Language and Literacy Levels 11-14



Year 3 – 7 Written Exposition Marking Rubric:

Levels 9 – 12*

Student: ___________________________

School: ___________________________

|Level | | | | |

|Organisational structure |Exposition (Argument): constructs appropriately an|Exposition (Argument or Discussion): composes more|Exposition (Argument or Discussion): composes more|Exposition (Argument or Discussion): composes |

| |introduction, simply elaborated arguments with |detailed argument; tentative control of |complex introduction and less basic concluding |longer argument or discussion with more than basic|

| |topic sentences and basic conclusion. Paragraphs |organisation/paragraphs for a discussion (250-350 |paragraph, using topic sentences to sustain longer|evidence and longer concluding paragraph that |

| |include more elaboration (180-250 words) |words) |reasons and combining information from more than |reinforces writer position (400-500 words) |

| | | |one source (300-450 words) | |

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| |Uses a wide range of text connectives to organise |Begins to use alternatives to text connectives to |Uses 2-3 examples of alternatives to text |Uses 3-4 examples of alternatives to text |

|Foregrounding |text: Firstly; In addition; Finally; In |organise formal texts: chooses Another argument |connectives to organise: chooses One of the main |connectives: |

|text and paragraph openers |conclusion, To conclude |instead of ‘Secondly’ |reasons instead of ‘Firstly’; My second reason |instead of ‘Firstly, Secondly’ chooses One reason;|

|text connectives | | |instead of ‘Secondly’; To sum up; Due to all the |The first reason; The final; An additional reason|

|sentence openers |Uses 2-3 instances of subordinate clauses |Uses a wider range of conjunctions (text |evidence previously stated instead of ‘In | |

| |including more than “when” or “if’: After the cost|connectives)to show logical connections between |conclusion’ |Chooses appropriately from the range of text |

| |is calculated, dogs are less expensive than cats. |paragraphs and sentences: On the other hand; | |connectives to make logical connections between |

| | |However; Therefore |Uses more text connectives to make logical |paragraphs and sentences: In addition; Overall; |

| | | |connections between paragraphs and sentences: |Indeed |

| | |Foregrounds subordinate (dependent) clauses to |Therefore, For example, For instance, To add to | |

| | |denote condition: If dogs were not so aggressive, |that |Foregrounds 2-3 examples of: |

| | |they would be …; In order to increase the | |comparison: In contrast to the cost of a cat |

| | |population of native birds, cats should not … |Begins to foreground: |cause: Due to grooming; Because they pose some |

| | | |cause: Due to expensive vet fees, … |difficulties; Because of this |

| | | |contingency: Despite their large appetite, … |contingency: Even though this is true; Regardless |

| | | |angle: In most vets’ opinion, … |of their size |

| | | | |angle: As a long term cat owner, I … |

| | | |Begins to foreground generalised/abstract noun | |

| | | |groups: The domestication of cats began rather |Foregrounds 2-3 examples of abstract noun groups:|

| | | |than “People domesticated cats in” |The destruction of local bird life has …; The |

| | | | |safety of young children is |

|Grammar Knowledge |Level 9 |Level 10 |Level 11 |Level 12 |

|Sentence structures |Constructs effective compound sentences through a |Constructs a variety of clause and sentence |Constructs a wider variety of complex sentences |Constructs well-formed complex sentences using an |

| |wide range of coordinating (linking) conjunctions:|structures to elaborate, extend or explain ideas, |using an extensive range of subordinating |extensive range of subordinating (binding) |

|Compound coordinating |and; and then; but; or; so: nor, yet |including complex sentences using: |(binding) conjunctions appropriately and |conjunctions appropriately and accurately: ever |

|(linking) conjunctions | |a wide range of subordinating (binding) |accurately most of the time: since; except for |since; as if; like; as though; though; except that|

|Complex |Constructs complex sentences to develop and expand|conjunctions: while; once, including those that | | |

|subordinating (binding) |ideas using 5-6 common subordinating (binding) |show concession: although; even if, even though: |Begins to use relative clauses to make causal |Uses relative clauses accurately most of the time |

|conjunctions |conjunctions to express relationships of time and |Even if they have short hair, it still takes a |connection: All dogs must be registered, which |to make causal connection: Dogs are pack animal, |

|Relative clauses |cause and effect: because; when; after unless; if;|long time to … |results in an increased expense to owners |which means they are extremely loyal to their |

