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APUSH GUIDEGuided Questions: American History: Connections with the Past by Alan BrinkleyChapter 1: The Collision of CulturesWhat was the most notable disease brought to the Americas by the Europeans?What was the result of Europeans bringing diseases to the Americas that Indians had no immunity to?How did early scholars believe early migrants traveled to America?How many years ago did migrants travel to America from Asia? Who were the “Clovis People?”What has more recent archeological evidence suggested?How does evidence suggest that the first South Americans arrived in the Americas?What is the “Archaic” Period? What was the most important agricultural crop in the Americas?What were some other crops grown by agricultural communities? 11. Who created the largest empire in the Americas? Where was this empire created? 12.What two innovations sustained this empire? 13. What two organized societies emerged from present day Mexico? Which was more sophisticated?14. What was it about this culture that made them so sophisticated?15. What is another name for the Mexica?16. How did the Mexica satisfy their gods?17. Where is Cahokia located and what was its population at its peak?18. Why were alliances among Indian societies so fragile? 19. How did societies of North America divide their tasks?20. Who was the first Norse seaman to reach the Americas?21. Where, and what year did the Black Death begin?22. How many people were killed by the Black Death?.23 . What were two reasons Europeans searched for a safer sea route to Asia?.24. Who made the Portuguese the preeminent maritime power in the 15th century?25. What was Henry the Navigators principal interest?26. Which nation did Columbus sail for? What year did Columbus set sail?27. What three ships were under Columbus’s command? 28. Whose expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the globe? Dates29. What part of the New World was reserved for the Portuguese? 30. (Research Question) What was the name of the papal decree that divided the new world between Spain and Portugal? 31. Which Spanish explorer conquered the Aztecs?32. Who conquered the Incans?33. What is the name given to the Spanish conquerors who subjugated, and in some cases almost exterminated Native populations through a combination of warfare and disease?34. What riches made Spain the wealthiest and most powerful nation on earth for a time?35. What was the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States? What year was it established?36. What were the most important factors of the Pueblo revolt of 1680?37. List the 6 illnesses that killed millions of Native Americans.38. How did conquistadores view the Native population?39. What crops, and animals did Europeans introduce to the New World? 41. What was the mixed race that was created by Spanish intermarriage with the Native population?42. Why couldn’t native populations meet the needs of the colonists?43. Why did Europeans and white Americans portray African society as primitive and uncivilized?44. What does matrilineal mean?45. What was the assumption made by mercantilism?46. What did Richard Hakluyt argue for colonization?47. Who led the Protestant Reformation? What year did it begin?48. What year was Jamestown established?49. What was the name of the first American-born child of English parents?50. Why is Roanoke known as “The Lost Colony?”51. What are two theories of what might have happened to Roanoke?TermsAfrican slave trade-Algonquin-Atlantic World-Cahokia-Catholic Missions-Charter companies-Conquistadores-Christopher Columbus_Maize cultivation-Coureurs de Bois-Don Juan De Onate-Encomienda-Fur trade-Henry Hudson-Iroquois-Jamestown-Matrilineal-Mercantilism-Meso-americans-Mestizos-Pueblo revolt-Puritans-Racial hierarchy-Roanoke-Samuel de Champlain-Separatists-Sir Walter Raleigh-Smallpox-Tenochtitlan-Woodland Indians-Chapter 2 “ Transplantations and Borderlands”What was the principal obstacle to founding new American colonies?What was wrong with the location chosen for the Jamestown colony?By 1608 how many Jamestown colonists remained from the original 104? Who is responsible for saving the Jamestown colony?What was the winter of 1609-1610 called?How did the English settlers survive the “starving time?Who created a tobacco crop that transformed Chesapeake society?How much land did the Headright system grant to new settlers?Who married John Rolfe in 1614?Who was her father?How was the relationship between Indians and the village of St. Mary’s different than the relationship between the Indians and Jamestown?What was the motivation of the establishment of Lord Baltimore’s colony?What did the Toleration Act assure? How was Bacon’s Rebellion significant to the Indians?What was an unintended revelation of Bacon’s Rebellion?Which ship did the Pilgrims come to the New World in?What colony did they establish?Before they left the ships what document was drawn up which will be the first example of a written constitution in the New World? Describe its theme.Who was a prominent leader among the Pilgrims and became the 1st governor of the Plymouth colony?In 1630 the Massachusetts Bay colony was established and this man became its first governor?What famous statement by Winthrop described the Massachusetts Bay colony?.Name the founder and colony which separated from the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1636 and is founded on the principle of separation of Church and State?This woman was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony because of antinomianism. Who was she and what is antinomianism?What manufactured goods were Native Americans in the market for?What was the harsh solution Puritans had for the Native American problem?What Indian war exploded in 1637 ending in the slaughter of most of the Indian tribe with the rest sold into slavery in the Caribbean?In 1675, this war slowed the westward march of English settlement in New England for several decades, but had a devastating effect on New England’s Indians.What were the main reasons the English resented the Dutch presence in America?This Dutch colony was named New Amsterdam, but later changed its name. It was the most aristocratic of all the colonies because it was ruled by the Duke of York.What religious group was urged to “tremble at the name of the Lord”?Which colony was the “Holy Experiment”?Who was the founder of the “Holy Experiment”?What is the Greek translation of the capital of Pennsylvania?