the LDCs. Miracle Wheat and Rice strains that were hardier and responded very well to fertilizers created bumper crops of food shifting much of the food production in LDCs to commercial farming
➢ With possibilism, people are identifying new food sources and biotechnology as well as making some foods taste better like soy products that were originally shied away from. to increase the health and hardiness of plants to offset problems of population growth. Many cereal grains are infused with additional proteins to increase their health benefits, although this is only beneficial for subsistence farmers if these seeds are fortified, since many do not purchase these more expensive prepackaged grains
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ United Nations uses the Human Developmental Index to measure development by looking at economic ( GDP per capita), Social (literacy, years in school ), and Demographic (life expectancy) indicators for example
➢ GDP usually PPP to adjust for inflation between countries
➢ GDP PPP in the World
o MDCs average 27,000
o LDCs average 4,000-increasing dramatically due to industrialization in places like Asia
➢ MDC businesses are more productive because of their access to machines
➢ Because of aging population, struggling to pay for public services…reduce benefits or raise taxes? Hurts development because of this money spent here rather than on money to stimulate economy
➢ Crude Death Rates are no longer a good indication of development because for LDCs, CDRs are lowering because of Medical Revolution, MDC death rates are often higher because of the number of elderly people
➢ Almost all MDCs lie above the 30* N latitude-North-South Split
➢ The Gender Related Development Index uses the same measures as HDI but adjusts the numbers to reflect gender differences, Norway is at the top and Sub-Saharan Africa is at the bottom
➢ Gender Empowerment Measure compares women to men who participate in economic and political decision making (top positions in business and government) Less women everywhere
➢ There are 2 main government policies towards development: Self Sufficiency or International Trade
o Self Sufficiency: Balanced Growth Approach spreads development through all sectors, meaning no large scale growth just moderate growth. To do this governments nationalize businesses (reducing or ending international corporations), reducing imports (creating protective tariffs or quotas making domestic products cheaper), in order to isolate local businesses from competition. However without the competition industries can become inefficient because they have no incentive to improve (they are the only option so people forced to buy them whether they are not the best in the world). It also leads to illegal black markets to get banned products (lowering tax revenue)
o International Trade related to Rostow’s Model of Development : International competition will encourage improvements in business and the resources of the LDCs can be used to fund development
1. Traditional Society: subsistence agriculture and spending money on military and religion (North Korea or Democratic Republic of the Congo)
2. Transitional Society: investing in infrastructure which is necessary to attract transnational corporations to invest and bring industry to an area (Parts of Sub-Saharan Africa)
3. Take Off: Industrialization and regional growth in one or two major industries. These often lead to political changes (Parts of South East Asia)
4. Drive to Maturity: These countries are diversifying and investing in multiple industries, limited their need for imports and investing in new technologies (China, India)
5. High Mass Consumption: Tertiary Sector and major consumers of world goods, stick to the creation of durable goods-cars etc. (United States)
❖ This model creates uneven world development associated with globalization. The LDCs are dependent on their markets in the MDCs-LDCs stay impoverished and MDCs grow richer. Many Transnational Corporations make more money than the entire country they operate out of, which means they have the authority to make these governments bend to their wishes. If citizens in these countries want better pay or benefits, the company can simply threaten to move their operations to another cheaper country, ensuring that these places keep wages, taxes, and rules minimal since the stimulation the company brings to the economy by offering jobs and products is better than nothing. Some of these companies even use their economic clout to pay LDC countries to dump their nuclear waste on their lands.
❖ Additional because of the current population trends in MDCs low-no-negative growth, LDC factories are starting to find that their markets are stagnating, reducing their income. Some companies have tried to open up markets in places like China where in the developed coast they work but for the most part people are still impoverished and cannot afford the products they are producing in these factories such as iPods and car parts.
❖ Still this method produces more growth than self sufficiency and has been beneficial to China and India
➢ The World Bank and International Monetary Fund help fund development projects in LDCs, however these organizations face issues when loaning money to extremely underdeveloped countries. Countries that are in stage one of Rostows often take this money which is meant for infrastructure or educational projects and spend it on their militaries to promote their civil or international conflicts. Sometimes it is swindled and stolen for personal use, thus they never develop and are unable to pay back the loans
➢ An alternative to these models is Fair Trade which promotes fair wages, unions, environmental and safety standards, and local investment by cutting out a middle man and connecting small LDC businesses with large companies in the MDCs such as World Market or Starbucks Coffee. This usually is more beneficial for the company who will charge more for these products. The small local businesses earn little more than they would working for traditional transnational corporations.
➢ Weber states that companies what to place their factories in the location that costs the least to transport, whether that be materials to the factories or finished products to the consumers
o Weber says that if an industry is Bulk-reducing (loses volume in the production process) the factory is likely to be closer to the heavy natural resources that go into the final product (Steel)
o If an industry is Bulk-gaining (gains volume in production) the factory will be located near their markets such as bottling factories (soda, milk) and building machinery out of steel. They will also be close to market if the product is perishable such as bakeries and newspapers which require daily delivery to be current and successful
o Lastly, companies will agglomerate with other like businesses such as Silicon Valley which has the corporate headquarters for many technology firms such as Apple, Google, IBM as well as suppliers of computer chips and computer parts. This area also has a large number of banks willing to invest their capital in these high tech ventures
❖ Cost of transportation is reduced because materials and many suppliers are in the same location
❖ Attracts more consumers-consumers can go to one location with many options
❖ Attracts higher skilled labor who are more likely to relocate to an area with multiple job opportunities
➢ Labor-intensive industries will locate in the lowest wage area because this is their highest production cost (i.e. textiles in LDCs)
➢ Energy-intensive industries will locate near inexpensive hydroelectric power such as the Aluminum industry because processing bauxite ore requires high levels of energy
➢ Outsourcing has benefited the world economy by creating the most well produced, cheapest product possible (in most cases () because you can build pieces of a final product in the most ideal location based on land, labor, and needs of capital.
o For example: The production of parts of a car may be made all over the world such as engines in China or the textiles of the seats in South East Asia, because of cheap labor/ Then the Car will be assembled in America because it is Bulk gaining and needs to be close to its large markets. In addition it requires more highly skilled workers to perform these tasks. which attracts foreign companies to build these factories in the US
o This has caused many places in the MDCs to experience unemployment as secondary sector jobs disappear, requiring these people to either return to school to be trained in a new tertiary position or take jobs in retail which are often lower paying and have less benefits than basic industrial jobs. However at the same time these areas have increased consumerism because they are flooded with cheaper products. Lastly people are regionally moving to where the basic jobs are still located like the South in the US.
o This has caused higher rates of employments in LDCs and increased migration to the areas where these industrial jobs are booming such as coastal areas of China and maquiladoras in Mexico. Negatively though pollution is making the tragedy of the commons a reality as these areas are destroying the environment for future development and creating health concerns. This has also increased energy consumption in these areas, driving up oil prices globally. Lastly, they are also becoming more westernized as they become more developed economically and can afford to begin purchasing these products, giving up traditional style of life
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Tertiary Businesses always want to be close to their markets for consumer (retail etc), Business (banking, law, insurance) or Public (government, public education, military) services.
➢ Central Place Theory by Christaller: explains how settlements are created in a regular pattern from smallest to largest with the furthest distance occurring between the largest settlements. He used interlocking hexagons to create this patter. Each hexagon denotes a hinterland or market area for certain products. The smallest, hamlets, will usually have businesses that have a short range and low threshold meaning people are not willing to drive long distances for these items and there are not enough people of the right type in terms of culture, income, or shear number to have a wide variety of services. These areas have things like grocery stores, gas stations, and small restaurants. (fast food). Sometimes, to bring these higher threshold services to these areas, places will have periodic markets like farmers markets once a week or so. These hexagons get progressively bigger to villages, towns, to cities. Cities are the largest and have a wide variety of services with high thresholds and long ranges like specialty cultural grocery stores, luxury retail outlets, professional sports arenas because of their large heterogeneous population. Today technology is making the distance between these large cities shorter (high speed rail etc), so many cities are beginning to become specialized and dependent upon other cities.
