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Now test yourself! Restless EarthWhat are the following boxes describing?The upper part of the earth’s mantle, where rocks are more fluidCirculating movements of magma in the mantle caused by heat from the coreWhere two tectonic plates slide past each other.Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to diverging plates.The part of the crust dominated by less dense granitic rocksThe part of the crust dominated by heavier basaltic rocksTectonic plate margins where oceanic plate is subducted Draw a diagram to show the layers of the earth.State two differences between oceanic and continental crust.Explain why plates move.Explain the term “ subduction “ when does it occur? You can draw a diagram if you wish.Why are no volcanoes found at collision boundaries?Describe the main features of shield volcanoes. ( mention shape, frequency of eruption and type of lava)Describe the main features of composite volcanoes. ( mention shape, frequency of eruption and type of lava)Which type of country developed or developing is more vulnerable when experiencing tectonic hazards? Why, use examples you have pare the effects of a volcanic eruption in a developed and developing country ? Use named examples.Why are some areas of the world more likely to experience tectonic hazards than others?Why do earthquakes occur?How are they measured?Explain the terms, epicentre, focus, seismometer, seismographWhat is the differences between primary and secondary impacts of a volcanic eruption or earthquake?Why do earthquakes occur at destructive plate margins?How can earthquakes and volcanoes be predicted and planned for?How can buildings be protected from earthquakes?Climate and changeWhat are the following boxes describing?The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forestVery large mammals such as those that lived during the last ice age.Long term changes in global atmospheric conditionsThe most recent major geological period of earth’s history consisting of the Pleistocene and the HoloceneA period in the earth’s past when the polar ice caps were much larger than today.A community of plants and animal that interact with each other and their physical environmentThose gases in the atmosphere that absorb outgoing radiation, hence increasing the temperature of the atmosphere.A trend whereby polar temperatures rise over time, linked in modern times with the human production of greenhouse gases.What is climate?Study the diagram on page 28 of your textbook. Describe what has happened to the earth’s temperature during the period shown.Explain the three natural causes of climate change.What evidence is there that the earth’s climate has changed in the past? How reliable is this evidence? What could have caused the little Ice Age?Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of the little ice age for people alive at the time.What does Megafouna mean?What is an ecosystem?Using examples describe how ecosystems were affected by climate change in the past.What are the main greenhouse gases?Draw a diagram to explain how the greenhouse effect works.How can human activities add greenhouse gases into the atmosphere? List as many examples as you can.Why do people in the developing world produce only a small amount of greenhouse gases?The greenhouse effect can occur naturally, what is the enhanced greenhouse effect?Using examples, explain how global warming could have both costs and benefits for the UK.How could sea level changes caused by global warming affect other countries in the world such as the Maldives and Bangladesh?Battle for the BiosphereWhat are the following boxes describing?A naturally occurring process or event which has the potential to cause loss of life or property.The chopping down and removal of tress to clear an area of forestThe level in the soil or bedrock below which water is usually present.The ability to keep something ( such as quality of life ) going at the same levelUncultivated, uninhabited and inhospitable regionsThe number and variety of living species found in a specific areaA plant or animal community covering a large are of the earth’s surfaceThe world’s most powerful and influential nations- the USA and increasingly China and India.What is the difference between the biosphere and a biome?Explain the meaning of the following words, tropical, temperate, polar, tundra and deciduous.Use the map on page 42 of your textbook to describe the distribution of tropical rainforest and coniferous forest.What is the difference between altitude and latitude?How can altitude and latitude affect the type of plants that grow?What does continentality mean?Why do places have different temperatures?Why do some places have more precipitation than others?What goods and services can be provided for people by the biosphere?Explain the value of one biome you have studied.Describe the impacts that human activities are having on one biome you have studied.Explain how indigenous peoples use their environment sustainably. Use examples from your studies.What does conservation mean?Give some examples of global organisations that are actively involved in conservation. Give examples of their work.How can conservation be carried out locally? Give examples.What