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The Tree of LifeStudy Guide Answer KeySection 1. THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF anisms or species2.physical similarities3.anisms or species5.binomial nomenclature6.a scientific name or two-part Latin name7.In a hierarchy; each level is nested, or included, in the level above it.8.From kingdom to species, the taxa become more and more specific; broad to specific.Seven taxa: a. kingdom; b. phylum; c. class; d. order; e. family; f. genus; g. species9.The technology at the time did not allow Linnaeus to examine organisms at the molecular or genetic level.10.Unrelated species can evolve similar traits through convergent evolution.11.These types of similarities are more likely the result of species sharing a common ancestor than are physical similarities.12.naming, classifying13.Latin14.genus, speciesSection 2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS1.the evolutionary history for a group of species2.in a branching-tree diagram, such as a cladogram3.to place species on a branching-tree diagram in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor4.taxon being classified5.clade6.node7.derived characters8.a group of organisms that shares a common ancestor9.Scientists must determine which derived characters are shared by which groups of organisms; the more derived characters a group of organisms has, the later it descended from the common ancestor.10.A node is a place where a branch splits. It represents the most common ancestor shared by a clade.11.DNA sequences/genes, amino acid sequences/proteins, hormones, etc.12.As more research is done and the evolutionary histories of different species become better understood, evolutionary trees are rearranged to reflect the most current scientific understanding.13.The species are very closely related; they share a relatively recent common ancestor.14.A phylogeny shows the origins for a group, or “class,” of species.15.Cladistics is classification based on evolutionary relationships and a cladogram shows these relationships in a branching-tree diagram.16.derivedSection 4. DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS1.Since it reflects the most current understanding of how living things are related, new discoveries can change the way living things are classified.2.Three hundred years ago, only two kingdoms were recognized. Now, a six-kingdom system is most widely accepted.3.His research revealed two genetically different groups of prokaryotes, which justified splitting kingdom Monera into two kingdoms. The genetic and cellular differences were so great, that these two kingdoms were eventually placed into different domains in the current three-domain system.Timeline:1753: Linnaeus introduced his two-kingdom system which included Plantae and Animalia; 1866: Kingdom Protista introduced by Haeckel; 1938: Kingdom Monera introduced by Copeland; 1959: Kingdom Fungi introduced by Whittaker; 1977: Kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea by Woese.4.Bacteria: single-celled prokaryotes classified by shape, need for oxygen, and whether they cause disease; kingdom Bacteria.5.Archaea: single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, with different cell wall characteristics, many able to thrive in extreme environments; kingdom Archaea.6.Eukarya: eukaryotes (distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular; kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.7.Many bacteria and archaea are able to transfer genes among themselves outside of typical reproduction. This blurs the line between species as they are defined in the Linnaean system.8.Eukarya9.Archaea10.BacteriaSection 1: The Linnaean System of ClassificationStudy Guide Key ConceptOrganisms can be classified based on physical similarities.Vocabularytaxonomybinomial nomenclaturetaxongenusMain Idea: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.center351155Linnaean taxonomy classifiesnames1. 4. based onusing a system called2. 5. into groups calledwhich gives each species a3. 6. 00Linnaean taxonomy classifiesnames1. 4. based onusing a system called2. 5. into groups calledwhich gives each species a3. 6. Fill in the concept map with details about Linnaean taxonomy.Main idea: Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.7.How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized?8.Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to species.Study Guide B continued11430577215a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 00a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate boxes below.Main idea: The Linnaean classification system has limitations.9.Why did Linnaeus base his system of classification on physical similarities alone, as opposed to including molecular and genetic similarities?10.Why are physical similarities among species not always the result of being closely related?11.Why do scientists today rely on molecular and genetic similarities to classify organisms?Vocabulary Check12.Taxonomy is the science of __________ and __________ organisms.13.Words from the __________ language are used in binomial nomenclature.14.In the binomial nomenclature naming system, each species is given a unique scientific name that includes a _________ name and a _________ descriptor.Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary RelationshipsStudy Guide Key ConceptModern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.Vocabularyphylogenycladogramcladisticsderived characterMain Idea: Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.1.What is a phylogeny?2.How can a phylogeny be shown?3.Describe the main goal of cladistics.-571511709405. 4. 7. 6. 005. 4. 7. 6. Use the word box below to label the main features of a cladogram.cladenodetaxon beingclassifiedderived characterStudy Guide B continued8.What is a clade?9.How are derived characters used in making a cladogram?10.On a cladogram, what is a node and what does it represent?Main Idea: Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.11.Give two examples of molecular evidence that can be used to help determine species’ relatedness.12.Why are evolutionary trees often changed?13.What can be concluded if the genes of two species are found to be nearly identical?Vocabulary Check14.Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny means “origin.” How do these meanings apply to the term phylogeny?15.How are the words cladistics and cladogram related?16.Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other species in that group do not have, are called __________ characters.Section 4: Domains and KingdomsStudy Guide Key ConceptThe current tree of life has three domains.VocabularyBacteriaArchaeaEukaryaMain Idea: Classification is always a work in progress.1.Why is classification considered a work in progress?2.How has the kingdom system changed over the last three hundred years?3.Describe Woese’s discovery and the impact it had on the tree of life.6356794501753:1938:1977:1866:1959:170018001900 20002000001753:1938:1977:1866:1959:170018001900 20002000On the timeline below, fill in the major changes to the kingdom system that have occurred over the past three hundred years.Study Guide B continuedMain idea: The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.Fill in the table below with notes about the three-domain system.DomainCharacteristicsKingdoms Included4. Bacteria5. Archaea6. Eukarya7.Why is it difficult to classify bacteria and archaea down to the species level?Vocabulary CheckBacteriaArchaeaEukarya__________ 8. Have cells with distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles__________ 9. Known for their ability to live in extreme environments__________ 10. Classified by their shape, need for oxygen, and whether they cause disease ................
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