(Research Question) What famous Founding Father was a child of a middle colony? What was the result of the labor intensive sugar crop?What was the likely fate of the slaves who worked in the brutal Caribbean?What motivated the Spanish to colonize California?How did the English view the Spanish recruitment of their slaves?Who was the founder of Georgia? HINT: It was NOT Jane ToomeyWhat was his motive for establishing Georgia?This style of economic policy, taking raw materials from the colonies to be turned into manufactured goods and resold in the colonies, is calledWhat were the acts called that were designed to restrict the English colonists from trading with other countries?Place the following in chronological order: William Penn founds Pennsylvania, Martin Luther begins Protestant Reformation, Pequot War, Founding of Jamestown, King Philip’s War, Pilgrims sail on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay, Founding of Rhode Island, Mr. Dayeh’s birthTermsAnne Hutchinson-Bacon’s Rebellion-Barbados Slave Trade-Chesapeake-Congregational Church-Dominion of New England-English Caribbean-Fundamental Constitution for Carolina-George and Cecilus Calvert-Glorious Revolution-Headright-Jacob Leisler-James Oglethorpe-Jamestown-John Calvin-John Smith-John Winthrop-King Philip’s War- Massachusetts Bay Colony-Mayflower Compact-Chapter 3: Society and Culture in Provincial America Who was the dominant element (class) of the early English population in America?This type of servitude was established in the colonies which allowed people to serve four to seven years as a laborer for a family.What fraction of English settlers arrived in the Chesapeake as indentured servants?What were the three principal medical techniques of the 17th century?When did the scientific method begin to find acceptance?Before slavery ended in the 19th century, how many Africans were forced into slavery?What was the Middle Passage?When was the Royal Africa Company’s monopoly finally broken?What was created in the 18th century to limit the rights of blacks? (Research Question) What region of Africa did most of the slaves who reached North America come from?Which colony was the most common destination for Germans who came to America?What was the basis of the economy for the Chesapeake region?What was one effect of the South’s early dependence on large=scale cash crops?How would one describe the expanding transatlantic trade which linked the North American colonies with England and the west coast of Africa?How did southern white women respond to the sexual liaisons between their husbands and sons?This slave rebellion took place in 1739 in South Carolina when 100 slaves tried to march to Spanish Florida. What are some examples of trades learned by slaves on larger plantations?Who participated in the Puritan’s yearly town meeting?Research Question; Because of the halfway covenant who became the majority in Puritan congregation?If a Puritan had not experienced a “conversion” how could he/she participate in the church?What was the first step for Puritans in creating a new town?What hysterical religious event took place in 1692 New England?What tensions played a substantial role in the witchcraft crisis?What did the church teach about inequality?What did the Enlightenment stress?When did the Great Awakening reach its climax?Which minister is known as one of the greatest of all 1st Great Awakening ministers who preached the folly that good works will lead to salvation—but rather God’s grace is the most important factor. He was the grandfather of what future VP for Thomas Jefferson (hint: duel with Hamilton)What was the nickname for those orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism during the 1st Great Awakening? Name for the ministers who defended the Awakenings for its role in revitalizing American religion.How did Enlightenment thinkers believe civilization could be moved to greater heights?Which Americans made contributions to the Enlightenment tradition?What was the main goal of Harvard University in the 16th and 17th century?Which legal case fought between 1734-35 dealt with the issue of a reporter libeling a corrupt royal governor of New York (William Crosby)? Terms Cotton Mather-Covenant-Enlightenment Ideals-George Whitefield-Great Awakening-Gullah-Huguenots-Indentured servitude-Indigo-Jeremiah-John and Charles Wesley-John Locke-John Peter Zenger-John Locke-Jonathon Edwards- Middle Passage-Primogeniture-Saugus Ironworks-Scots-Irish-Slave Codes-Stono Rebellion-Triangular Trade-Chapter 4: The Empire in TransitionWhat was created that helped to increase communication in the colonies?Which failed plan of union in 1754 was the brainchild of Ben Franklin?What famous propaganda poster was made concerning this plan?Which founding father would call his contemporaries “weak noodles” in 1754, when they failed to agree on the details associated with a union plan?In America, the French and Indian War was the final stage in a long battle between which three principal powers in North America?Which group of French missionaries labored zealously to save the Indians for Christ?Which confederacy became the most powerful Native American group?Which 5 tribes made up the Confederacy?What was the last colony founded in America? What year?Which land will cause great rivalry between France and Britain leading to the French and Indian War?Which lieutenant colonel is responsible for starting the French and Indian War which led to the American Revolution (So he started the war, that started the war, that brought about our independence!)?How did Spain gain control of New Orleans?What were three effects the French and Indian War had on the British Empire?What effect did the French and Indian War have on the colonists?What effect did the French and Indian war have on the Iroquois Confederacy?Who became King in 1760?What political party did the king remove from power?What were the King’s intellectual and psychological limitations?Who was made prime minister in 1763?What did the British government create to prevent an escalation of fighting with Native Americans and to limit westward expansion?