➢ Ranks-Size Rule: Is the rule for city population where the second largest settlement is ½ the size of the largest, the 3rd largest is 1/3 the larges, 4th largest is ¼ the largest and so on. It is not exact but very close. This shows that the society is wealthy and is able to spread its goods and services through the country. This pattern is only found in MDCs.
➢ Primate City Rule: Is the rule where the largest city is more than twice the size of the second largest city. MDCs that have Primate Cities will show the Rank-size rule in their lower settlements were the 3rd largest settlement is ½ the size of the second largest, 4th largest settlement is 1/3 the second largest, and so on. LDCs mostly have these large primate cities without Rank Size in their lower settlements. This means that they cannot provide adequate services to all people and many have to travel from far distances to get necessities like hospitals. This can hurt development and act as a centrifugal force because it encourages Brain Drain of intelligent people from around the country to go to these cities instead of staying in local areas, creates regional development and squatter settlements because people move to these areas for resources and jobs but they are not equipped for the influx of people. However at the same time they become a symbol for the country and culturally unite the people and also, since it is the center for commerce and activity it does mean people will continue to travel to these areas rather than staying in their own communities.
➢ World Cities have an unusual high number of business services because they are the corporate headquarters for many companies and therefore banking, insurance, law, stock exchanges, advertizing etc cluster there to provide these board members with necessary face to face services. Wealth of world cities also means an abundance of consumer services
o Historically political leaders were also religious leaders in these world cities such as in Egypt. Some historic world cities were Athens for democracy, Rome for western culture, then countries in Asia such as India and China until the Industrial Revolution shifted this wealth and commerce back to Europe. They were also near waterways until the invention of the train.
o The Most significant World Cities are NY, Tokyo, and London
➢ Command and Control Centers act as regional headquarters in areas that are not quite large enough to be a world city such as Atlanta in the Southern United States
➢ Specialized Producer Service Centers are cities that specialize in the research, development, and management of a particular industry like Detroit for the Auto industry
➢ Dependent Centers are cities that have much unskilled labor and depend upon the other cities to get all necessary services such as Florida Resort Retirement and Residential Centers
➢ Clustered Rural Settlements form around a river/transportation rout for ease of transportation in a linear pattern or in a circular pattern like the Kraal of Africa to protect a central animal herd.
➢ Dispersed Rural settlements are the most frequent and developed especially in North America when settlers moved into the West without extended family because of the crowding in the East and did not want to live clustered with strangers
➢ Non Basic Industries like consumer services do not create large scale growth like Megastores which will put local small stores out of business, only provide low skill low benefit jobs, homogenize the cultural landscape, create traffic, and since the owners are from out of town they do not have a stake in the local community-but do provide cheap products for local consumers
➢ Basic Industries like Factories or Research Technology firms, are large scale and provide additional growth to a community because new people migrate to the area, providing higher skilled, higher paying/benefit jobs which cause spin off industries for their necessary raw materials, and large consumer growth of non basic industries because of the larger community needing these items
➢ Off-Shore financial services help the global market with lowering production costs because companies hide assets from taxes in these accounts. Usually small island nations of the Caribbean, Pacific, or Indian Oceans
➢ CBDs have problems with water runoff since the concrete is not porous enough to absorb water in heavy rains, however it is attractive to businesses because it is often the central location of the urban area providing easy access from all parts of the urban area. In addition, according to the Bid Rent Theory since this is such a desired location, land is expensive and limited so people build high buildings (intensive land use) on small pieces of land and chose to rent rather than buy since purchasing large pieces of land would be too expensive
➢ Cities can be defined as follows:
o Micropolitan Statistical Area: central city and surrounding areas from 10-50,000 people.
o CBD: smallest in land area but can be larger in population than a micropolitan statistical area.
o Urban Area: includes the central city and its suburbs (next largest) at 1000 per sq mile
o Metropolitan Statistical Area: Urban area over 50,000, the county it lies in and any surrounding counties where a high % utilize the central city for work or services
o Megalopolis: overlapping MSAs
➢ MDCs are almost fully urbanized with 75 +% of the population living in cities indicative of their development level
➢ LDCs have many of the highest populated cities but still in most areas less than 50 % of the overall population actually live in urban areas. Many people are moving into these large Primate Cities but job opportunities are diminishing with this large competition.
Anglo-America
Example Countries: United States, Canada
Unit II: Population
➢ Population clustered in North Eastern US and South Eastern Canada
➢ Most people live in cities
➢ United States highest Infant Mortality Rates compared to Canada and Western Europe due to poor health services for poor (usually minorities)
➢ Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Low Growth: nearly Zero Population Growth but Immigration
o Women enter the labor force, delaying marriage and kids
o Women become increasingly educated about contraceptives
o Increasing Economic Development means more adult activities (bars, travel, etc), leading to postponing and deciding to not have children
o Pronatalist Policies: policies that encourage childbirth due to low growth
▪ Extended paid maternity leave,
▪ Tax credits for children
▪ Flexible hours at work for parents
▪ Free or heavily subsidized daycare
➢ Historic Forced Migration:
o Trail of Tears
o Atlantic Slave Trade
➢ Environmental Migration Patterns:
o Hurricane Katrina
o Dust Bowl
➢ Most Immigrants are Young adult males between 25 and 40
➢ More women and children are coming due to increased status of women in Latin America
➢ Historic Waves of Migration:
o 1st: Colonial Africans and British
o 1840’s: German, Irish, British: Pulls: cheap farmland, industrialization in US, Pushes: overpopulation in European cities, property rights in Germany, famine in Ireland
o 1880’s: Scandanavian to Great Plains for cheap farmland
o 1900: Eastern Europeans: Italians, Polish- unwelcome because Catholic, different languages and skin colors, US becoming overcrowded not (WASPS-White Anglo-Saxon Protestants)
o 1950s-present: Asia and Latin America: Pulls: Economic Opportunities, political freedom- Push: poverty, and communist movements in China, Vietnam, Cambodia
➢ Most immigration to California, Florida, Texas, Arizona, Illinois due to proximity (distance decay/friction of distance) and Chain Migration
➢ Quota Acts of the 20’s began limiting European Migration
➢ Hemispheric Quotas today (290,000 total between 2): preference given to family members, skilled employees causing Brain Drain in other countries,
➢ Refugees, spouses, and children of citizens are immune from immigration laws
➢ Interregional Migration Patterns
o Effected population center moved west and south from DC to Missouri
o Westward Expansion: cheap free land from Land Ordinance of 1785, railroads and canals help connect east to west
o Rust Belt to Sun Belt: Push of North-Deindustrialization in steel, manufacturing, and automotives-outsourced and unionization makes production expensive, aging and growing retirement population want warmer weather; Pull of South- Manufacturing jobs moved South for less unions making production costs lower, lower wages and taxes-people followed. Temperate climate brought retirees
o Rural to Urban Migration
▪ Push: Mechanization led to decrease in primary sector positions in rural areas
▪ Pulls: Service sector especially High Tech Jobs (Silicon Valley, California); Young Urban Professionals (Yupies) want social, cultural activities of the city-stay because of this emotional bond
➢ Intraregional Migration Patterns
o Cities to Suburbs beginning in the 1950s
▪ Pulls especially for Young Couples: Private homes, yards, space for cars, schools, Friction of Distance not as big of a problem due to public transportation, Interstate Highway Act, and Telecommuting Growth of jobs here due to population growth
Unit III: Culture
➢ Examples of Folk Culture: Gullah of the Barrier Islands of South Carolina and Georgia; Amish who have become more open to pop culture such as introducing come modern technology including electricity, phones, and mechanized farming equipment. Some less traditional even travel to Box Stores like Walmart to do shopping (horse and buggy parking) Isolation ended with the selling of their crafts at periodic markets
➢ Hearth of Popular Culture: historically began during WWII when they began broadcasting American entertainment abroad for soldiers making English the dominant language of mass cultures
➢ Folk Cultures can turn Pop: Halloween
➢ US Folk Housing:
o Salt-box in New England
➢ US Pop Housing
o Ranch style found in South because South less populated so it could withstand single story home, single story better in hurricane prone areas, in 50’s -70’s North deindustrializing and people moved to Sun Belt when this style popular, leads to higher rate of Urban Sprawl
o Double Pile style found in North because higher population meant building up instead of out, weather issues fewer no problem with second floor and basement
o Neo-eclectic: Great Room-open floor plan
➢ Jeans are a symbol for youth, independence, and status worldwide,
➢ Little alcohol consumption in Utah because of the Mormon background against drinking
➢ Indo-European Language Family
o Romance and Germanic
o English is the most widely spoken language, currently, because of the dominance of the United States in pop culture and business, so more people learn the language for trade (#1 Lingua Franca today) and in music etc.
