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[pic]FireWire – A type of cabling technology for transferring data to and from digital devices at high speed. Some professional digital cameras and memory card readers connect to the computer over FireWire. FireWire card readers are typically faster than those that connect via USB. Also known as IEEE 1394, FireWire was invented by Apple Computer but is now commonly used with Windows-based PCs as well.

[pic]USB – Universal Serial Bus: a protocol for transferring data to and from digital devices. Many digital cameras and memory card readers connect to the USB port on a computer. USB card readers are typically faster than cameras or readers that connect to the serial port, but slower than those that connect via FireWire.

[pic]Image resolution - The number of pixels in a digital photo is commonly referred to as its image resolution.

[pic]Aspect Ratio: Aspect ratio describes the shape of a digital image, or any image for that matter, where the first number represents the width of the image and the second number represents the height. People may be familiar with the term as applied to televisions (as 16:9 wide screen televisions are now all the rage to replace traditional 4:3 units), and the concept is the same here. Standard film cameras generally use an aspect ratio of 3:2, but most digital cameras have adopted a 4:3 aspect ratio so that images better fit on a standard computer monitor. Monitors with typical resolutions of 800x600, 1024x768, or 1280x960, for example, all have an aspect ratio of 4:3, so it only makes sense to produce images that will fit well on these screens.

[pic]Archival: The ability of a material, including some printing papers and compact discs, to last for many years.

[pic]Download, downloading: The process of moving computer data from one location to another. Though the term is normally used to describe the transfer, or downloading, of data from the Internet, it is also used to describe the transfer of photos from a camera memory card to the computer.

[pic]Photoshop: Adobe Photoshop is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems Incorporated.

[pic]Adobe Bridge: Adobe Bridge is an organizational software application created and released by Adobe Systems as a part of the Adobe Creative Suite, beginning with CS2. Its primary purpose is to link the parts of the Creative Suite together using an interface similar to the file browser found in previous versions of Adobe Photoshop.

[pic]Lightroom: Adobe Photoshop Lightroom is a photography software program developed by Adobe Systems for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows, designed to assist Adobe Photoshop users in managing large quantities of digital images and doing post production work. It is not a file browser like Adobe Bridge, but rather an image management application database which helps in viewing, editing, and managing digital photos, the same way photographers used to do in the non-digital world.

[pic]Layer: The working surface of a Photoshop image. It is like a transparent sheet that sorts the paint and filter effects.

[pic]Palette: The basic Photoshop tool icons that help you modify and monitor images. Each palette performs a specific function and may be positioned and resized as desired.

[pic]Swatch: A preset group of colors on a palette.

[pic]Gradients: Two or more colors that gradually blend into each other.

[pic]Mode: The color structure of an image. Examples are CMYK, RGB, Grayscale, or indexed.

[pic]Filter: Created special effects that maybe applied to an image or image layer.

[pic]Mask: Is like a stencil. The area around the mask is protected from change and the area of the mask maybe changed. The mask itself cannot be printed, but a masked image can be printed.

[pic]Merge: To group one or more layers or objects in a layer together.

[pic]Thumbnail: A miniature version of an image.

[pic]Flatten image: To merge all the layers in an image into a single layer.

[pic]Pixel: Short for Picture Element, it is a single point in a graphic image.

[pic]Magic Wand Tool: A selection tool that selects pixels with similar values to the pixel that the artist clicks on.

[pic]Feather: The process of softening the edges of an image in the foreground so that it blends into the background image with less contrast.

[pic]Select: To choose an object so that you can manipulate it in some way.

[pic]Raster: a set of horizontal lines composed of individual pixels, used to form an image on a screen

[pic]Rastor Graphic: An image made up of a rectangular grid of pixels. This type of graphic distorts if you try to enlarge it.

[pic] Vector: scalable objects based on a series of mathematical numbers and best used for printing

[pic]Vector Graphic: An image that uses geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and polygons to represent images. This type of graphic is scalable and does not pixelize.

[pic]Histogram – A graphic representation of the range of tones from dark to light in a photo. Some digital cameras include a histogram feature that enables a precise check on the exposure of the photo.

[pic] Selection tool: tool in Photoshop that is used to define an area of pixels in order to either copy or apply an effect to an image or a proportion of an image.

[pic]Cloning: the process of copying pixels from one part of an image and pasting it onto another part, covering that part of the image. The basic concept is that you duplicate certain portions of an image using a source, destination, and brush. Digital editing, Photoshop tool.

[pic] Anti-aliasing: In digital signal processing, spatial anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts known as aliasing when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution. Anti-aliasing is used in digital photography, computer graphics, digital audio, and many other applications.

Anti-aliasing means removing signal components that have a higher frequency than is able to be properly resolved by the recording (or sampling) device. This removal is done before (re)sampling at a lower resolution. When sampling is performed without removing this part of the signal, it causes undesirable artifacts such as the black-and-white noise near the top of figure 1-a below.

[pic] Color Mode: the color “space” or document type which defines the structure of the colors in your file.

[pic]Channels: The primary component of Photoshop that use a special system to store the color information of an image and the data location of spot colors. Channels are created automatically when a new image is opened. There are 5 types: Color, Mask, Quick Mask, Layer Mask and Alpha Channels.