(Research Question) Most of the laws passed prior to 1763 were loosely enforced. This policy became known asWhat was the first direct tax applied to the American colonists in 1764? How did it affect the price of the commodity?Money became so tight in the colonies that they printed _________________, but Parliament prohibited the colonial legislatures from doing this?What did the Stamp Act of 1765 impose a tax on?Why were the Paxton Boys declared outlaws by the assembly in Philadelphia?.Who was the foremost Virginian Aristocrat to challenge British taxation?This body formed in 1765 in protest of the Stamp Act helped to erode sectional suspicions, for it brought together around the same table leaders from the different and rival colonies?What group terrorized stamp agents and burned the stamps?After the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 which act was immediately passed which stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”—(they just never learn)?Which act was passed in 1765 which later would lead to the creation of the 3rd Amendment to the US Constitution? Parliament finally repealed all of the Townshend revenue duties in 1770, but one—which one--oops?What famous clash took place on March 5, 1770 in Boston? Who created the woodcut that was used as a propaganda tool surrounding this incident?How many colonists lost their life in this clash? Who was the first man to die? Who was the most effective radical in the colonies?Colonists believed they should only be taxed with their consent. What slogan came from this belief?How did the British answer the colonist protest concerning representation? Describe that representation.The failure to repeal all of the revenue duties led to this event in December of 1773?These acts, created by King George and Lord North were created as a response to the Boston Tea Party.This Act guaranteed the Catholic religion and permitted the conquered French Canadians their old customs and institutions?What two men made the famous ride to warn the colonials of the British coming?In April of 1775 what famous battle took place that was the start of the Am. Revolution?TermsAlbany Plan-Benjamin Franklin- Boston Massacre-Boston Tea Party-Charles Townshend-Coercive acts-Committees of Correspondence-Creoles-Currency act-Daughters of Liberty-First Continental Congress-George Grenville-Imperial Authority-Impressment-Iroquois Confederacy-Lord North-Mercy Otis Warren-Mutiny act-Patrick Henry-Paxton Boys-Pontiac’s Rebellion- Proclamaton of 1763-Quebec Act-Samuel Adams-Seven Years War- Sons of Liberty-Stamp Act-Stamp Act Congress-Sugar Act-Tea act-Townshend Duties-Virginia Resolves-William Pitt-Chapter 5: The American RevolutionAs proof that the colonies were not seeking their independence what last ditch effort was passed in July 1775 which King George III rejected?Thomas Paine is known for the distribution of what famous document? In what year?On what date did Congress approve the Declaration of Independence?Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?Who helped him write it?Which English philosopher did Jefferson steal from when he wrote “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?”What phrase in the Declaration of Independence will inspire future movements of liberation?What is the name used to describe colonists who supported the King?What is the name used to describe colonists who supported independence?(Research Question) What is meant by the term Republican Motherhood (not in book)?What document governed the colonies as a weak and uncertain central government?What challenges faced the new government?Who was commander and chief of the Continental Army?Which famous Prussian general will help train the Continental Army?What were three advantages the Americans had over the British during the Revolutionary War?What battle inflicted the heaviest casualty rate for the British?What famous crossing took place on December 25, 1776 by Washington?What two famous victories will take place in December 1776 by the Continental Army?Trenton and PrincetonWhich British general was defeated in October of 1777, which becomes the turning point of the American Revolution?What battle will be the turning point of the American Revolution in October 1777?How many nations within the Iroquois Confederacy supported the British?Who went to France as a militia “diplomat?”Why was France America’s indispensable ally during the Revolutionary War?.What did the British promise slaves if they deserted their owners and joined the British?Which early hero of the Revolutionary War became a traitor? What did he promise to give to the British?This French Admiral will help trap the British at Yorktown forcing the British to surrender.Which British General was forced to surrender at Yorktown when surrounded by Washington, Rochambeau and the French navy?What tune did the British band play after their surrender in October 1781?Which three Americans will be sent to Britain to negotiate a peace treaty?In what year was the finale peace treaty signed ending the American Revolution?How many Loyalists fled the country after the Revolutionary War?Which church was associated with England and fell from grace? What is one of the ironies of the American Revolution?How did the Revolution weaken the position of Native Americans?What was American Independence to the Indians?How were women of value to the American army?What lengths did some women go to in order to fight?“In the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors.” What was Abigail Adams calling for?What legal rights did an unmarried woman have?How did the rights of an unmarried woman compare to a married woman?What was the important task mothers had after the Revolution (Republican Motherhood)? What did the word “republican” mean to the Americans?Why did slavery survive in the southern states?According to the Articles of Confederation, what was the central institution of national authority?What were four weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?In the Land Ordinance of 1785, how was land divided?What policy will be implemented in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? Why is this important?What rebellion caused some of the founding fathers to reconsider the Articles of Confederation?Terms Abigail Adams-American Patriots-Articles of Confederation-Battle of Fallen Timbers-Benedict Arnold-Common Sense-Daniel Shays-Declaration of Independence-George Washington-Hessians-Jean Jacques Rousseau-John Locke-Joseph and Mary Bryant-Loyalists ( Tories)-Molly Pitcher-Nathaniel Greene-Northwest Ordinance-Olive Branch Petition-Ordinances of 1784 and 1785-Prohibitory Act-Republicanism-Saratoga-Second Continental Convention-Thomas Jefferson-Thomas Paine-Valley Forge-Yorktown-Chapter 6: The Constitution and the New RepublicWhy did the majority believe they had fought the Revolutionary War?Where did they want to keep power?How successful was the Annapolis Convention in 1786? Why?What did Thomas Jefferson say about rebellions in his letter to James Madison?Where did the fifty-five emissaries from twelve states finally meet to revise the Articles?Who was unanimously chosen chairman of the Constitutional Convention?Which plan presented by James Madison and Edmund Randolph favored the more populous states? How did it?Which plan presented by William Paterson favored the smaller states? How did it?What was the major difference between the two plans?How did the Great Compromise solve the representation problem?This compromise determined that each slave would count