LINK WORDS
|CAUSE OR REASON |EXAMPLES |
| | |
|because |I felt safe because I knew he was there. |
|because of / due to (followed by a noun phrase) |He did not come because of / due to the snow. |
|as | |
|Since (puesto que, como) |As he was late, he decided to run. |
|For this reason, /that is why… |Since he is British, he must love carrot cake! |
| |Learning languages helps you to communicate with different cultures. For this reason,|
| |/ That’s why, I’m going to study German. |
|PURPOSE / OBJECTIVE |EXAMPLES |
| | |
|… in order to …+inf (para hacer algo) |I did it in order to clarify matters. |
|…so as (not) to … + inf |Let’s go upstairs, so as not to be disturbed. (para) |
|…so as to…+ inf (para hacer algo) |Ring me, so as to arrive on time |
|… for … to …+inf |I took photos for you to see what it looks like. |
|CONSEQUENCE OR RESULT |EXAMPLES |
| | |
|Consequently, … |There has been a great deal of rain and consequently, / as a consequence, / as a |
|As a consequence, … |result, the reservoirs are full. |
|As a result, … | |
|Because of /due to (debido a, a causa de) |He did not come because of / due to the snow. |
|So (así que) | |
| |I had the flu, so I couldn’t attend the meeting. |
|… so + adj+ that … | |
|… so that … (para que) |He was driving so fast that he had an accident. |
|Therefore, … |Keep your password secret so that others cannot use it. |
|That’s why … |He was away. Therefore, he did not see her. |
| |She hates driving, that’s why she comes by bike. |
|Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a| |
|similar way. |The company is expanding. Therefore, / So, / Consequently, / As a result, they are |
| |taking on extra staff." |
|ADDITION |In addition to Spanish and English, she also studies German. |
|In addition, / in addition to + noun/gerund |In addition to studying Spanish and English, she also studies German. |
| |She studies Spanish and English. In addition, she also studies German. |
| |I play the piano. Furthermore/Moreover, I also write songs. |
| | |
|Furthermore, |He studies Spanish and English, as well as German. |
|Moreover, | |
| | |
|As well as…, (followed by a noun/gerund) | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Also (after verb to be and before other verbs) | |
|Too (usually at the end of a sentence) | |
|And | |
|CONTRAST / OPPOSITION |EXAMPLES |
| | |
|Whereas (mientras que) / while (mientras que) |Some of the studies show positive results whereas / while others do not. |
|On the contrary, |I’m not criticizing; on the contrary, I’m on your side. |
|Unlike |Unlike his father, he’s hopeless with a computer. |
|Contrary to |Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. |
|In contrast |In contrast to what people believe, many cats dislike milk- |
| |On the one hand, they’d love to have kids, but on the other (hand), they don’t want |
|On the one hand, ... On the other hand, … |to give up their freedom. |
|Although / even though/even if |Although / Even though she was poor, she refused his money. |
| |You should come back to visit her even if you don’t have time. (aunque) |
| | |
| |Despite / in spite of his promise, he never came. |
| |They continued on their journey, in spite of the pouring rain. OR In spite of the |
|Despite / In spite of ('in spite of' or ‘despite of’ + a |pouring rain, the continued on their journey. |
|noun, noun phrase or gerund) | |
| |It wasn’t my fault. However, I felt guilty. |
| |Christmas is a family celebration. Nevertheless, For some people just means shopping.|
|However, Nevertheless, | |
| | |
| | |
| |"He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." |
| |"He works hard. However he doesn't earn much." |
|But | |
|But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at| |
|the beginning of a sentence. |It can also be argued that / There are people who say that the author intended the |
| |reader to see this character as a symbol of hope. |
|It can also be argued that/ there are people who say that | |
|CONDITION |EXAMPLES |
| | |
|As long as (en tanto en cuanto) |You can borrow it as long as John doesn’t mind. |
|Or else / otherwise |Go away, or else / otherwise I’ll call the police. |
|Provided |You can have it provided you ask nicely. |
|Unless |I won’t go unless the weather improves. |