➢ Native Americans are trying to protect their native languages from disappearing to the dominant English language by Elders teaching certified Native American Teachers to teach the language in schools before the elders are gone and the languages disappear as well as well as Social Networking sites and newspapers printed in the language
➢ Hispanic Americans are trying to maintain Spanish despite Distance Decay through communication technology such as cable networks, radio stations, social networking sites
➢ Best regular church attendance in developed world
➢ United States predominantly Protestant
o Baptists in South because it didn’t require specific education to become a minister so many started their own churches spread quickly, masters passed to slaves who mostly stayed in South after freedom; lastly few immigrants moved into the South in 19th century because it was an agricultural society
▪ South has seen a growth in Megachurches, has the best regular church attendance and strong Christian cultural landscape
o Mormons clustered in Utah parts of surrounding states because Brigham Young moved this group to West to search for religion freedom they did not receive in the Puritan NE during colonial times, lastly few immigrants moved into Utah in 19th century because it was an agricultural society
o Lutherans clustered in Dakotas, Minnesota, due to Germans who moved here for free/cheap land in the 19th century chain migration meant more families followed afterwards; lastly few immigrants moved into the Dakotas in 19th century because it was an agricultural society
o Catholics, though a weak majority, are clustered in NEast, Mid West, and South West, NE and Mid west because immigrants from Ireland, Italy, and E Europe moved to these areas for industrial jobs, South West and South Florida because of immigration from Latin America to combat distance decay-strong catholic murals found in this area
➢ Canada predominantly Catholic
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ 4 Main minority Ethnic Groups in the United States
o Hispanic Americans located in South West and South Florida (Latin American Immigration to escape political persecution in Cuba, or economic opportunities, and stay close distance decay)
o Asian Americans on the West Coast (California) due to immigration in the 19th century for railroad jobs, gold, in the 20th century for political persecution from communist dictators in SE Asia, and Tech jobs –Indian migration
o Native Americans dispersed throughout west on reservations because of forced migration by US government along the Trail of Tears, etc as Americans pushed West during Manifest Destiny (belief that the United States had the God given right to colonize the US from the East to the West coasts)
o African Americans clustered in the South and North Eastern Cities because former slaves usually stayed in South as Sharecroppers after given their freedom, during the early 20th century there was a Great Migration as African Americans moved into NE cities for jobs because sharecropping jobs diminished with mechanization of farming, industrialization in the cities, and many jobs were open as Americans were involved in WWI and WWII; has lead to African American “ghettos” as White Flight began when these African Americans moved into neighborhoods racism left many European Americans to move out to Suburbs for homogenous living
➢ Puerto Rico is a dependency (Commonwealth) of the United States and is the largest surviving colony. It is completely independent internally some want to be independent others want to be the 51 state
➢ Rio Grande shows the problems with water boundaries because they can change course overtime changing boundaries and bringing into question where one country begins and the other ends
➢ The boundary between US and Canada is an Antecedent Boundary because it was created before the area was populated thus the straight line
➢ United States is a great example of how Economic Stability helps a country function without great problems (strengthening viability): It is multi-ethnic and multi-national but overall stable because the decent economy creates jobs that support wellbeing, confidence in leadership, and loyalty-creating unity; masking ethnic divisions and creating a national identity despite differences (down turn shows political divisions and discussions of illegal immigration)
➢ United States uses a Federal system of government because it is large and multiethnic requiring state governments to deal with the unique issues that arise from their distinct culture or environmental issues
➢ Despite it being illegal, Gerrymandering still occurs in the US (shown by oddly shaped electoral districts) in order to give one political party an advantage. Texas recently attempted to do this in order to isolate the minority Hispanic vote in the South West and city areas, giving Republicans more of an advantage but the courts found the line drawing improper and required them to redraw them to represent the electorate better
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Southern US around Mississippi hearth of agriculture
➢ NE US and SE Canada Dairy farming found in the Milkshed (ring surrounding largest Urban areas of the MDCs): there to avoid spoilage. Wisconsin Great Lakes region known for dairy byproducts because less susceptible for spoilage is transfer to large markets
➢ The southern United States (except coast) through the Mid West has Mixed Crop and livestock farming. The Corn Belt is located from Ohio to Iowa and is responsible for most of the corn grown in this country for oil, ethanol, and food. Poultry farming is mostly located in the Southern US to utilize cheap labor. Most are a part of large agribusinesses to meet the growing poultry demand from the population increases and the understanding of its health benefits
➢ Grain farming clustered in the Mid-West because it is easy to store and ship without spoilage; This is the world’s breadbasket because it ships more grain worldwide than any other country. 2 types: Winter Wheat in Kansas, Oklahoma; Spring Wheat in Dakotas –agribusinesses own farms in both areas to increase production and share equipment/labor since harvesting and planting are at different times
➢ West-Livestock Ranching because of the poor soil for farming (semiarid) –Fixed location Ranching today because of sedentary farming and cities (helped by invention of Barbwire keeping Rancher’s herd off other’s land)
➢ Mediterranean agriculture is located in California (grapes, oranges, olives) because of similar climate to the Mediterranean; often requires irrigation which is eating up the SW low water supply
➢ East Coast: Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming-long growing season of south and close to NE market called Truck Farming (in the Winter required to get these fruits from Chile, Ecuador, Panama, and Costa Rica from plantations); turned to Specialty farming in NE (high-end fruits and vegis) since dairy farming is not profitable for small farms.- Today it is mechanized and uses migrant labor
➢ 3 reasons why Organic Farming is growing in the US: Increased Demand because the media has broadcast the concerns regarding franken foods; treatment of animals, and the fact households are smaller and therefore families have more disposable income for these products/2. Farmers and consumers feel responsible for maintaining the environment for future generations so they switch to organics because they protect the land/3 small farmers cannot compete with low agribusiness prices so when they are put out of business they often switch to specialty foods like organics because they can charge more for these products, making a profit, because people are willing to pay for the higher quality
➢ As Breadbasket is leading food exporter
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ HDI: 4th in the world, top in GDP and literacy rates but education and life expectancy bring it down since many low income families do not get the health care needed
➢ Potential for Economic Development based on Demographic Transition:
o Older better education workforce
o Utilizing all their resources with women working
o Less kids means more disposable income for the economy
o Higher Paying Jobs due to education level
➢ Negatives for Economic Development based on Demographic Transition
o “Graying” or large Old-age dependency ratio means potential future job shortages (retirement)
o Large amount of money spent on Social Security and Health benefits
➢ Development enhanced by homogenous culture (90% English speaking Christians-low discrimination of minorities except Quebecois in Canada who speak French and many want independence (Quebec Canada) and some intolerance/ethnocentrism of ethnic minorities
➢ Major Industries: Steel, automobiles, financial services, high tech jobs, entertainment, and recreational services –media/sports
➢ Steel and Ethanol are great examples of Bulk-Reducing industries. Ethanol plants are located mostly in the Corn Belt to benefit from being close to its bulky raw material for Ethanol gasoline (corn). Steel is clustered in the Pittsburgh region near its raw materials of Coal and Iron Ore. These factories have shifted throughout the years as iron was used more and found out west and many factories are now located on the coastal areas of the country because these materials were being brought over from overseas and they were recycling scrap metal to be turned back into raw steel
➢ 6 Industrial Regions: New England, Middle Atlantic, Mohawk Valley, Pittsburgh-Lake Erie, Western Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Valley (North East is the Manufacturing Belt because of waterways for transportation, lots of raw materials, and the land was not good for large scale farming-named Rust Belt as factories moved Southward and Overseas from this area)
o New England: mostly high skilled, expensive union labor today for high skilled manufacturing
o Middle Atlantic: (NY-Wash) lots of ports for exportation of heavy industries
o Mohawk Valley: Electricity from Niagara Falls, steel and food processing
o Pittsburgh-Lake Erie: steel from coal and iron in Appalachian mountains
o Western Great Lakes: Chicago, Ohio, Michigan- Hub of transportation because at the center and had water traffic from Great Lakes, Hub of Air and rail travel cross country, Auto Industry
o St. Lawrence Valley: Toronto, Ontario- large population cluster and shares Niagara Falls
➢ Factories are moving from the Core to the Periphery
o Intraregionally from Cities to Suburbs for more efficient 1 floor factories in these areas with more space, cheap land, and trucks for transportation
o Interregionally from Rust-Belt to Sun-Belt (Gulf for oil refinery, LA for textiles due to cheap migrant labor)
▪ Governments have pumped money for infrastructure and energy in the South to recover from Civil War
▪ Right to Work Laws (do not have to join a union to be employed) reduce prevalence of unions reducing wages and benefits the employer must pay
▪ Cheaper taxes and land
Unit VII: Cities
➢ United States follows the Rank-Size Rule with NY the largest city, LA being approximately half its size and Chicago being almost a third its size
➢ One reason NY is a World City is because it is the center of the United Nations. Other US world cities are LA, Chicago, and D.C.