as 3/5 of free person in determining the basis for both representation and direct taxation.Who was the most important person in the creation of the Constitution(Father of the Constitution)?Which delegate of the Constitutional Convention is credited with creating the preamble to the Constitution? According to Baron de Montesquieu, what was the best way to avoid tyranny?What is the Constitution’s most distinctive feature?Which two population groups enjoyed virtually none of the privileges provided to the white population by the Constitution?What did the Naturalization Act of 1790 do?Who was Publius? What did the Anti-Federalists say the “federal” government would do?Why did the Anti-federalists demand a Bill of Rights?What city was America’s capital on April 30, 1789?What is the name of the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution?Which political party wanted a strong national government?Which political party wanted a weaker centralized government?Who was the leader of the Federalists?Who was the leader of the Republicans?How many members did SCOTUS originally have? Now?What did Hamilton want to do concerning the national debt?Why did Hamilton want to create a national bank?(Research Question) Which clause will be used to justify the creation of the Bank of the United States?How long was the Bank of the United States first chartered for?Was Washington more sympathetic toward the Federalists or Republicans?Which excise tax will cause Washington to deploy the National Army? Where was the rebellion?What will be the first state to enter the union after the original thirteen?What was the major issue between whites and Indians that the Constitution did not address?Who was Citizen Edmond Genêt?What did Great Britain do that challenged American neutrality?Which treaty was signed between the US and Spain granting the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida?What tradition established by Washington would last until the 1940s?This event caused an unofficial war between the United States and France? What famous cry came out of the XYZ Affair? Why is the XYZ Affair considered important?What did the Alien Act do?What did the Sedition Act do?What two documents will be written by Jefferson and Madison concerning the Alien and Sedition Acts?Who was Sally Hemmings?In filling the many open positions in the judiciary, what is the nickname given to these Adams’s appointments?TermsAlexander Hamilton-Alien and Sedition-Antifederalists-Bill of Rights-Checks and Balances-Citizen Genet Affair-Federalists-Federal Structure- French Revolution- Great Compromise-Hamilton’s Financial Plan-James Madison-Jay’s Treaty-John Adams-Judiciary Act of 1801-Neutrality Act-New Jersey Plan- Pinckney’s Treaty-Chapter 7: The Jeffersonian EraWhat were Jefferson’s ideas about education?How were southern private schools different from northern private schools?What inspired some to reconsider the value of female education?Were there efforts to educate African Americans during this period?What was included in the average college education?How did George Washington probably die?What changes took place in the handling of childbirth during the nineteenth century?For what did Jedediah Morse and Noah Webster advocate?Why do Americans spell honor without a u? What did Charles Brockden and Washington Irving contribute to American culture?What impact did the American Revolution have on religious practice?Who were the religious skeptics of the day?What were Universalism and Unitarianism?Were these expressions of rationalism a mark of the end of traditional evangelical religion?What religious groups drove the revival/ awakening?Why did the evangelicals often denounce the New Light Dissenters?What were possible reasons for such wide participation among women in the Second Great Awakening?Did African American play a role in the Second Great Awakening?What about Native Americans? To what extent did they participate in the Second Great Awakening?Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?What did England do to prevent the industrialization of the United States?Provide an example of technology spreading to the U.S. through immigrants.23.What impact did the cotton gin have on the economy and on laborers in the U.S.?Did Eli Whitney produce anything else that was noteworthy? What advancements were made in transportation during the early stages of the industrialization of the US? What was the “ turnpike era”?Who did Thomas Jefferson defeat in 1800? Who did he defeat in 1804?Where was the nation’s capital? How did Jefferson change the public debt?Why did he want to keep the army small?Describe the issue that Jefferson’s government had with Tripoli.What was the purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1801?Who was the true winner in the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison?Who was Chief Justice at the time of this ruling?32.What were Napoleon’s goals in the Western Hemisphere?Who negotiated the Louisiana Purchase?What controversy surrounded the Louisiana Purchase?What service did Lewis, Clark and Sacajawea provide for the country?What inspired such bad feelings between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton? What two conflicts took shape during Jefferson’s presidency that led to a war with Great Britain?Why did British sailors think that they had the right tot stop and search American ships?What happened on the Chesapeake?Why did Congress pass the Embargo Act (1807)? The Non-Intercourse Act ( 1810)?What was Jefferson’s “offer” to the Native Americans?What role did William Henry Harrison play in the negotiations?Who did Tecumseh work to unite?What occurred at the Battle of Tippecanoe?How was the Florida issue fuel for the war fever between the US and Britain?Who were the war hawks? In what army did Tecumseh serve?Who did Jackson defeat in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend? 48. Who wrote “ the Star Spangled Banner” ? When? Where? 49.What was to happen to the lands that were taken from the Native Americans during the war?What were two main goals of the U.S. during this period?Aaron Burr- American Shipping-Camp meetings-Cane ridge-Deism-Eli Whitney-Embargo Act-Handsome Lake-Hartford Convention-Impressment-Industrialism-John Marshall-Judicial Review-Judith Sargent Murray-Louisiana Purchase-Marbury v. Madison-Mercy Otis Warren-Neolin-New Light Dissenters-Noah Webster-Robert Fulton-Samuel Slater-Second Great Awakening-Tecumseh-The Embargo-The Prophet ( Tesnkwatawa-Toussaint L’Ouverture-War Hawks-War of 1812-Washington Irving-William Henry Harrison- Chapter 8: Varieties of American Nationalism1. How did the War of 1812 stimulate manufacturing?2. What weaknesses were exposed during the war? 3. How was the Second Bank of the U.S. different from the first? 