I



Michael Miller

Russia and Poland as Multi-National States: The Jews as Case Study, 1772-1917

This course examines the history of the Jews in Russia and Poland, placing particular emphasis on social, economic and religious transformations in the period framed by the Partitions of Poland – when the Russian Empire first acquired its Jews – and the Russian Revolution – when Russia’s Jews finally received equal political and legal rights. Imperial Russia’s policies towards the Jews reflected the semi-feudal structure of the state, the exigencies of a multi-national empire, and the enduring legacy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. On this backdrop, the course seeks to understand the inordinate attention paid to the ‘Jewish Question’ by the imperial government as well as the myriad ideological and demographic responses by the empire’s Jews. The course also introduces a comparative perspective, examining Jewish enlightenment (Haskalah), religious and educational movements, economic and gender stratification, urbanization and politicization – in comparison to other populations within the Russian Empire and other Jewish communities in Central and Western Europe.

I. The Legacy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

- John D. Klier, “Poland-Lithuania: ‘Paradise for Jews,’” in Russia Gathers her Jews, 3-20.

- M.J. Rosman, “A Minority Views the Majority: Jewish Attitudes Towards the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and Interaction with Poles,” Polin: From Shtetl to Socialism, 39-49.

- Jacob Goldberg, “The Changes in the Attitude of Polish Society Toward the Jews in the Eighteenth Century,” Polin: From Shtetl to Socialism, 50-63.

II. The Partitions of Poland

- S.M. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, “The Russian Quarantine Against Jews (Till 1772),” 117-126, and “Polish Jewry During the Period of the Partitions,” 127-147.

- Artur Eisenbach, “The Four Years’ Sejm and the Jews,” in The Jews in Old Poland, 73-89.

- Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, vol. 1, 511-546.

III. Hasidism and Jewish Religious Life

- Benzion Dinur, “The Origins of Hasidism and Its Social and Messianic Foundations,” in Essential Papers on Hasidism, 86-172.

- Mordechai L. Wilensky, “Hasidic-Mitnaggedic Polemics in the Jewish Communities of Eastern Europe: The Hostile Phase,” in Essential Papers, 244-274.

- Raphael Mahler, “The Sociopolitical Foundations of Hasidism in Galicia in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” in Essential Papers, 401-429.

** Solomon Maimon, “On a Secret Society, and Therefore a Long Chapter,” in Essential Papers,

11-24.

IV. Russian Jewry, 1772-1825

- Salo Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets, “Under Catherine II and Alexander I,” 15-30

- S.M. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, “The Beginnings of the Russian Empire,” 148-162; “The ‘Enlightened Absolutism’ of Alexander I,” 162-176; “The Inner Life of Russian Jewry During the Period of ‘Enlightened Absolutism,’” 177-200.

- Richard Pipes, “Catherine II and the Jews,” Soviet Jewish Affairs 5:2 (1975): 3-20.

** “Statues Concerning the Organization of the Jews (1804),” JMW, 375-377.

V. Russian Jewry, 1825-1855

- Salo Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets, “Under Nicholas I and Alexander II,” 26-50.

- Michael Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews, 3-48, 123-188.

** “Statutes Regarding the Military Service of Jews (1827),” JMW, 377-378.

** “Jewish ‘Cantonists’ Under Czar Nicholas I,” Source Book of Jewish History and Literature,

251-252.

** “Delineation of the Pale of Settlement (1835),” JMW, 379-381.

VI. The Jews in Galicia and Prussia

- Arnold Springer, “Enlightened Absolutism and Jewish Reform: Prussia, Austria, and Russia,” California Slavic Studies XI (1980): 237-267.

- Sophia Kemlein, “The Jewish Community in the Grand Duchy of Poznán under Prussian Rule, 1815-1848,” Polin 14 (2001): 29-67.

- Israel Bartal and Anton Polonsky, “Introduction,” in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, vol. 12 (Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians).

** “Edict of Tolerance (1782),” JMW, 36.

** “Emancipation in Prussia (1812),” JMW, 141.

VII. Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) in Russia

- Michael Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews, 49-122.

- Israel Bartal, “Mordechai Aaron Günzburg: a Lithuanian Maskil Faces Modernity,” in From East to West, 126-147.

- Emanuel Etkes, “Immanent Factors and External Influences in the Development of the Haskalah Movement in Russia,” in Toward Modernity, 13-32.

** Isaac Dov Levinsohn, “Yiddish is a Corrupt Jargon (1828),” JMW, 402-403.

** S.J. Fuenn, “The Need for Enlightenment (1840),” JMW, 381-383.

** “A Jewish Program for Russification (1841),” JMW, 385.

VIII. Confronting Modernity: the case of Pauline Wengeroff

** Pauline Wengeroff, Rememberings: the World of a Russian-Jewish Woman in the Nineteenth

Century. (on reserve)

IX. A Tale of Three Cities: Odessa, Warsaw, Lodz

- Steven Zipperstein, The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794-1881

- Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Antony Polonsky, The Jews in Warsaw: a History (on reserve)

- Polin 6 (on reserve) [Lodz]

X. Jews in the Kingdom of Poland

- Arthur Eisenbach , The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, 1780-1870, 149-232, 476-516.

XI. Russian Jewry, 1855-1905: Liberalism, Politics, Reaction

- Michael Stanislawski, For Whom Do I Toil? 146-174

- John Klier and Shlomo Lambroza, Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern

Russian History, 13-97

XII. Modern Jewish Politics

- Ezra Mendelsohn, On Modern Jewish Politics ,3-62

- Michael Stanislawski, "Russian Jewry, the Russian State, and the Dynamics

of Jewish Emancipation," in Pierre Birnbaum and Ira Katznelson, ed., Paths

of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship, 262-283

XIII. Socio-economic and gendered transformations

- Arthur Eisenbach, The Emancipation of the Jews of Poland, 233-272.

- Paula Hyman, Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History: The Roles and

Representation of Women, 50-92

XIV. Modern Jewish Nationalism

- Michael Stanislawski, Zionism and the Fin-de-Siecle, xiii-xxi, 1-18, 150-177.

** Arthur Hertzberg, The Zionist Reader, 143-198.

XV. Modern Jewish Culture

** From the Fair: The Autobiography of Sholom Aleichem (on reserve)

** H.N. Bialik, "In the City of Slaughter," JMW, 410-411

XVI. Revolutions and Civil War

- Lionel Kochan, The Jews in Soviet Russia Since 1917, 1-44.

- Mark von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: the Red Army

and the Soviet Socialist State, 1917-1930 , 67-126.

- Zvi Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence, 59-87

XVII. Formation of the USSR

- Lionel Kochan, The Jews in Soviet Russia Since 1917, 62-98.

- Richard Pipes, Formation of the Soviet Union, 50-113, 242-293.

- Zvi Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence, 88-114

XIX. Independence: Poland, Ukraine, Baltic States

- Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the Wars, 1-83, 213-254.

- Richard Pipes, Formation of the Soviet Union, 114-154

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