➢ Back Office Jobs (Call center-Telemarketing, Tech help) were first moved from the CBD to the South to take advantage of cheap land, labor, buildings, right to work laws, and taxes. Since the economy had reindustrialized in this area, there were many of people out of work from textile factories willing to take these jobs. However these did not spur development like basic industries. There was no spin-off development because it did not provide the economy with any goods and required non in order to be created. All you need is a phone, computer, and internet. It was low skill so the wages and benefits were low, little potential to earn more money, and therefore people had little additional disposable income to add to the economy. Lastly they are a footloose industry. Since they require no materials and do not need to be near markets, they go wherever production is the cheapest so they picked up and went to India.
➢ US is experiencing a large amount of urban sprawl (suburbanization) which is causing the growth of Edge Cities – clusters of business serves in the suburbs. This has also increased problems in the inner city, with amenities in the suburbs, these areas no longer want to be incorporated with the central city, meaning the central cities tax base has lowered (mostly funded by lower income families) this causes the destruction of public services such as police and public education leading to rising crime and unemployment as areas become overpopulated
o People began moving to the suburbs in the 1950s when 1) transportation to these areas became easier with the Interstate Highway Act (freeways) and the affordability of cars increasing, 2) the GI Bill made home loans more accessible and they made their money go far by purchasing the cheaper larger land outside the city in addition the homes were cheaper as parts were being prefabricated in factories, 3) They liked the idea of private yards, less congestion, low pollution and a Ranch Style home, 4) With the Baby Boom these nuclear families wanted to be in neighborhoods with families like themselves (white flight) with good schools and Pop culture idealized this lifestyle with shows like Leave It To Beaver.
o Besides the problems in the cities suburbs also increase urban sprawl with large homes and yards however to preserve farmlands many areas today are starting to build up in suburbs reducing the density differences between the Central City and suburbs. The large amount of driving also increasing pollution and energy consumption. The government zoning in the Suburbs also meant that low income often minorities in the suburbs were segregated from the affluent since low income apartments could not be built inside neighborhoods of single family homes. Many areas are not busing students to farther schools in order to integrate these areas more.
➢ Housing in many parts of the inner-city have been deteriorating because of high income families moving to suburbs and turning their homes into multi-family lower income apartments. In addition these new landlords often couldn’t afford the upkeep as things became more and more expensive, allowing the properties to deteriorate. Since many of these new families were minorities, banks often took on illegal racist policies like Redlining and refused to loan money to the families and they just continued to fall apart. Today many areas are going to revitalization projects where governments are granting money to relocate these families and develop these economic enterprise zones near the CBD. They are doing this because: 1) they need new land for research centers in the tertiary sector, whose high skilled labor likes being near the amenities of the city in these areas, 2) government wants to green the city building parks, museums, and consumer services, 3) the renovated homes didn’t end up going to low income families again because they were often too expensive now so young urban professionals without children moved in to take advantage of larger city homes, close to work and city amenities like restaurants, bars, music since they do not care about the quality of schools, 4) they are nostalgic about the glory of the city before and wanted to revitalize the theaters, and historic architecture because of community pride for diversity.
➢ Metropolitan statistical areas in the US:
➢ Megalopolis: Most famous Boswash Corridor
➢ Models of Urban Structures in the US:
o Concentric Zone-Burgess Model
▪ Best used for patterns of renting to owning associated with the Bid Rent Theory
o Hoyt’s Sector Model
▪ Best for seeing patterns of low income high income neighborhoods
▪ Can see this with many female headed households-low income neighborhoods near other single mothers, cycle of female poverty, and close to low skilled industrial jobs and transportation routes to move children from school to work to activities/ increasing female headed households due to divorce, higher life expectancies, and women in the workforce affording these homes
o Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
▪ Concentrations of ethnic enclaves
Latin America
Example Countries: Mexico, Brazil, Argentina
Unit II: Population
➢ Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition-Moderate Growth
o There has been an increase in urbanization (more children become a liability in cramped cities)
o Less people were farming so they did not need children to work the land
o The better/advanced medical practices are available in this area decreasing IMR and increasing LE making more children unnecessary
Unit III: Culture
➢ Indo-European Language Family
o Romance and Germanic
o Often created creoles such as Haitian Creole which is a mix of French, indigenous, African and Spanish
➢ Predominantly Catholic
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ Chile is an elongated state which could hurt internal communication because of the extreme separation from the capital or center. Makes it necessary to maintain good communication networks such as roads, rail, telephones, and internet
➢ Andes provide a natural sparsely population physical border between Argentina and Chile (few disputes)
➢ Brasilia, Brazil is an example of how forward capitals strengthen viability: it was moved from the colonial capital of Rio de Janeiro on the Coast to a more central interior area. It was built in the 50’s and allowed Brazil to create a national identity away from the Portuguese colonial power, shifted the population to the center and helped develop the interior of the country because the capital is the center for government and economy
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Andes, Amazon, and Mexico (Mesoamerica) hearths of agriculture
➢ The Amazon of South America currently engages in Shifting Cultivation (uses slash and burn also called swidden or milpa): is the best for environmentally sustaining the rainforest because it slashes/burns and utilizes a portion of the forest for multiple crops then allows over 20 years for that part to grow back. Because this can only support a small population, as populations rise, this agriculture is being replaced by commercial forms of agriculture (herding cattle/logging) to sustain larger populations destroying the rainforest environment for future use
➢ Much of Central America utilizes Plantation Agriculture, commercial agriculture in LDCs where often large American or European companies specialize in one cash crop like tropical fruits
➢ The Pampas of Argentina are known for their livestock ranching which exports more beef than America because of the lower demand of their own country
➢ Chile: Mediterranean Agriculture
➢ The Green Revolution improved food production in this area considerable, especially Mexico. This food stability helps allow for other types of industrial development and therefore economic development
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Most speak Spanish or Portuguese and are Roman Catholic. But there are many mixes of cultures from Spanish, Portuguese, Indigenous, and African
➢ More Urban than other LDCs-most developed REGION of the LDCs but large Rich/Poor gap
➢ Maquiladora plants are United States factories with are located within Mexico right near in US border that utilize raw material from the United States and sell their products in the US but benefit from cheap Mexican labor. These factories are great for Mexicans since they provide decent pay and benefits that are not found in other plants. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) helped spur these plants since it reduced the trade restrictions between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
➢ Latin America, since it is more developed than East Asia, has higher paid employees, which many of their operations have also gone to China; However in many cased Latin America is at a site advantage because of its closer proximity to the US and European markets
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Major World Cities include Sao Paulo, Brazil
➢ Latin American City Model
o Similar in terms of wealthy to poor housing as European model because of historic connection
o Outside are squatter settlements like most LDC Primate Cities which formed because of housing shortages. As farming became more mechanized during the Green Revolution, less people were required to farm to produce enough food, these people moved to cities in search of work. In addition these areas are experiencing moderate to high growth rates so cities were just not prepared for the high influx of people leaving them without housing for these migrants. So these migrants just built temporary homes on the outside of the city out of whatever materials they could find, garbage, scrap metal, cloth and began looking for labor in the city such as servants, construction etc. These settlements create problems because as jobs become scarce many turn to illegal drugs and crime, meaning the city must pump money into increasing police and public services in these areas. Also since these areas often do not have plumbing, diseases such as malaria, influenza, or cholera can become rampant without adequate water, leading governments again to pump money into these rising health concerns. Lastly since these building materials are only temporary they can be very susceptible to natural disasters, landslides, storms, earthquakes, tsunamis leading to devastating casualties.