4. What sparked the growth of the textile industry? 5. What caused the post war economic slowdown? 6. What did protectionists hope for? Who were they? 7. Who disliked the tariffs? 8. What is one benefit of having the government get involved with building infrastructure ( roads)? 9. Who felt the consequences of not having enough roads? 10. President Madison wanted internal improvements. What congressman stepped up and introduced the bill for it? 11.Why did Madison veto it on his last day in office? pare population growth in the west to that of the rest of the country following the War of 181213.Why were moving westward in such large numbers? Provide three reasons.14. Why were some cotton growers moving westward?15. Where was a strong fur trade economy growing in the country?16. What was Jackson’s justification for invading Florida?17. Was Jackson held responsible for this action?18. How were Jackson’s actions perceived by the Spanish?19. What was the final outcome?20.What caused the depression and Panic of 1819? 21. Why was Missouri’s application for statehood controversial?22. Where was slavery prohibited as per the Thomas Amendment ( the Missouri Compromise?23. Briefly describe John Marshall’s legacy on the Supreme Court. 24. Fletcher v. Peck, a Marshall decision, determined that contracts were valid even in cases of_________________.25. Who argued to protect the charter for Dartmouth College in Dartmouth College v. Woodward ?26. What was upheld/confirmed by Marshall in the case McCulloch v. Maryland?27. What were southern states trying to do to prevent the bank from succeeding?28.What was Daniel Webster’s argument about states taxing the bank?29. What was decided in the Johnson v. McIntosh decision?30. What was the state of Georgia attempting to do with Cherokee land? 31. How did the Marshall court define the relationship between the US government, state governments and the Native American tribes?32.Name an effect of the Monroe Doctrine. 33.What was the “ American System”? 34.Why did Jackson lose the election in 1824 election?35.Who won the election of 1828?TermsAdams-Onis Treaty-American System-Francis Cabot Lowell-Gibbons v. Ogden-Henry Clay- John Quincy Adams-McCulloch v. Maryland-Missouri Compromise-Monroe Doctrine-Sectionalism-Seminole war-Sequoyah-Stephen Long-Tallmadge Amendment-Transportation improvements-Worcester v. Georgia-Chapter 9: Jacksonian EraThe chapter opens with an anecdote about an incident in Andrew Jackson's early years when he was captured by British sailors. What happened?What did Andrew Jackson study?3.Did Jackson own slaves? 4.What are three items that stand out in Jackson's legacy?5.What was Daniel Webster's belief about property and voting? 6.What did the Dorrites believe?7.Name a few achievements in the democratization of the vote in the nineteenth century.8.What was the general theme of Tocqueville's work Democracy in America?9.The expanded electorate was only part of the reason for the high level of voter participation. What else factored in?10.Were parties always a part of the republic?11.What was Martin Van Buren political organization known as in New York State?12.What was their argument about parties?13.Jackson is believed to have had a simple political belief. What was it?14.Jackson embraced the “ spoils system”. What was it?15.Why did Jackson try to get rid of the congressional caucus?16.Jackson's supporteres were the first to hold17.What were Jackson's concerns about Washington?18.Who was Jackson's vice president?19.Why were many South Carolinians calling the tariff of 1816 the “tariff of abominations”? 20.What is the theory of nullification?21. What sectional controversy was debated in 1830 by Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster?22.Calhoun coached Hayne for the next part of the debate. For what did he want Hayne to argue? 23.In what way did this situation worsen in 1832? 24.How did President Jackson respond to Hayne and Calhoun?25.How did Henry Clay calm the matter down?26.Who was Black Hawk?27.What did Black Hawk refuse to recognize?28.Black Hawk and his followers resettled the area in Illinois that was controversial. How did white setllers respond?29.Who won the Black Hawk War?30.After the the Sauks and Foxes were defeated and retreating across the Mississippi into Iowa, what action did the US military take?31.Who were known as the “ five civilized tribes”? Why were they called this?32.What was the Removal act meant to do? How?33.What was President Jackson's reaction to the Marshall court decision, Worcester v. Georgia?34.On what grounds did the state of Georgia aided by 7,000 US military remove the Cherokee in a forced march from the state of Georgia?35.Approximately how many of the Cherokee died while on the Trail of Tears? Who won the Seminole War? Who fought?37.Who ran the national bank during Jackson's presidency? 38. What two groups opposed the bank?39.What did Jackson do to weaken the bank?40.Who helped Jackson achieve his goals to crush the bank? 41.What did Biddle due to fight back?42.Briefly describe the political philosophy of the Whigs.43.Who were the “Great Triumvirate”?44.What was Clay's American System?45.What caused the panic of 1837?.46.Who beat Martin Van Buren in 1840? What happened to him a month into his presidency?How many presidencies did the Whigs win in US history?TermsAndrew Jackson-Anti-Masonry-Aroostook War-Bank War-Caroline Affair-Daniel Webster-Democrats-Dorr Rebellion- Five Civilized Tribes-Indian Territory-John C. Calhoun-John Tyler-Martin Van Buren-Nicholas Biddle-Nullification-Panic of 1837-Removal Act-Roger Taney-Seminole War-Specie Circular-Spoils System-Trail of Tears-Webster-Ashburton Treaty-Webster-Hayne Debate-Whigs-William Henry Harrison-Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution1.List some things that needed to be in place for the U.S. States to have a successful industrial revolution.2.How large was the population in 1790? 1840?3.What were some reasons for the population growth?4.Where did the majority of immigrants come from in the mid nineteenth century?5.When was the Irish famine?6.Why were so many Irish immigrants domestics?7. What is nativism?8.Why did some people argue that immigrants corrupted politics?Why did the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner want to ban Catholics and foreign born from holding public office and voting?10.They later formed what political party? 11.Why was there such an impetus to create canals? 12.What were the dimensions of the Erie Canal? When did it open? 13.What sort of access came to be due to this engineering triumph?14.What were some of the logistical problems with early railroads?15.By 1840, how many miles of track had been laid in the country? 