is the difference between community forests and national parks?Water worldWhat are the following boxes describing?Lines of weakness in a rock that water can pass alongAn underground store of water, formed when water bearing ( permeable ) rocks lie on top of impermeable rocksWhen moisture falls from the atmosphere as rain hail sleet or snow.Small air spaces found in a rock or other material that can also be filled with waterA technology that the local community is able to use relatively easily and without much cost.A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environmentStoring rainwater or used water ( grey water )for use in periods of droughtWhen water is being used more quickly than it is being replacedMake a copy of the diagram on page 57 of your textbook. What is a closed system? Why is the hydrological cycle a closed system?Why is so much of the water found on the earth unavailable to drink.Why does tree planting slow down water movement through the water cycle?Explain how each of the following can put pressure on water supplies, Population growth, farming, industrial growth, climate change, tourism and increased demand for energy.Describe the impact of water shortages on Australian farmers.Describe the problems faced in the Sahel due to water shortages. Mention desertification and explain how it can be caused.Using examples explain how pollution can threaten water supply. Will this be worse in developed or developing countries?Explain the term abstraction. What does over abstraction mean?How does deforestation affect the water cycle?What are the benefits and problems of building reservoirs?Choose one large scale water management project and describe the costs and benefits.What is a Non Governmental Organisation ? give some examples.Explain the meaning of Appropriate or Intermediate technology.Explain how the play pump is an example of intermediate technology.Using examples explain how human activity can reduce water supplies.Coastal Change and ConflictWhat are the following boxes describing?The distance of sea over which winds blow and waves move towards the coastlineA coastline created when alternating hard and soft rocks occur parallel to the coast, and are eroded at different rates.The dropping of material that was being carried by a moving forceMaterial deposited by the sea which grows across a bay or the mouth of a riverA coastline created when alternating hard and soft rocks occur at right angles to the coast and are eroded at different ratesWater from a breaking wave which flows under gravity down a beach and returns to the seaThe movement of sediment along the coast by breaking wavesLarge powerful waves that tend to take sediment away from the beach because their backwash is greater than their swashExplain the meaning of the following terms: erosion, deposition, hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and weathering.How does geology affect erosion rates?Explain, with the aid of a diagram how a cliff and a wave cut platform are created.How is a headland eroded to form caves arches and stacks? In your explanation try to mention the processes involved.What is a concordant coast? Give an example and describe the landforms found there.What is a discordant coast? Give an example and describe the landforms found there.What causes waves?What are constructive and destructive waves? Explain the differences between themExplain why beaches are flat in Summer and have step profiles in winter.Describe and explain the process of longshore drift.How does a spit form? You may use a well labelled diagram if you wish.Use a range of examples to explain how a rise in sea level at the coast could threaten people and propertyWhat does mass movement mean? How can coastal erosion be managed? Which are the cheapest methods?Using named examples explain how coastal erosion can be managed using traditional (hard) and more modern (soft) strategiesThe maximum number of people that can be supported by the resources and the technology of a given areaExtreme EnvironmentsWhat are the following boxes describing?animalsplantsThe position of a place north or south of the equator express in degreesPermanently frozen ground found in polar glacial and tundra regionsThe movement downhill of soggy soil when the ground layer beneath is frozenUse the map on p.119, how would you describe the distribution of Glacial and Tundra regions?What are the main characteristics of a Glacial and Tundra climate?Why are Glacial and Tundra regions located where they are?Using examples, describe how plants and animals have adapted to survive the extreme conditions found there.Describe, using examples how people cope with living in an extreme climate.Describe how building styles can be adapted to extreme climates.Describe how the Inuit lifestyle is adapted to the environment in which they live,What are the benefits and problems of tourism to extreme climates?Using examples, explain the value of traditional culture in extreme parts of the world.For an extreme environment you have studied describe the threats it faces due to human activity.How will climate change affect the plants and animals in areas of extreme climate? Page for Your Notes ................
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