Western Europe
Example Countries: Britain, France
Unit II: Population
➢ 1/9 worlds population
➢ Most people live in cities
➢ Highest population cluster in North Western Europe (southern England, N France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands)
➢ Total Fertility Rate less than 2
➢ Highest average Life Expectancies mid to late 70s (some 80s)
➢ Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition
o Pronatalist Policies:
➢ Guest Worker Programs to fill population voids of low skilled employees:
o Large movement from Maghreb region of Algeria to France- children of these born in France and grow up in France are still not French citizens
Unit III: Culture
➢ Indo-European Language Family
o Includes Romance and Germanic
o English is the most widely spoken language in the world, historically, due to British colonization
➢ Bosque language in Spain is an isolate (Small ethnic group in Northern Spain isolated by the Pyrenees mts) Language is not an Indo-European Language such as Spain. The group would like to be independent because they are a distinct Ethnic group from the dominant Spanish culture. Often commit acts of terrorism in rebellion
➢ UK, Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands (50-50 Catholic/Protestant), Denmark: Protestant
➢ Ireland, France, Spain, Italy Catholic
➢ Least regular church attendance in developed world
➢ Tensions in Northern Ireland because 55% Protestant, 45% Catholic
o Catholics want Northern Ireland to be united with the Republic Ireland to the South which is also Catholic but because of the small Protestant majority they are still apart of the Protestant UK. Catholics were traditionally discriminated against and the Irish Republican Army began violently attacking Protestants who then retaliated with terrorist attacks of their own against Catholics.
o Today there is peace but they still have many segregated neighborhoods and schools. The neighborhoods are separated by “peace walls” and are decorated with murals that represent the predominant religion of that area
o Is an example of Irredentism because The Republic of Ireland would like to Annex Northern Ireland because of this similar culture and history
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ Has a large number of Nation-States such as France and Italy
➢ Example of a Multi-Ethnic State: Belgium split between Dutch speaking Flemish and French Speaking Walloons who both contribute to create the Belgium nationality (Uses a Federal government so each group has say within the government)
➢ Boundary between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland is a Consequent Boundary based on religion- Majority Protestant-Northern Ireland, Catholic Republic of Ireland
➢ Much of Western Europe (Example France) using a Unitary system of government because it is a nation-state and therefore most people agree on the way the country should be run so a simple central government is adequate
➢ European Union is the leading power in the world (center in Germany) economic union with many sharing a strong Euro currency, no trade barriers, and pumping money into the underdeveloped European members, some political representation also.
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Middle part of the continent utilizes Mixed Crop and Livestock farming
➢ Northwest part of continent has clustering of Dairy Farms
➢ Southern Italy, Spain, S France Mediterranean
➢ Commercial gardening and Fruit farming are near NW European markets in places like the Netherlands
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Norway has the highest HDI
➢ Switzerland has become highly developed despite few resources due to its banking industry, in addition, the mountains have enabled Switzerland to stay isolated from European conflicts in the past, benefiting monetarily from each side through their financial institutions
➢ Industrialization and Modern Development began in England in the 1750’s with the Industrial Revolution which caused Europe and then the United States to enter stage 2 of the Demographic Transition because food supplies skyrocketed, and therefore births and lowering IMRs because of the health of mothers and babies, and additionally new medicines began increasing life expectancies. IT began here because England had access to great natural resources and energy sources, when these were beginning to be exhausted, they started to imperialize places like Africa and India in order to maintain the resources they needed to run these factories
➢ Development is enhanced by cultural homogeny (many nation-states since WWI and WWII)-European Union unifies them even more and EU pumps money into those member countries that are the least develop, making the less developed countries of the area like Spain and Italy develop faster than those already further developed
➢ Production of luxury specialty items (high end autos), insurance, banking
➢ Much of their economic development is sacrificed by how much money they pump into social services like healthcare, social security, etc
➢ Industrial Regions: United Kingdom, Rhine-Ruhr Valley, Mid-Rhine, and Northern Italy
o United Kingdom: hearth for industrial revolution (longest industrial history), booming tech industry from Japanese investment because they have low business taxes, few regulations or government monopolies, and highly developed technologically in comparison to the rest of Europe
o Rhine-Ruhr Valley: NW Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, NE France: Rotterdam is Europe’s busiest port with plenty of rivers to spread industry , coal and iron for steel (behind UK in the industrial revolution because of wars that upset railroad and infrastructure development)
o Mid-Rhine: SW Germany, NE France, Luxembourg: few resources but it the center for the European Union marketplace specializing in autos, pharmaceuticals, and fibers
o Northern Italy: since the Mediterranean countries are less developed than the rest of Europe, there are lots of workers in Italy willing to work for cheaper than other areas of the region it also has cheap hydroelectric power from the Alps-factories benefit from close proximity to markets but also cheaper labor
➢ With few oil resources, much of Western Europe especially France require the use of Nuclear Energy
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Many Western European countries have primate cities because of their long history of being the large center for industry and commerce before modern life.