16.What two cities were connected by the Pennsylvania railroad?17.How did telegraph lines reinforce the schism between the north and south?18.What was beneficial about the formation of the Associated Press?19.How did newspapers affect American unity? 20.What is the difference between a partnership and a corporation? 21.Why did many banks fail at this time?22.Where did the factory system emerge in the United States?23.How did the government armories contribute to technological advances?24.What did the following invnetors invent: Charle Goodyear, Elias Howe, Isaac Singer25.Why did factories sometimes have to close in the winter months?26.Why were factories built in Lowell, Massachusetts?27. What were some of the regulations/restrictions placed on female employees in the Lowell system? 28.In what year did the women in the Lowell factories form a union? Did their strikes succeed?29.What impact did the surge in Irish immigration in the 1840s have on factory life?30.What are piece rates ?31.What impact did the factory system have on skilled artisans? 32.What were the first two states to have a ten hour work day?33.How did employers get around that law ?34.What Supreme Court case legalized strikes? 35.In general, were unions successful in the 1840s and 1850s? 36.Were the freed African Americans, 200, 000, allowed to vote?37.What impact did the industrial revolution have on the distribution of wealth? 38.Who were the two great architects who built Central Park in NYC?39.How did free blacks fare in the northern cities?40.How did the frontier act as a “safety valve” for discontent, as Frederick Jackson Yurner said?41. Why were diets more starchy and heavy back then among the middle class?42.In the 1800s, who were more likely to win custofd of kids in a divorce? Could women initiate divorces?43.What college was the first to enroll women? 44.What was meant by the woman's “ sphere”?45.What were the costs of the “cult of domesticity” for women?46.What is the the old Northwest referred to as today?47.What major city became a hub for meatpacking and agricultural machinery?48.What impact did the McCormick reaper have on farming?TermsAgricultural specialization-Canal age-Commonwealth v. HuntCorporations“cult of Domesticity” Early skilled worker unions-Erie Canal-Factory system-Free labor-Godey’s Lay’s Book-Immigrant Labor-Interchangeable parts-Know Nothings-Lowell System-Machine tools-Middle class-Nativism- Old northwest-P.T. Barnum- Samuel F.B. Morse-Sarah Bagley-Social mobility-Steam boats-Steel flow-Truck farming-Women’s separate sphere- Chapter 11: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old SouthWhat was the most important economic development in the mid-nineteenth century South? What crop did the upper South rely on?By the Civil War, how much money was cotton bringing in per year?What area was known as the “Cotton Kingdom?”What was the principle means of transport in the South? In the North?What are three reasons the south do so little to develop a larger industrial and commercial economy of its own? What traditional values prevented the south from creating an industrial economy?What image describes these values?How did the South come to be seen as a society dominated by great plantations and wealthy landowning planters?Why was the “cavalier” image of the south mostly a myth?Who beat Charles Sumner in the chamber of the United States Senate?Why’d he do it?According to George Fitzhugh, what is the one right women have?In the South, how many women over 20 were completely illiterate?What happened to the children that resulted in unions between white men and their female slaves?Why was slavery unattractive to those people livening in the South’s hill country?How were nonslaveowning whites in the South tied to the plantation system?What class of white southerners did African American slaves look down on?Why was slavery referred to as the “peculiar institution?”What were slaves prohibited from doing according to the slave codes?Was it a crime for a white person to kill a slave?What year did the international slave trade become illegal in America?What are two ways masters tried to preserve the health of their slaves?What southern state forced freed slaves living within its borders to leave?What happened to slaves when they arrived at auction?Even though the international slave trade had been outlawed, how long were slaves still being smuggled into the country?What slave revolt took place on a ship in 1839?What was the result of this revolt?What two reactions did slaves have toward slavery?Describe “Sambo”.Describe the events of the 1831 Nat Turner slave rebellion.What was created to assist runaway slaves attempting to escape to Canada?What language was created by first generation slaves to overcome the language barrier?What did African American religion emphasize above all else?How many black families were broken apart by the slave trade? Terms Cult of honor-De Bow’s Review-Denmark Vesey-Gabriel Prosser-Gang system-Nat Turner-Paternalism-Pidgin-“Sambo”-Slave codes-Slave music-Task system-Chapter 12: Antebellum Culture and ReformWhat was Sydney Smith expressing when he asked, “Who looks at an American picture or statue”?What type of art did the Hudson River school promote?Who was the first great American novelist?What did his novels explore?This author penned such books as “The Raven”, “The Fall of the House of Usher”.What did Transcendentalist authors embrace?Who will be the best-known transcendentalists in the mid to late 19th Century?What was Henry David Thoreau jailed in the 1850’s? What was the most famous of all 19th century experiments in communal living?Which woman and leading transcendentalist was one of the most responsible for raising issues of gender?What did Oneidans take special pride in?This group of religious leaders were lead by Mother Ann Lee, and prohibited both marriage and sexual relations?Who created the Mormons?What happened to the creator of that religious movement?According to the textbook, who was the most influential of the revival preachers of the 2nd Great Awakening?What was one of the most influential reform movements that Evangelical Protestantism strengthened?Why were women so active in the temperance movement?What organization emerged as a coordinating agency among various temperance groups? Which state passed legislation to restrict the sale and consumption of alcohol in 1851?What epidemic of the 1830s and 1840s led to an interest in new theories of health and knowledge?What was considered to be the great medical achievement of the 18th century?According to the text, who was the greatest of the educational reformers?What were Horace Mann’s