A Model for Research on Training T I Effectiveness E R

National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health

A Model for Research on

T raining

E ffectiveness

T I

ER

DISCLAIMER

Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.

Copies of this and other NIOSH documents are available from

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Publications Dissemination

4676 Columbia Parkway

Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998

Fax number: (513) 533-8573

Telephone number: 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674)

E-mail: pubstaft@

To receive other information about occupational safety and health problems, call

1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674), or visit the NIOSH Web site at

niosh

October 1999

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 99-142

What Makes Training Effective

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CONTENTS

1. Occupational Safety and Health Training

..................

1

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Training Perspectives in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

2. What Makes Training Effective?

.........................

5

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

Approaches to Effectiveness Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

The TIER Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Study Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Independent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

Dependent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

Modifying Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

Intervening Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

Confounding Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

Four Stages of the Tier Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

Stage 1: Formative Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

Stage 2: Process Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

Stage 3: Outcome Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

Stage 4: Impact Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

3. Application of TIER Model to Occupational

Safety and Health Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Emerging Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

iii

iv

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Acknowledgments

This document was prepared by Gregory P. Loos, Ed.D., and Thaddeus Fowler, Ed.D.,

Education and Information Division (EID) of the National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH). Karen Miles, Ph.D., helped develop the model concept.

The authors wish to thank Richard Carlson, Pauline Elliott, and Anne Stirnkorb (NIOSH,

Education and Information Division) for their contributions to the graphics and design of

this document.

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Background

T

he Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law

91-596) was enacted to assure, so far as possible, safe and

healthful working conditions for every working man and woman

in the Nation. The Act mandated improved research, regulation,

and training aimed at reducing the incidence of occupational injury and

illness. To achieve these goals, provisions were made for two distinct

Federal agencies: the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

OSHA develops and promulgates safety and health regulations in the workplace. NIOSH serves the occupational safety and health research needs of

the Federal government and the public. Both agencies are charged with

delivering occupational safety and health training.

The act states the following about occupational safety and health training:

[The Federal government] . . . shall conduct, directly or by grants or contracts . . .

educational programs to provide an adequate supply of qualified personnel to

carry out the purposes of this Act . . . [and] is also authorized to conduct directly,

or by grants or contracts, short-term training of personnel engaged in work related to . . . responsibilities under this Act . . . [and] provide for the establishment

and supervision of programs for the education and training of employers and

employees in the recognition, avoidance, and prevention of unsafe or unhealthful

working conditions in employments covered by this Act [29 USC* 1900].

In response to this mandate, NIOSH and OSHA have provided direct occupational safety and health training and sponsored training programs within

universities, labor unions, secondary schools, and other institutions.

Currently, NIOSH administers training through a network of colleges and

universities supported by the Institute. Internally, NIOSH researches the

effectiveness and impacts of training. This document offers a guide to such

research.

* United States Code. See USC in references.

Occupational Safety and Health Training

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1

Occupational

Safety and Health

Training

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