➢ Brussels is a world city as the center for the European Union, others include Frankfurt, Paris, and Zurich
➢ European cities do not have as many skyscrapers and modern architecture because they want to preserve the historic nature of their area with small shops downtown and skinny streets. There is less Urban sprawl as according to the European city model most Suburbs are the areas for the lowest income to live in small high rise apartments where there is increased crime, violence, and drugs. Often the families here on Guest Worker Visas live in these areas. This also means that there is more rural countryside preserved
➢ Megalopolis: German Ruhr and Randstad
Eastern Europe
Example Countries: Russia
Unit II: Population
➢ Total Fertility Rate less than 2
➢ Russia has a low life expectancy for men due to effect of fall of communism (men turned to drinking and suicide when they lost their jobs when communism fell)
➢ Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition –Negative Growth
o Long Term Effect of Communism in this area
▪ Pollution from poor Industrial Factories decreased health and fertility
▪ Government planned births lead to less babies per household
▪ Post-communist Economic issues lead to less people having children
o Pronatalist Policies:
▪ Parts of Russia now celebrate “Conception Day” to award people for having children on Russia’s independence day with extravagant gifts
Unit III: Culture
➢ Indo European Language Family: Most Extensively Spoken
o Includes Balto-Slavic Languages
o Gimbuta believes the family evolved out of South Russia and Kazakhstan with the nomadic Kurgan people who spread the language as they militarily took over new lands
➢ Predominantly Eastern Orthodox
o Kosovo and Albania Sunni Muslim
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ Russia is the largest Multinational State which creates many issues (has many provinces with autonomy including a Jewish region and a Mongol region within them as well as others who want independence)
o Chechnyans in South West want independence but Russia will not give it to them because it is afraid other nationalities will also ask for independence and because it has valuable oil resources-fight often turns violent
➢ There has been continued fighting in the Balkans (Balkanization) since the historic breakup of Yugoslavia
o The most recent was when Eastern Orthodox Christian Serbians began ethnically cleansing Muslim Albanians who lived in the Southern Serbian province of Kosovo. Millions were displaces and 100’s of thousands died as they were removed from their homes until declaring independence in 2007. The US and Western Europe recognize Kosovo but Russia and China will not because they are both afraid their own minorities will use it as a reason they too should be independent
o After WWI new countries were created based on Languages (Czechoslovakia ended up being off thus split later)-subsequent boundaries
o Island of Cyprus split by the Un Buffer Zone called the Green Line – Turkish controlled North and Greek ethnic majority in South-some cooperation such as shared water line and electricity access
➢ Must of Eastern Europe, despite being Nation-States have gone through Devolution (changing from unitary to federal governments) because they want to get away from their ties to when they were under the Iron Curtain of Communism after WWII which utilizes a unitary system
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ More grain farming and Livestock Ranching for the large NW European market
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Level of development in the Eastern most part has declined
o Iron Curtain of Communism after WWII-Soviet Union put puppet communist governments in power which immediately increased development; however these factories invested in basic –heavy industry (steel, machinery) not consumer goods (people buy lots of) therefore it was not sustainable, plus the communist governments didn’t invest in long term economic improvements such as modernizing which meant that eventually their factories became inefficient in comparison to the west and increased pollution and acid rain which hurt heath (meaning these countries had to pump money into health care for respiratory and water shortages rather than economic development plans) Also their agriculture was inefficient and money had to be spent on importing food. In addition, when communism ended and these factories closed, unemployment and inflation hurt economic development creating a large gap between the rich and poor
o Other areas that have gone through Balkanization are also facing difficulties developing (such as Balkans) because money was pumped into the war effort and infrastructure must be repaired, plus these ethnic identities often disagree on political issues
➢ The countries on the border of Western Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia) are developing faster and may at a time become their own developmental region
o Western European factories are moving to these locations because they can benefit from higher skilled labor than Asia and closer proximity to European Markets. In addition the labor is cheaper than Western Europe
➢ Eastern European Industrial Regions: Central, St. Petersburg, Volga, Ural, Kuznetsk, Eastern Ukraine, Silesia
o Central: Moscow, few resources but it the capital of the country so it is the center for the markets and international trade
o St. Petersburg: Along Baltic Sea for trade specializing in boat manufacturing
o Volga: Southern Russia (petroleum and natural gas) grew when other parts of Russia were involved in WWII
o Ural: Ural Mts.-lots of minerals but far from market and energy sources
o Kuznetsk: Coal and Iron ore for steel
o Eastern Ukraine: Donetsk Coalfield: 1 of the largest coal reserves, iron ore, and natural gas-Caused Russia to keep very close diplomatic ties with Ukraine once the fall of the Soviet Union
o Silesia: S Poland and N Czech Republic: coal and imports iron ore for steel- Caused issues with the Development of Slovakia because once the two split Slovakia was left with few resources
Middle East
Example Countries: (Northern Africa), Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Afghanistan
Unit II: Population
➢ Stage 3 of the demographic transition
➢ Net In Migration for dangerous jobs in the Oil Fields
Unit III: Culture
➢ Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley are two of the 4 Ancient Cultural Hearths
➢ In Islam and Judaism pork is taboo-hoofed animals are seen as unclean
➢ Indo-European Language Family
o Indo-Iranian
o Renfrew believes language family evolved out of Turkey and spread East and West as Agricultural practices also spread
➢ Arabic Language
➢ Predominantly Islam
o N Africa, Middle East mostly Sunni
o Most of Iran and part of Afghanistan and Iraq Shiite
o Sacred Sites of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia because they are the birthplace of founder Muhammad and the religion first began in Medina when Muhammad was forced there after being exiled from Mecca; 3rd sacred site is Jeruselum because it holds the Dome of the Rock a Mosque over the spot where Abraham (founder of Abrahamic Religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) was to sacrifice his first born as proof of his devotion to God and where Muhammad ascended to heaven
o All Muslims must take a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca once in their life during Ramadan (August-Sept in our Calander) (Saudi Arabia gives special visas for this) to celebrate unity in faith and when Muhammad faught his way back into Mecca
➢ Hold Sacred Site of Bethlehem and Jerusalem for Christianity because site of Jesus’ birth and resurrection (Church of Holy Sepulcher) respectively
➢ Judaism is an ethnic religion because its beliefs are tied to the agricultural calendar of Israel but its adherents are found all around due to the Diaspora or dispersion of the Jewish people during the Roman occupation of Israel (largest number of Jewish people in the United States due to migration after WWII)
➢ Israel was created due to Zionism (desire to create a homeland for the Jewish people) after the Holocaust of WWII. The United States carved out a portion of Palestine for the Jewish population. Created a problem because it has been occupied and is sacred to Muslims as well since 700 AD. They were forced to move and give homes to the incoming Jewish people. Jerusalem was meant to be an independent city open to all.
➢ Jordon was created as the Islamic state.
o The surrounding Islamic states attacked almost immediately claiming Jerusalem for the Palestinians. In the 1960’s Israel fought back and reclaimed these lands. Today The West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights are predominantly Muslim Palestinians but controlled by Israel. They need passes to visit Jerusalem. There are consistent fighting. Militant Islamic group Hamas as well as the Taliban want Israel gone so that Muslims control the sacred space of The Dome of the Rock
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ Many strong nation-states such as Saudi Arabia
➢ Only Frontier left between Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Oman, and Qatar
➢ Sahara dessert is a good example of a good physical boundary (low population so drawn with straight lines)
➢ Iran is currently run by the fundamentalist Shiites (Ahmadinejad) who do not believe in the legitamacy of Israel, have been known to fund terrorist groups against the country, and has been developing nuclear weapons
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ The Fertile Crescent region of current Turkey, Syria, and Jordon was the first hearth of agriculture and therefore civilization
➢ Much of Northern Africa and parts of the Middle East engage in pastoral nomadism because the land is too dry (Sahara desert) for traditional forms of farming. Examples are the Masai of East Africa and the Bedouins of the Middle East. The animal depends on the environment, Camels in the dessert, sheep/goats in more mountainous regions. These people’s status, wealth, and security are dependent upon the herds. As cities grow into their territory and countries want the resources on their lands, these people are being pushed onto the worst lands
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Few natural resources but OIL as its main export, which means that in OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) enjoy a trade surplus (exporting more than importing) and rising their development levels to MDC levels such as the United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia. Still the lack of political freedoms and low education and literacy rates especially for women mean that many of these countries are not utilizing their full workforce efficiently, which keeps economic development hindered and social development in the LDC range. They want to maintain traditional Islamic culture while promoting development but some practices can hinder this such as no interest for banks. Also there are acts of terrorism and disputes between Shiites and Sunnis which hinder development because of ethnic disputes. An example would be in Iraq where Shiites Sunnis and the Kurds are all competing for political control. The Kurds specifically would like independence (self determination) as an ethnic group that does not have its own country. However much of the oil resources lie within Northern Iraq where the Kurds are, leading to Iraq’s determination to keep the country united. But these political disputes hinder the country’s ability to agree upon how to develop.