great accomplishment during the mid-19th Century?Which reformer began a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill?How did reservations serve the white population?Women played an important role in which two reform movements?These sisters will become famous for championing antislavery.What meeting will be held in New York State in 1848 and was most memorable as the first Woman’s Rights Convention? What declaration comes out of this convention? (favorite test question)Which training facility will open it doors in 1821 to women, with the help of Emma Willard?The woman’s rights movement will take a back seat to which campaign in the mid-19th Century?What was the purpose of the American Colonization Society of 1817?This man published the newspaper “The Liberator” and was a radical abolitionist.According to Garrison, how should opponents of slavery view slavery?In 1833, what abolitionist Society was formed with the publisher in #31?Who was considered the greatest of the black abolitionists prior to the Civil War?What newspaper did Fredrick Douglas found?Which editor of an abolitionist newspaper will be killed in 1837 for his radical stance on slavery?Because of their stance on slavery many of the people who will move to the West will be nicknamed ____________? This will become a third-party in US politics and will merge into the Republicans in 1854.Who was the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin?Terms Abolitionists-American Colonization Society- Amistad-Anti-abolitionism-Charles Grandson Finney-David Walker-Edgar Allen Poe- Elizabeth Cady Stanton-Feminism-Frederick Douglass- Fugitive slave law-Harriet Beecher Stowe- Henry David Thoreau-Herman Melville-Horace Mann-Hudson River School-Indian reservation-James Fenimore Cooper-Joseph Smith-Lucretia Mott-Margaret Fuller-Nathaniel Hawthorne-Protestant Revivalism-Public Education-Ralph waldo Emerson-Sarah and Angelica Grimke-Seneca Falls Convention-Shakers-Susan B. Anthony-Termperance Crusade-Transcendentalism-Utopian societies-Walt Whitman-William Lloyd Garrison-Chapter 13: The Impending CrisisHow much territory had the U.S. acquired by the 1840s?What was the idea of Manifest Destiny?Who coined the phrase manifest destiny? When (Earliest known use of the term)?What was one way Americans defended the idea of Manifest Destiny?Which prominent politician feared territorial expansion?Why did he fear territorial expansion?What did Mexico encourage that cost them to lose Texas?What did many southerners bring with them to Texas?Why?How many Americans were in Texas by 1830?Who was the most successful intermediary?What did intermediaries do?What was a major cause of friction between American settlers and Mexico?What year did American settlers declare their independence from Mexico?What mission in San Antonio was annihilated by Santa Anna’s army?Who defeated Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto?What were two reasons Americans opposed the annexation of Texas?What 3 presidents chose not to annex Texas?Who proposed an annexation treaty to Congress in hopes to extend slavery?Which present states were part of the Oregon territory?What were the vast majority of migrants looking for as they headed West?What disease killed thousands of people as they traveled along the trails?How did Native Americans help white immigrants as they traveled the trail?.What political party was Clay part of?Who will be elected in 1844 upsetting the Whigs?Which president deserves much of the credit for shepherding Texas into the fold of the US?What dispute will coin the phrase “54 40’ or fight”?Along what parallel would the Oregon border be finally settled with the British?What year did the U.S. admit Texas as a state?What caused the Mexican-American War to begin in 1846?Who called The Mexican War, “one of the most unjust ever waged”?Why Did Abraham Lincoln criticize the war? (Research Question) What was the “spot” resolution? Who introduced it?What man will lead a successful Bear Flag Revolt in California, creating a short-lived California Bear Flag Republic?Which General will battle his way up to Mexico City by September of 1847?Who will be sent by President Polk to negotiate a treaty with Mexico in 1848?What treaty ended the Mexican War of 1846-48?What did the failed Wilmot Proviso stipulate concerning slavery and the newly acquired Mexican land? Was it successful? Why/why not?In regards to slavery, what is “popular sovereignty?Who will be elected president in 1848?What political party was he a part of?This third party made no bones about their stance against slavery. What happened at Sutter’s Mill, CA in 1848? How did this event effect emigration? Was California admitted as a free or slave state?This Compromise will settle the battle over the newly acquired Mexican territory until the Civil War.Who is the father of this Compromise…go figure? Who actually got the bill passed in Congress? How?Who became president upon the death of Zachary Taylor?This man will become president in the election of 1852 and was known as the “Fainting General”?Why did the Ostend Manifesto enrage antislavery northerners?Who was responsible for the arrangement of the Gadsden Purchase? Why was he?This politician from Illinois will be the father of what famous Act in 1854?What massacre will take place in 1856 because of the Kansas/Nebraska Act? Who was the leader of the massacre (radical abolitionist)?According to John C. Calhoun, why was slavery a “positive good” (3 reasons)?How did southern apologists argue slavery was good?Who won the election of 1856?What was the principle of the lawsuit brought by Dred Scott in 1857?Why did the Supreme Court rule against Dred Scott?What were the consequences of the Dred Scott decision?Did Kansas enter the Union as a free or slave state?What event made Lincoln nationally prominent?What was Lincoln’s position on slavery?Who eventually won the Senate seat in Illinois between Douglas and Lincoln?What eventually will happen to John Brown after he is captured by US Marines at Harper’s Ferry?What two other Democrat candidates ran in the 1860 presidential election?Who won the election of 1860?Terms Abraham Lincoln-Compromise of 1850-Dred Scott Decision-Election of 1860-Fugitive Slave Act- Gold Rush-Free-soil ideology-Free Soil Party-Gadsden Purchase-General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna-Harper’s Ferry-Henry Clay-James Polk-John Brown-John C. Calhoun-Kansas-Nebraska Act-Manifest Destiny-Mexican War-Oregon Trail-popular sovereignty-Republican Party-Sam Houston-Stephen Douglas-Stephen Austin-Tejanos-Texas Annexations-The Alamo-Transcontinental Railroad- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-Wilmot Proviso-Winfield scott-“Young America”-Zachary