|If |If she studies hard, she’ll pass the exam. |
|Even if (incluso si) |Even if she studies hard, she won't pass the exam. |
|TIME |EXAMPLES |
| | |
|When / while |They must have called when we were out. |
| |My parents came while I was cleaning the kitchen. |
|By the time |By the time he arrived, we had already had dinner. |
| | |
|As (cuando) |As I entered the room, he laughed at me. |
|As soon as |Let me know as soon as you’ve finished. |
|For (2 meanings) |The interview only lasted for a few minutes. |
| |I’ve known him for ages. |
|Meanwhile / in the meantime |I’ll start dinner now and meanwhile / in the |
| |meantime you can eat an apple. |
|Once |Once he’s made up his mind, you can’t stop him. |
|Since |Karen has lived in London since 1988. |
|Till / until |Just wait until / till we get home. |
|Yet |Have you had your lunch yet? |
|Before/After |Before/After working as a teacher, she worked as a shop assistant. |
| |By the time we arrived, the cookies were gone. |
|By the time/before /when | |
|(Some action is completed before another action or time.) | |
|PERSONAL OPINION | |
|In my opinion, / In my view, /Personally, |In my opinion, / In my view, / Personally, learning languages is important. |
|I think/feel that…/ it seems to me that… |I think(feel) that/ It seems to me that learning languages is important to develop |
| |your communicative skills. |
|As I see it, … |As I see it, learning languages is important to find a job. |
| | |
|If you ask me,… |If you ask me, learning languages helps you to communicate with different people. |
|EXPRESS SIMILARITY | |
|Similarly |High level positions are stressful at times; similarly, they can be harmful to your |
| |health. |
|Likewise/ In the same way |When you write your compositions, you revise your mistakes. Likewise, / In the same |
| |way, you have to organise your ideas. |
|DESCRIBE REALITY | |
| | |
|In fact, /As a matter of fact, |I think learning languages is important. In fact, /As a matter of fact, /Actually, |
|Actually, |I’m studying French and German at the moment. |
| |The truth is that learning a different language means to Know a different culture. |
|The truth is that… | |
|INDICATE SEQUENCE | |
|Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to| |
|list ideas. | |
|To begin/ to start with | |
|In the first place, /First of all, /Firstly, | |
|Secondly, | |
|Thirdly, | |
|After that, |We went to the cinema. After that,/ Then, we had dinner at 10 o’clock |
|Then, | |
| |Finally, /Lastly, I agree with the idea that learning languages helps you to |
|Finally, /Lastly, |communicate with different people. |
|TO MAKE GENERAL STATEMENTS | |
|In general, /Generally, /as a rule, /on the whole | |
| |We can expect sunny weather, on the whole. |
|TO GIVE EXAMPLES | |
|For example, / for instance (it’s more formal), |I like different means of transport, for example, /for instance, /such as the train |
|Such as… |and the plane. |
| | |
|Like | |
| |We saved things like old newspapers and magazines. |
|Particularly, / in particular | |
|Especially/ (more)specifically |I like different means of transport. Particularly, /In particular/ Especially, the |
| |train and the pain. |
|TO CONCLUDE | |
|(words used at the beginning of a sentence to summarise what | |
|has been said before) | |
|In short, / In brief, /In summary, | |
|To conclude/ To sum up | |
|In conclusion, | |
|Finally, | |
|DISCOURSE MARKERS |
| | |
|QUOTING FROM A TEXT IN ORDER TO SUPPORT OR REJECT A | |
|STATEMENT: | |
| | |
|I think this statement is true / false since... | |
|-according to the text... | |
|-according to the author... | |
|-in the author's words... | |
|-the text states that... | |
|- the text mentions that... | |
| | |
|-This statement is supported by the following sentences in | |
|the text.... | |
| | |
|STARTING A SUMMARY: | |
|- The text deals with... | |
|- The author's point / view / opinion is that... | |
|- I think the text could be summarized as follows... | |
| | |
|WARNING!: avoid by all means *the author wants to say… | |
|FOCUSING | |
| |As far as the story is concerned… |
|As far as…is concerned (respecto a …) | |
|Regarding… | |
|With reference to… | |
|As regards… | |
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