➢ OPEC today sets the price of a barrel of oil and has in the past used this power to attempt to spread their political beliefs, some raised the price in opposition to the support of Israel but the Gulf War ended this when these nations were at war and began individually exporting their supplies
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Often follows similar to Latin American city model such as Mecca where the Great Mosque and Kaaba for the hajj are located in the center of the city with the secular businesses rotating outwards.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Example Countries: Nigeria, South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Unit II: Population
➢ Population Clustered in West Africa
➢ Highest natural increase rates in the world
➢ Average Total Fertility Rate of 6
o Many traditional cultures believe more children increases a woman’s status
o Lack of education of contraceptives
➢ Infant Mortality Rates of over 100
o Less trained doctors and nurses and quality health facilities
➢ Lowest Life Expectancies mid 40s
o AIDS epidemic continues due to lack of education of prevention
➢ Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition
o Caused by the Medical Revolution where medical practices of the MDCs reached areas of Africa in the 1950’s decreasing Death Rates considerably
➢ Has the highest number of Refugees
Unit III: Culture
➢ Bantu Language Family
➢ Mix of Animist, Christian, and Muslim faiths dependent upon colonization
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ Historic Example of Ethnic groups holding power over others: Apartheid in South Africa-where races were physically separated (Black majority forced into low income neighborhoods along with other minority groups) by British –illegal today but the remnants on the cultural relationship remain
➢ Current Civil Wars in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi due to the struggle between the Hutus and the Tutsis: The Tutsis were nomadic herders who, searching for land, moved into the territory of the settled Hutu Farmers a century ago. The Tutsis took over the Hutus forcing them to farm for them. When this area was colonized by the Europeans, Europeans used this ethnic dispute to their advantage to take control, keeping the Hutus as 3rd class citizens without rights. Once they were given independence, the Europeans helped the Hutus gain control over the Tutsis who were then ethnically cleansed until they united with rival groups to regain control. They then ethnically cleansed the Hutus (each goes back and forth ethnically cleansing each other)
➢ Rwanda is a good example of a compact state which means that if it can work out its ethnic conflicts, it has the potential for good communication between all parts of its country. Despite its ethnic conflicts it uses a unitary system because of the small size and to try and force a single national culture upon the country, unifying the two groups
➢ The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a Prorupted Country because Belgium wanted to have a port on the sea to transport goods so it has a small sliver of land creating one harbor for the country today
➢ South Africa is an example of a perforated State because Lesotho lies within its boundaries because it was independent longer during British colonization because of its Afrikaans majority. This makes it very important to keep good relationships so that Lesotho can use South Africa to trade by sea and South Africa can remain safe from internal attack
➢ Sub-Saharan Africa and Africa in general has the most number of Land Lock States these were often created after decolonization because of superimposed boundaries set by the Europeans. These land locked states must maintain strong relationships with their neighbors because many large items such as oil, cars, and grain must still be transported by boat.
➢ Lake Tanganyika provides natural border between Tanzania and Democratic Republic of the Congo: they draw the border down the middle of the water for each to have protection and resources access
➢ Many Superimposed Boundaries: Example is in the Sudan in the 90’s and early 21st century- Forced Arab Muslims and Black Muslim Fur people to live together. The Arabs took control ethnically cleansing the Southern Furs using the militant Janjaweed group for their oil and agricultural resources (killed and displaced millions) Also shows problems with the UN because the government was charged with crimes against humanity but could not be taken into custody because the UN requires the Local Government to turn them over (but the government was the problem) Today they are Separated into N and S Sudan but must work together because the Landlocked South has the oil but North has the sea access to export the resources
➢ Abuja, Nigeria is a forward Capital planned and moved from the coast (Lagos) with the same effects as Brasilia, Brazil –colonial power of Britain
➢ The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a great example of how poor transportation infrastructure can hurt the stability of a country. Due to poverty, hot tropical climate, and civil war, many of the roads that were created during colonial time have become dirt roads (95%) and turned to mud that at parts is impassable. There is only one sea port and it can take months to move cargo by rail, water, and these roads to get to the other side of the country, ensuring that some regions go without important resources, and isolating areas culturally and politically causing tensions. In addition there are few phone lines that make communication between the country difficult
➢ Has created an African Union to help stimulate economic integration of Africa and political peace
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Sahel Region of North West African (just south of Sahara) and Ethiopia were hearths for agriculture
➢ Central and West Africa engage in Shifting Cultivation (tropical climate)
➢ Southern parts of Africa utilize plantation agriculture
➢ Mediterranean agriculture in South Africa
➢ Africa was left out of the first Green Revolution for several reasons, first the seeds were Wheat and Rice plants that do not grow well in the soil of Africa and many cultures do not eat these foods as a result, secondly and most importantly they require machinery such as tractors, irrigation pumps and fertilizers to work, which poor African nations cannot afford especially with rising petroleum costs, a major component of fertilizers and fuel for these machines. Today scientists are trying to create crops of beans and corn (more staple in Africa) which can grow in their soil with little fertilizers to improve their food supply
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Zimbabwe has the lowest HDI
➢ 24 of the lowest ranking HDI nations are in Sub-Saharan Africa
➢ Despite abundant resources Africa lacks the infrastructure to become highly developed. During colonial times, Europeans built the African railway system going just from the interior to the coast so they could extract valuable resources without having to live in malarial infested areas. Since many different Europeans colonized, the railways were never built to connect parts of the continent, leaving each country isolated. Once independent, the new countries did not have the resources to built their infrastructure. To get this money, they continued to export their resources rather than utilizing them to develop internally. Additionally, the superimposed boundaries forced upon them meant that many areas continue to be in civil war, attempting reunite ethnic groups that were split between two countries, or to take control from another ethnic group within their country whom they do not agree with (ie Sudan, DRC, or Rwanda to name a few) In addition these ethnic groups continued to fight over control of the resources of that country or the resources of a neighboring country they desire. This lead much of the money gained from exports to be pumped into military rather than economic ventures; keeping much of this area in stage 1 or 2 of Rostow’s Model (DRC-1)
➢ Potential for Economic Development Based on Demographic Transition
o Young population for hard work and willingness to try new thinks (ingenuity)
o Large Labor force
o Less government funds for social security
➢ Negatives for Economic Development Based on Demographic Transition
o Large Youth Dependency means large amount of government resources spent on education and child health services
o Rapid population growth can put a strain on all resources: food, environment, etc.
o Large population growth indicates less women in the workforce which means all resources are not being used efficiently
o Lack of education-low skilled positions
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Johannesburg, South Africa is a minor world city
South Asia
Example Countries: India, Pakistan, Nepal
Unit II: Population
➢ 1/5 worlds population clustered around coast, Ganges, and Indus Rivers
➢ Most people live rurally
➢ Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition
➢ India poised to have a larger population than China by around 2030
o Follows an approach to lowering population growth that “economic development is the best contraceptive”: Trying to pump money into development and educational programs to curtail population growth in the long run rather than quick methods such as increased birth control, sterilization, or One Child Policies
➢ Government impacts interregional migration in India by requiring permits to visit the State of Assam-ensuring their cultural isolation and protection
Unit III: Culture
➢ The Indus Valley between Pakistan and India is one of the 4 ancient cultural hearths
➢ Cows are sacred and taboo to eat in India because they are seen as representative of the highest creator god Brahma or “life bringers” because of their milk
➢ Indo-European Language Family
o Indo-Iranian, (Hindi is the most widely spoken in India (33%) but India has 18 official languages acting as a Centrifugal force. They often use English in Business because it was a colony (call centers for development) Government created the official languages to keep them safe from takeover by more dominant languages such as English and Hindi (protect culture) however this keeps Indian States less connected because communication is inhibited
o Hinduism clustered in India
▪ Sacred spaces tied to physical geography of India most sacred are the Ganges River and the Himalayas as the sources of the Ganges which is seen as the live giver or Mother river of India-Hindus take a Tirtha or pilgrimage to these sources and river for purification
o Buddhism in Nepal
o Muslim in Pakistan and Bangladesh
➢ Holds sacred places for Buddhism
o Lumbini, Nepal (Buddha’s birthplace )
o Bodh Gaya, India (spot where Buddha reaches Nirvana)
➢ India hearth for Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ The borders of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are subsequent boundaries. After independence from Britain, boundaries were drawn based on religion the regions that were predominantly Muslim became Pakistan and Bangladesh, Hindi-India
o These imprecise boundaries have created internal stability problems in India. The northern region of India called Kashmir is predominantly Muslim because of the Mughal Empire that controlled the area from the 14th century. However, instead of being a part of Pakistan, it remained a part of India because it was important to Hindi Mythology as a part of the Mahabharata (holy book) being part of the birthplace of the faith, Fighting has continued since that point. Many political activists are imprisoned and at times it have turned violent. This can be considered an example of irredentism and balkanization because Pakistan would like to annex the region because of their shared culture after Kashmir breaks away from India
➢ Pakistan is an example on how Physical geography can help strengthen a state internally. The Mountains and Deserts protect its borders with neighboring states, Its River Valley of the Punjab region provides vital water for agriculture (its Bread Basket) transportation and power for industry which helps stabilize the economy and politics
➢ Nepal’s harsh environment shows how physical geography can create isolation and problems within a country. The extreme Himalayan mountains isolate towns making transportation difficult to get vital resources, causing regional development issues and tensions in impoverished areas. Nepal divides their development plans by ecological regions (plains, hills, mountains) to try to reach the specific issues of each. In addition, the country is landlocked ensuring that it must stay reliant upon India for all transit through the Bay of Bengal
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Much of South Asia utilizes intensive subsistence agriculture to feed the large growing Asian population. In warmest areas they Double Crop: rice in the warm wet summers, wheat in the cool dry winters to make the most of the land Wet Rice is the dominant intensive subsistence agricultural crop in these warm climates. Where Wet rice is not dominant, Northern China, etc. barley or wheat is grown in these cooler climates
➢ India is the largest producer of Milk because of the large population and sacred nature of the cows
➢ Green Revolution very successful here
➢ Agriculture is dependent upon Monsoon rains which means famine can strike when droughts hit-which means development can be hindered when resources must be spent on these measures
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Low incomes and high populations that are currently outgrowing the areas abundant resources
➢ India’s economy is 4th in the world, growing quickly with jobs in the tech and call centers. Like China, cities in the South like Bangalore are developing rapidly and are modern and filled with popular culture. Young girls are moving out of the house, renting apartments, wearing western clothing, and choosing to work rather than marry at a young age. The development in these areas could push India towards stage 4 of the demographic transition if it spreads into more of the country and more women are able to work instead of marry. The caste system has little effect in these areas. But in the Northern and especially Rural areas the caste system is still very strong, hindering the development of the area because much of their population (in the lower castes) is kept from their full potential with little education and extreme poverty, this is especially true of the women in these areas.