| |so that; as; until | | |owners |

| | |With more accuracy uses a wider range of relative | | |

| |Uses 2 relative pronouns with varying accuracy: |pronouns; which, who, that, where: Dogs are best | | |

| |People avoid dogs that are aggressive; Cats who |kept at home where they can do less damage. | | |

| |are popular pets …; They claim that the best breed| | | |

| |is … | | | |

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|Punctuation |Accurately uses commas after text connectives: |Use commas after foregrounded phrases of time and |Accurately uses commas for all purposes except |Accurately uses commas |

| |First, you multiply …; Firstly, dogs are smart; |place with some consistency and accuracy: After |relative clauses which are not part of noun groups| |

|Sentence level: capitals to |Secondly, cats might …; In conclusion, I believe …|the de-sexing operation, | |Uses 2 examples of punctuation beyond the basic |

|begin and full stops, | | |Uses an example of other punctuation beyond the | |

|question marks or exclamation|Accurately uses apostrophes appropriately for |Begins to use commas to separate clauses: |basic (semi colon, slash) | |

|marks to end |contractions and possession: wasn’t; couldn’t; |after foregrounded subordinate (dependent) | | |

|Basic punctuation: |doesn’t; we’re |clauses: When you buy a cat, the happiness doesn’t| | |

|capitals for proper nouns | |always last. | | |

|apostrophes | |for relative clauses that are not part of a noun | | |

| | |group: Training, which is run by different groups,| | |

| | |can help. | | |

|Grammar Knowledge |Level 9 |Level 10 |Level 11 |Level 12 |

| |Uses more precise verbs: |Uses a wide range of vocabulary to express shades |Uses a wide range of vocabulary to express shades |Uses an extensive range of vocabulary to express |

|Verbs |doing: The cats tumbled; It was wobbling from |of meaning for processes. |of meaning, beginning to include possibility and |delicate shades of meaning, for processes, |

|representing different |side-to side; dogs scamper |doing: Dogs should attend obedience classes; Puppy|probability, for processes. |including possibility/probability, |

|processes (doing, sensing, |sensing: Dogs notice their owners’ emotions.; Cat |training produces excellent results |doing: Reinforce the cages; Attach a muzzle; This |doing: They will not hesitate; the dog betrayed |

|saying, relating) |owners hope; I disagree; vets believe |sensing: I suppose cats be appealing; you wish to |harms our pets; Families experience great joy; |its family; children had to be evacuated; we could|

|tense |relating: They can remain patient They appear to |buy a different pet; Believe me; It doesn’t |they form packs ; Councils captured stray dogs |utilise these training methods; animals would have|

| |be the same |convince most pet owners; Vets prefer … |saying: The results show that …; This tells us |to relocate; dogs could potentially transmit the |

| | |relating: It sounds very inviting; Their problems |that …; Researchers often claim that …; Some |virus; they were forced to seek out new homes |

| |Chooses and forms complex verb groups |included … |owners state otherwise |saying: a major point that suggests that …; They |

| |appropriately most of the time, to express complex| |sensing: People enjoy a new kitten; when they |propose that … |

| |meanings such as relationships of time using: |Uses tenses accurately with only an occasional |forget; I believe; I still remember; It is |sensing: I selected the animal; They realised the |

| |simple and elaborated tenses: When we walked in |error |considered a pest; |danger; they discovered that …; we can appreciate |

| |the park, a cat was sitting under a tree. The dog | |relating: Dogs are known to be killers; Children |the breed; I can’t help but believe … |

| |hadn’t noticed. | |appear to be having the time of their lives; Cats |relating: the breed seems friendly; the training |

| | | |belong to the same family |would consist of many levels |

| | | |causal: They were affected by; Overfeeding can |greater range of causal: the attack created fear;|

| | | |cause obesity disease; This could mean animals |concerns about animals’ effect on the children |

| | | |will be endangered |arose, this allows owners to have time; de-sexing |

| | | | |ensures that |

|Grammar Knowledge |Level 9 |Level 10 |Level 11 |Level 12 |

| |Includes circumstances using more varied |Uses an increasing range of circumstances to |Uses a wide range of circumstances to provide |Begins to use more complex circumstances with |

|Circumstances |vocabulary. |include important details of events including: |important details and perspectives of events |expanded noun groups and/or using more precise |

|Place (where?) |place: into the distance; |place: in wide open spaces |including: |and technical vocabulary: |

