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Nervous and Endocrine SystemsStudy GuideAnswer KeySection 1. How Organ Systems Communicate1.Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.munication systems allow the body to detect and respond to stimuli. Comic Strip: Students’ drawings should show the body sensing a stimuli and producing a response. Y diagram: Nervous system—students’ answers might include any of the following: quick rate of reaction; connected tissues; central nervous system; peripheral nervous system; brain; spinal cord; nerves; electrical signal; chemical signal. Endocrine system—students’ answers might include any of the following: slow reaction rate; isolated organs; chemical signals; longer-term processes. Both—students’ answers might include any of the following: communication system; stimulates other tissues; produces responses to stimuli.3.stimulus4.endocrine system5.peripheral nervous system6.nervous systemSection 2. Neurons1.motor neuron2.sensory neuron3.interneuron4.produces responses5.detects stimuli6.passes signals between sensory and motor neurons7.dendrite receives impulses; axon transmits impulses8.It maintains Na+ and K+ concentration gradients.9.Students’ answers will vary.10.An action potential is generated.11.neurotransmitter12.synapse13.terminal14.action potentialSECTION 3. THE SENSES1.to gather information about the world around you2.Students’ answers will vary.3.photoreceptors, light, answers will vary4.mechanoreceptors, sound waves, answers will vary5.chemoreceptors, airborne chemicals, answers will vary6.chemoreceptors, chemicals dissolved in saliva, answers will vary7.thermoreceptors and pain receptors, temperature (heat, cold) and pressure, answers will vary8.the retina9.The eardrum and the three bones in the ear amplify the sound waves. These amplified waves move fluid in the cochlea. When the fluid moves, the hair cells bend, generating impulses.10.They must be dissolved in fluid.11.pain receptors12.What Does It Do: Detect light intensity; Detect color; Detect vibrations. Where Is It Found: Retina; Retina; Inner EarSection 4. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems1.brain and spinal cord2.motor neurons and sensory neurons Cause and Effect Diagram stimuli; the spinal cord; the spinal cord; brain; brain; produces a response3.to process information relating to the senses4.cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stemStudy Guide 5.Somatic: voluntary; muscles. Autonomic: involuntary; digestive organs, glands, heart, blood vessels. Sympathetic: involuntary; heart, brain, lungs, muscles. Parasympathetic: involuntary; heart, lungs, arteries.6.A reflex arc is a pathway that moves in the shape of an arch from the sensory neuron, through the spinal cord, and out a motor neuron.7.Functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system are those that are automatic, involuntary, and occur without thinking about it.8.The cerebral cortex is the outer most layer of the cerebrum.9.The sympathetic nervous system is favorable for maintaining homeostasis.SECTION 6. The Endocrine System and Hormones1.by traveling through the bloodstream2.the receptors on and in the cell3.Steroid hormones enter the cell, but nonsteroidal hormones do not.4.brain; growth, stimulates reproductive maturity5.pituitary; growth, water balance in the blood6.thyroid; neck7.thymus; maturation of white blood cells8.adrenal glands; above the kidneys/abdomen9.pancreas; between the intestines and stomach/abdomen10.reproductive development and functions11.TRH and TSH12.increase in body temperature13.When the body warms, TRH and TSH will stop being released. Without these releasing hormones, the thyroid will not be stimulated.14.Hormones are sent to the bloodstream throughout the body. If a gland produces too much or too little hormone, it will over-stimulate the target cell, causing illness.15.Students’ answers will vary.16.Students’ answers will vary.17.Students’ answers will vary.Section 1: How Organ Systems CommunicateStudy Guide Key ConceptThe nervous system and the endocrine system provide the means by which organ systems communicate.Vocabularynervous systemcentral nervous system (CNS)endocrine systemperipheral nervous system (PNS)stimulusMain Idea: The body’s communication systems help maintain homeostasis.1.What is homeostasis?2.How do communication systems allow the body to maintain homeostasis?You work for a new kind of textbook company, one whose textbooks are actually comic books! Using the boxes provided, create a comic strip that shows an example of how a stimulus causes the human body to respond. (If you can’t come up with an example, use the one in the text that describes how your eyes respond to bright sunlight.)6354064000Main idea: The nervous and endocrine systems have different methods and rates of communication.Fill out the Y diagram below. In the top left, write the characteristics of the nervous system. In the top right, write the characteristics of the endocrine system. At the bottom, write the characteristics the two systems have in common. Then, lightly cross out those characteristics at the top.center116840BothNervous systemEndocrine system00BothNervous systemEndocrine systemVocabulary CheckUse the vocabulary terms from this section to complete the following sentences.3.When you stand on a street corner, you jump when you hear a nearby truck honk its horn. In this example, the honking horn is the _________________.4.The ___________________ sends chemical signals through the bloodstream.5.When your brain wants to make your legs move so that you can run, the ___________________ carries the message from your spinal cord to your leg muscles.6.Your ___________________ is the communication system that sends its signals through a highly connected network of specialized cells and tissues.Section 2: NeuronsStudy GuideKEY CONCEPTThe nervous system is composed of highly specialized cells.VOCABULARYneuronaction potentialdendritesynapseaxonterminalresting potentialneurotransmittersodium-potassium pumpMAIN IDEA: Neurons are highly specialized cells.Use the concept map to organize your notes on neurons.29210118745Neuronstypes1. 2. 