Taylor-Chapter 14: The Civil WarWhat happened as soon as the South learned of Lincoln’s election?Which state was the first to secede from the Union?After southern secession, what was the name of the new nation that was formed?What was at the heart of Crittendon’s Compromise?.What did Lincoln do which might have prompted the bombardment of Fr. Sumter?On what day was Ft. Sumter attacked (official start of Civil War)?What four states will join with the other seven seceding states in April of 1861?Which four Border States will remain with the Union when the Civil War breaks out?What did the Homestead Act of 1862 do? Which act led to the creation of new state colleges and universities?What was the financial landmark of the war for the North?How many men served in the Union during the Civil War?What did Congress pass for the first time on a nationwide scale to increase the size of the Army?Why did the people of New York City riot in July of 19863?Who was Lincoln’s Democrat opponent in the election of 1864?What was the Electoral College vote in the 1864 Presidential election? Which Radicals in Congress wanted to see slavery abolished immediately?.What was the Confiscation Act of 1861?What was the name of the pivotal battle of 1862 which will allow Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863?Which slaves did the Emancipation Proclamation free? Which Amendment will eventually free all of the slaves in the US? Who will lead the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment?What positions did women take when the men went off to war?Who founded the National Women’s League in 1863?Who was the founder of the Red Cross?Who were the President and Vice President of the Confederacy?Describe the devastating effects the war had on the economy of the South.Who becomes the saving grace for the Union army? What were the Navies two important roles during the war?What was unique about both ships the Merrimack and the Monitor?Which ship was victorious in the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimack?What was “King Cotton” diplomacy?What would be the first major crisis with Britain during the Civil War?What advances changed the way soldiers fought in the field?After what battle will both the North and South realize this is not going to be a quick war?What fortunate turn of events helped the Union to be victorious at Antietam?Which battles are considered the turning point for the Union in 1863? At what courthouse will Lee and Grant finally meet on April 9, 1865 to end the Civil War (not far from the first Bull Run Battle field)?Place the following battle of the Civil War in chronological order: Gettysburg, Vicksburg, First Battle of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam, Sherman’s “March to the Sea”, Shiloh, Ft. Sumter, Grant’s Wilderness Campaign, Lee surrenders at Appomattox.Terms Abraham Lincoln-Antietam-Appomattox-Bull Run-Clara Barton-Emancipation Proclamation-Fort Sumter-George McClellan-Gettysburg-Emancipation Proclamation-Fort Sumter-George McClellan-Gettysburg-Gettysburg-Gettysburg Address-Greenbacks-Homestead Act-Jefferson Davis- March to the Sea-Morrill Land Grant-Robert E. Lee-Shiloh-Thomas “ Stonewall” Jackson-Ulysses S. Grant-U.S. Sanitary Commission-William Tecumseh ShermanChapter 15: Reconstruction and the New South What made the Civil War a catastrophe for the South?How many confederate soldiers were killed during the Civil War? (Burke Question) What was the “Lost Cause”?How many slaves “emerged” from bondage?What did freedom mean for African Americans?What did freedom mean for white Southerners?What amendment abolished slavery?How did white planters try to continue slavery?What did the Freedmen’s bureau do?Who were the leaders of the Radical Republicans and what states did they represent? What was the name of Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction?What did his plan say?What three states were reconstructed under Lincoln’s plan?What was the bill called that tried to implement the Radical Republican plan for reconstruction?Who assassinated Lincoln?What was the purpose of the southern “Black Codes”? What Bill will be passed by Congress in March 1866, but later vetoed by Johnson?What did the 14th Amendment do? What did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 do to the South?What did the 15th Amendment do?What principle did the SCOTUS case Ex parte Milligan (1866) establish?How did the Tenure of Office Act limit the president’s power? Whom did Andrew Johnson dismiss in “violation” of this Act?What was Congress’s reaction to this violation?Was Johnson convicted?What was meant by the Southern term “scalawag”?What was meant by the tern “carpetbaggers”?What was the name of the first black US Senators from Mississippi?What major problem did Ulysses S. Grant face as the Republican nominee and future President of the United States?This scandal happened before President Grant took office, but will be blamed on his administration. It involved the forming of a construction company and then cleverly hiring the same construction company at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning dividends as high as 348%--nice turn on your money. This scandal in the Grant administration robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues.What caused the Panic of 1873?What is better known as “Seward’s folly”?What was the largest and most effective terrorist organization that was formed in 1866?What Acts will be passed in 1870 and 1871 to counteract the group in question #34?Who will be elected president in 1876?What compromise will allow him to be elected?What major compromise will be made in 1877 which allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president?Why is Reconstruction considered a failure?This Supreme Court case established the policy of Separate, but Equal better known as segregation?What were two ways in which the South evaded the 15th Amendment to dent African Americans the right to vote?What were grandfather laws?Why were blacks lynched by white mobs?Who launched an international anti-lynching movement with a series of articles?TermsAndrew Johnson – Atlanta Compromise – Black Codes – Blanche Bruce – Booker T. Washington – Carpetbaggers – Charles Sumner – Compromise of 1877 – Crop-Lien System – Enforcement Acts – Fifteenth Amendment – Fourteenth Amendment –Hamilton Fish – Hiram Revels – Ida B. Wells – Jim Crow Laws – Ku Klux Klan –New South – Panic of 1873 – Plessy v. Ferguson – Radical Republicans – Redeemers – Reconstruction Bills – Scalawags – Segregated Schools – Sharecropping – Thaddeus Stevens – Thirteenth Amendment – Wade Davis Bill – William Seward – ................
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