|Time (when?) |time: in a cat’s lifetime |time: for quite some time; eventually |place: across the entire world; on every |place: throughout the environment; into our |

|Accompaniment (with whom?) |manner: |accompaniment: with breeders |continent except Asia; behind high fences |communities |

|Manner (quality and means) |quality: suddenly; peacefully; with its head in |manner: |time: for many years to come throughout their |time: for long periods every day; during the |

|(how?) |its paws |quality: in an annoyed way; in peace |whole life; right from first sight |puppy stage of its life |

|Cause (why?) |means: with a whistle |means: through the invention of better equipment|accompaniment: instead of cats |accompaniment: in the company of other wild dogs|

|Role (as who?) |comparison: like a fox |comparison: as large as a the child |manner: | |

|Angle (from whose point of |cause: because of this |cause: for their annoying behaviour |quality: almost completely; safely; closely |manner: |

|view?) | |role: as a parent; as an experienced vet |means: through barks and yelps; through both |means: cover with a warm blanket at night |

|Contingency (despite what?) | | |their appearance personality |comparison: in contrast to other breeds of |

| | | |comparison: like a mix between both breeds |domesticated dogs |

| | | |cause: for the sake of the children; due to the |cause: due to lack of consideration by many |

| | | |dog’s amazing ability to adapt |owners; for extra protection against infected |

| | | |role: as an introduced species |cats |

| | | |angle: from their perspective; in my opinion |role: as protector of the world heritage site |

| | | |begins to use contingency to express |and its native fauna; as a thoughtless and cruel|

| | | |conditionality: with enough training |breeder |

| | | | |angle: from the point of view of a responsible |

| | | | |cat owner |

| | | | |contingency: despite their many faults and |

| | | | |imperfections |

|Grammar Knowledge |Level 9 |Level 10 |Level 11 |Level 12 |

|Noun groups |Expands noun groups in a variety of ways to |Uses expanded noun groups to create detailed and|Uses expanded noun groups to show more |Use more complex noun groups with more precise |

| |provide fuller descriptions of people and things |accurate descriptions: |specialised knowledge: |and technical vocabulary: |

| |using a growing range of vocabulary for more |numeratives: about 30% of cats in Australia |combining and contrasting describers: a very |greater use of classifiers: domestic animals; |

| |delicate meanings: |combining describers: a balanced and nutritious |calm, peaceful and understanding pet; long but |scientific research |

| |numeratives: about 500 breeds; one of a few cats; |diet |soft coat |qualifiers using a longer prepositional phrase: |

| |nearly all the animals |classifiers: puppy farms; animal rights laws |classifiers: legal actions; scent gland; |the loss of vegetation and natural habitat; |

| |describers: an amazing creature; a successful |qualifiers using a longer prepositional phrase: |drinking water supplies |infection of the other cats and small native |

| |training program |the risk of heart disease |qualifiers using a longer prepositional phrase: |mammals |

| |classifiers: animal shelters; Australian laws |qualifier using relative clause which may |teeth like the ones in a tiger’s mouth |qualifiers using longer (embedded) relative |

| |qualifiers using a longer prepositional phrase: |include ellipsed words: owners who have no time |qualifiers using relative clause, which may |clause, which may ellipse words: a species that |

| |the breed at the bottom of the list; the size of |to exercise their own dogs; three breeds that |ellipse words: the children (who are) playing |has been studied over a time period; children |

| |the average dog in Australia |are similar |with the animal at home; the money (which) they |who have played with the cat before eating; |

| |qualifiers using relative clause: the people who | |are spending; a plant that is poison to cats |suburbs where dogs have dug up neighbours’ lawns|

| |own dogs; the breeds that are most popular | |beginning to use multiple qualifiers: a pack of |or harmed their pets |

| | | |dogs from nearby suburbs which attacks cats in |multiple qualifiers: threats of fatal viruses |

| | | |the area |that are very dangerous to other cats |

| |Uses 5-6 examples of evaluative to express: |Uses a greater range of evaluative language: |Uses a wide range of evaluative language |Uses an extensive range of evaluative language |

|Evaluative language |feelings and emotions: I feel angry when ; this |feelings and emotions: Unfortunately, it can get|appropriately: |appropriately: |

|Feelings and emotions |makes me very frustrated; |worse; they are not normal; it distresses |feelings and emotions: she didn’t look nervous;|feelings and emotions: a hopeful tone in his |