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Mumbai, India is a minor world city
East Asia (including Japan)
Example Countries China, Japan, 5 Asian Tigers
Unit II: Population
➢ 1/5 worlds population
➢ Most people live rurally besides Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
➢ Population clustered around Coast of China for industrial jobs, South Korea, and Japan
➢ China in stage 3 of the Demographic Transition
o Largest population in the world due to Communist policies encouraging procreation in the 1950’s and 60’s
o In the 1980’s facing famine and economic turmoil created a One Child Policy
▪ Policy not law
▪ Encouraged NOT to have more than 1 child with bonuses and rewards
▪ Only the wealthy can afford to have more than 1 child
▪ Uses “Grandparent” method: Socially discouraged by neighbors
▪ Policy means that China’s growth rates are low but due to Demographic Momentum many people are born each year
➢ Japan is in Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition
o Due to extreme family planning during development in the 20th and 21st century
▪ Children are choosing to not have kids to further their careers
o Pronatalist Policies
▪ Robot Babies created to try and teach and encourage child bearing, didn’t work, but many of the older generation bought them as robotic grandchildren
o Pride in homogenous culture keeps immigration low
Unit III: Culture
➢ North China is one of the 4 ancient cultural hearths
➢ The artwork of Tibetan Buddhists shows how environments influence folk culture: chaotic environment of the Himalayas reflected in the chaotic artwork
➢ China: Tibetan Buddhists in South West want independence because China’s communist government keeps religion from gaining importance
➢ China and South Korea: Confucianism (more a way of life than religion)
➢ Japans ethnic religion is Shinto but people consider themselves both Buddhist and Shinto
Unit IV: Political Organizations of Space
➢ Japan is a strong example of a Nation-State its Homogeneous culture increases its viability and stability because 98.5% are ethnically Japanese, 83.9% Shinto/Buddhist, 100% speak Japanese, and there is little in-migration which means few disagree with political decisions, all can easily communicate, and there are few minorities that would compete for control
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ North Western China hearth of agriculture
➢ Much of East Asia utilizes intensive subsistence agriculture to feed the large growing Asian population. In warmest areas they Double Crop: rice in the warm wet summers, wheat in the cool dry winters to make the most of the land Wet Rice is the dominant intensive subsistence agricultural crop in these warm climates. Where Wet rice is not dominant, Northern China, etc. barley or wheat is grown in these cooler climates
➢ China produces the most wheat for their own consumption not export
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Japan, Singapore (SE ASIA), South Korea, Taiwan , Hong Kong 4 Asian Tigers have become highly developed due to trade in the global market despite having very few natural resources. Japan is a leading producer of steel. Japan was the China of the 20th Century with a large population willing to work for low wages got its niche by making cheaper high end electronics and automobiles than others, invested this money in education, training, and development to continue this level. Today its manufacturing is clustered in 2 regions: Tokyo and Osaka. Because of these few resources much of Japan’s power comes from Nuclear energy.
➢ China has the largest Per Capita GDP growth due to their industrial growth from cheap wages which have driven down the cost of consumer goods (ie increasing material culture of MDCs) and driving down wages worldwide in order to compete. However this industrial growth is concentrated in the coastal cities which are where the development of China is occurring. The interior regions are still dominated by impoverished peasant farmers. In addition, their consumption of natural resources like oil are skyrocketing increasing pollution, health problems, and decreasing sustainable development. This means much of their money which could be spent on developing interior regions must be spent on cleaning up pollution or dealing with its health effects
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Japan’s great transportation system shows how the central place theories regular distances between large cities are diminishing. The Mitsubishi company in Japan which constructs products in Nagasaki, has its service center in Tokyo, and gets its energy and shipping done in Osaka.
➢ Singapore is one of the world’s major World Cities
➢ Megalopolis: Tokaido
South East Asia
Example Countries: Indonesia, Vietnam
Unit II Population
➢ Population clustered on the island of Java, Indonesia
➢ Most people live rurally
➢ Stage 3 in the Demographic Transition
Unit III: Culture
➢ Predominantly Buddhist
➢ Indonesia has the highest number of Sunni Muslims in the world due to trading (because of large population of the country)
➢ In Laos they decorate their homes in such a way that the heads of a household are never facing the feet of the younger generation whether in that home or another, to show respect to the elder generation
➢ Indonesia is a good example of a fragmented state because it is made up of several islands. This makes communication difficult between different islands…often violent uprisings because each, in isolation, have developed unique cultural distinctions and politically disagree with each other
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Papua New Guinea was a hearth of agriculture
➢ Parts of tropical South East Asia engages in Shifting Cultivation
➢ Much of South East Asia utilizes intensive subsistence agriculture to feed the large growing Asian population. In warmest areas they Double Crop: rice in the warm wet summers, wheat in the cool dry winters to make the most of the land Wet Rice is the dominant intensive subsistence agricultural crop in these warm climates.
➢ Green Revolution very successful here
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Java has good soil fertility because of its volcanic activity which has made its population skyrocket and development increase; however many of these nations have been in war frequently –Vietnam, Cambodia keeping their development hindered
➢ Many environmental issues (tsunamis, typhoons, volcanoes) which can destroy any infrastructure stunting development
➢ Large Textile industry because of Cheap labor
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Manila, Phillipines and Bangkok, Thailand are both minor World Cities
South Pacific
Example Countries:
Unit II: Population
➢ Stage 4-5 of the Demographic Transition
o Pronatalist Policies
Unit III: Culture
➢ Indo-European Language Family
o Germanic
➢ Folk Culture: Aborigines
Unit V: Agriculture
➢ Livestock Ranching
o Large food exporter
Unit VI: Development and Industrialization
➢ Lies on the periphery of the global economy but colonial ties helped with trade relationships
Unit VII: Cities
➢ Sydney, Australia is a minor World City
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