3. functionfunctionfunction5. 6. 4. 00Neuronstypes1. 2. 3. functionfunctionfunction5. 6. 4. 7.What is the difference between the function of an axon and a dendrite?MAIN IDEA: Neurons receive and transmit signals.8.What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?9.Draw a picture to match each of the captions in the table. In the third column, write additional details about what is happening in each of your drawings.CaptionDrawingDescriptionThe neuron is stimulated and Na+ ions flow into the axon.The action potential travels down the axon as more Na+ ions enter and K+ ions leave.Neurotransmitters enter the synapse and bind to receptors on another neuron, stimulatingNa+ ions to enter that cell.10.What happens after neurotransmitters bind to the other neuron’s receptors?Vocabulary Check____________________ 11. the molecule that transmits a signal from one neuron to another____________________ 12. a gap between neurons____________________ 13. end of an axon____________________ 14. moving electrical impulseSection 3: The SensesStudy Guide KEY CONCEPTThe senses detect the internal and external environments.VOCABULARYrod cellcone cellhair cellMAIN IDEA: The senses help to maintain homeostasis.1.What do you rely on your senses to do?2.Give an example of how your sensory organs work with your brain to help you to maintain homeostasis?MAIN IDEA: The senses detect physical and chemical stimuli.Use the chart below to organize your notes on the senses. For each of the senses shown in the first column, write the types of receptors that contribute to this sense. In the third column, write what kind of stimuli that the receptor detects. Include any additional notes or important details about that sense in the last column.SenseReceptorStimuli It DetectsAdditional Notes3. Vision4. Hearing5. Smell6. Taste7. Touch8.What part of the eye contains the receptors?9.Explain how sound waves interact with the structures of the middle ear and, eventually, generate impulses that cause hearing.10.Before chemicals can be detected by the tongue or nose, what must happen to them?11.What types of receptors will be activated when you get a paper cut on your finger?Vocabulary Check12.Fill in the chart below.Rod CellCone CellHair CellWhat does it do?Where is it found?Activitycenter51371500Pick one of the five senses, and design a bumper sticker that has a catchy slogan that explains a little bit about the function of the sense you picked.Section 4: Central and Peripheral Nervous SystemsStudy GuideKEY CONCEPTThe central nervous system interprets information, and the peripheral nervous system gathers and transmits information.VOCABULARYcerebrumbrain stemautonomic nervous systemcerebral cortexreflex arcsympathetic nervous systemcerebellumsomatic nervous systemparasympathetic nervous systemMAIN IDEA: The nervous system’s two parts work together.1.What organs make up the central nervous system?2.What types of neurons make up the peripheral nervous system?635647065A motor neuron ______________________________.The __________ interprets signal and passes it to the PNS.__________________ passes signal to the _________.A sensory neuron passes signal to ______________.PNS detects _______________________________.00A motor neuron ______________________________.The __________ interprets signal and passes it to the PNS.__________________ passes signal to the _________.A sensory neuron passes signal to ______________.PNS detects _______________________________.On the first page of this section, you read about how the nerves, brain, and spinal cord work together to produce a response. Use the cause-and-effect diagram below to trace how the nervous system produces a response to a stimulus.MAIN IDEA: The CNS processes information.3.What is the role of the cerebrum?4.What are the three main structures of the brain?MAIN IDEA: The PNS links the CNS to the muscles and other organs.Division of the PNSVoluntary or Involuntary?Examples of Tissues ItStimulatessomatic nervous systemautonomic nervous systemsympathetic nervous systemparasympathetic nervous system5.Use the chart to take notes on the peripheral nervous system.Vocabulary CheckExplain how the clue can help you to remember the word’s definition.6.word: reflex arc; clue: An arc is movement that is in the shape of an arch.7.word: autonomic nervous system; clue: Autonomic looks similar to the word automatic.8.word: cerebral cortex; clue: A cortex is an outermost layer.9.word: sympathetic nervous system; clue: Consider how something that is sympathetic might affect homeostasis.Section 6: The Endocrine System and HormonesStudy Guide KEY CONCEPTThe endocrine system produces hormones that affect growth, development, and homeostasis.VOCABULARYhormonehypothalamusreleasing hormoneglandpituitary glandMAIN IDEA: Hormones influence a cell’s activities by entering the cell or binding to its membrane.1.How do hormones get from the gland that produced them to the cells they will affect?2.What determines whether or not a hormone will affect a cell?3.How are steroid hormones different from nonsteroid hormones?MAIN IDEA: Endocrine glands secrete hormones that act throughout the body.Use the text and Figure 6.3 to fill in the chart.GlandLocationSecretes Hormones that Control?4. hypothalamus?5.brain?6.metabolism, growth, and development?7.chest?8.blood pressure, breathing rate, fight-or-flight response?9.digestion and glucose metabolism10. gonadspelvisMAIN IDEA: The hypothalamus interacts with the nervous system and endocrine system.Draw the diagram of a hormone feedback loop found under this Main Idea within the Section 6 text, and answer the following questions.13335266700011. Which of the hormones in your diagram are releasing hormones?12. What stimulates the hypothalamus to stop producing TRH?13. Explain why the thyroid gland will stop producing thyroxine when the body warms.MAIN IDEA: Hormonal imbalances can cause severe illness.14.How do hormone imbalances cause illness in many different body systems?Vocabulary CheckFor each term, write a clue that helps you to remember the word’s definition.15.Hormone16.Pituitary gland17.Hypothalamus ................
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