|Judgements of people |judgements of people: they give up on their pets |children; It causes me grief and tears; my |I become calm; my anxiety; a real thrill |voice; sadness and self-pity; reassurance and |

|Appreciation of things |appreciation of things: healthy animal; the breed |biggest fear |judgements of people (characters): a very calm, |safety; he feared that …; felt terror; felt |

|Intensity |is a popular choice ; a successful way of training|judgements of people (characters): they become |peaceful and understanding owner; an awful, mean|inspired and thrilled; petrified; |

| |varying intensity: People from all over the globe;|antisocial. All these owners care about is |and aggressive person who hates cats |judgements of people (characters): nothing but a|

| |everyone knew; with no questions asked; nearly |themselves |appreciation of things: quite unique; not the |nuisance; very intelligent; never purposely hurt|

| |every dog |appreciation of things: they are really |only clever adaption cats have; they are |anyone; lovingly |

| | |entertaining; powerful and life-saving animal; a|important in the life of their owners |appreciation of things: destructive energy; |

| | |great treat for young children; a balanced and |varied intensity: a relatively long coat; |significant size; swiftest and fiercest dog; it |

| | |nutritious diet |much-loved pets; completely different creatures |was more successful/ unsuccessful |

| | |varying intensity: not just one country but the | |varied intensity: fairly similar; every single |

| | |whole world; the entire affected area; I almost | |bone in their body; largely made up of; mainly |

| | |bought one; millions of people world-wide; every| |right; the exact same amount; properly trained |

| | |time an infection starts | | |

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|Grammar Knowledge |Level 9 |Level 10 |Level 11 |Level 12 |

| |Uses 3-4 examples of simple modality with greater |Begins to express modality with a greater degree|Expresses modality in a greater variety of ways |Expresses modality in a greater variety of ways |

|Modality |degree of accuracy and in combination: People |of accuracy and in a variety of ways (e.g. verb,|(e.g. verb, noun): it is definitely wrong; it |(e.g. verb, noun) accurately and appropriately |

|Obligation |might need a dog to protect them; You don’t always|noun): could die; can bring; may never be happy;|isn’t likely that …; the most commonly seen cat;|in most contexts: they are certainly more |

|Frequency |need toys for a cat |will probably bounce; I normally have; maybe |people often claim …; cats usually hunt at |independent; possibly build up; it seemed to |

|Certainty | |really little things; people urge others; you |night; the most frequently recorded outcome; I |happen; it tends to be smaller; it wasn’t |

|Inclination | |need to understand; were forced to pay; expected|knew that …; children appear to be having …; a |common; the most likely reason; there is no |

| | |to; it didn’t sound possible; the right to |typical large dog; a definite cause; it could be|need; felt an urge to question; cats should |

| | | |equally likely; make sure everybody follows the |definitely be banned; we might never know for |

| | | |law; different interpretations about what makes |sure; they can’t possibly get enough; there |

| | | |a good pet |perhaps might not be a suitable place; it could |

| | | | |potentially… |

|Word knowledge |Level 9 |Level 10 |Level 11 |Level 12 |

|Topic vocabulary |Uses 6-7 examples of common and less common topic |Uses a growing range of topic vocabulary: |Continues to use a growing range of topic |Uses a wide range of topic vocabulary: evidence;|

| |vocabulary: expensive; breed; operation; |vaccination; prevention; anxiety; insurance; |vocabulary: illegal; proximity; commercial; |beliefs; modern times; legislation; attitude; |

| |injection; vaccinate; virus |species |services; exterior |obedience; anesthetics; deformity |

|Spelling |Spells correctly: |Spells correctly: |Spells correctly: |Spell most words correctly: |

| |complex but common patterns: different; double |words with less simple but commonly seen |multi-syllabic words ending in: |multi-syllable words: inhabitants; statistical; |

| |silent letters: limb; doubts; answer |suffixes: ture; tion; sion: injection; |ible/able: terrible; adaptable |potential; digestive; sustainability; |

| | |possession; registration |ence/ance: evidence; appearance; |vaccination; companionship |

| | | |ful/fully: successful; carefully, |difficult subject and topic specific words: |

| | | |al: typical |Parvo Virus; veterinary; anesthetics |

| | | |ty: society; ability; community | |

| | | |ous/ious: numerous; obvious; | |

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