[pic] Alpha Channel: is a special type of channel used in graphics software for saving selections. Most bitmap editing software allows you to save multiple alpha channels with an image when it is saved in the program's native file format. Any of the alpha channels can be reloaded as a selection or mask at any time, even after closing and reopening the image.

[pic]Composite: is the process of combining any two or more objects (images, text, illustrations, etc) into an overall design.

[pic] Layers: The positioning of a stack of images relative to other stacks of images. Layers are like clear acetate sheets; opaque where there is imagery and transparent where there is no imagery

[pic]History: The History palette displays a list of the most recent states (or changes) that were applied to an image, with the bottom most state being the most recent. Clicking on a prior state restores the image to that stage of the editing process.

[pic]Selection: When a selection is active on an image, only that area is editable – the rest of the image is protected. The selection tools are used to edit areas or to cut, copy and paste images to different layers of the file.

[pic]Marquee: is the tool used to create simple-shape selections. These selection shapes are usually rectangular, elliptical, a single row of pixels, or a single column of pixels. Holding the shift key while dragging a marquee will make a perfectly constrained selection shape.

[pic]Lasso tool: is the selection tool that allows you to make organic, “free-form” selections. It works like a pencil following the mouse movements on screen.

[pic]Filter: a built in tool or plug-in that produces a special effect. The type of effects you can get with plug-in Filter can range from something as simple as a blurred or softened image to wild, psychedelic patterns, distortions, and artistic effects

[pic]Blending Mode: allow you to adjust how one layer or color mixes with the colors in the layers below. blending moder are most often used with layers in your graphics software, but they can also come into play with painting tools where the blending mode of the painting tool affects how the colors mix with the existing colors on the same layer where you are painting.

[pic]Gradient: A gradient, or graduated fill, is a color fill that gradually blends from one color to another. A gradient can contain more than two colors, all fading smoothly from one to another. Gradients are very useful for creating shading for three-dimensional and metallic effects. Most graphics software allows you to create a variety of graidents effects such as linear, radial, reflected, diamond, conical, and angle.

[pic]Smart Object: is an object that is imported into your working file and retains the connection to the original file. For example, if you brought a illustrator file into photoshop, you could double click on the imported file (in photoshop) and then it would launch illustrator to allow editing. Once it was saved (in illustrator), it would be updated back in photoshop.

[pic]Adjustment Layers

A Layer submenu command for accessing temporary tonal corrections that affect the appearance of underlying information yet do not contain image data. The color fill and tonal adjustments that are located in the adjustment layer cover over but do not permanently change pixels in the image or layers below. Most of the color adjustment options found in the Image > Adjustments submenus are also located here. To make an adjustment layer choose Layer > New Adjustment Layer > and choose an option. These commands can also be accessed through the control buttons at the bottom of the [pic]Layers palette.

Camera Raw 1. A file that that contains unprocessed picture data from a digital camera’s image sensor. The camera needs to be set to save its own raw file format. Image data can be interpreted in Photoshop rather than having the camera make the adjustments and conversions automatically. Camera raw image files contain “pure” data. The actual data captured by the sensor are not processed in the camera. Maximum control for white balance, tonal range, contrast, color saturation, and sharpening can then be made in Camera RAW Settings. 2. Camera RAW Settings: A method for converting RAWcaptures in the Camera Raw interface in Photoshop. Exposure and Shadows display are based on the Photoshop Threshold command. Temperature Slider controls overall image white balance. Move slider to right will result in an image with warmer.Moving the slider to the left will result in an image with cooler colors. Tint Slider controls shifts between green and magenta.

[pic]Channels

The primary component of Photoshop that use a special grayscale system to store the color information of an image and the data location of spot colors. Channels are created automatically when a new image is opened. There are 5 types: Color, Mask, Quick Mask, Layer Mask and Alpha Channels.

[pic]Clipping Groups

A masking technique that uses the contents of one layer to mask the contents of another layer. Image information of the upper layer appears only where non-transparent (opaque) pixels exist in the base layer or the layer beneath. Select Layer > Group with Previous. Select Layer > Group Linked to join all adjacent linked layers, automatically making the lowest linked layer the clipping or base layer. See also Base layer.

Clone 1. A command that creates a copy when moving a selection or layer with the Move tool. Press Alt (Win) or when moving. The cursor will become a two-headed arrow with one black and the other white. 2. In reference to the Clone Stamp tool. A tool that takes a section of an image then applies it over part of the same image or a different image in the window. To clone first Option-click on the section to sample. Paint over the area to cover. A crosshair icon will then mark the sampled area. The Clone Stamp tool can be recognized by its plain base compared to the ornate base of the Pattern Stamp tool.

[pic]Color Balance

An Image submenu command that adjusts the overall combination of colors in an image to correct over saturated or under saturated colors. Choose Image > Adjustments > Color Balance.

[pic]Curves

An Image submenu command that allows precise adjustments to the entire tonal range of an image. Instead of only highlights, shadows and midtone value adjustments any point along a 0-255 scale can be fine-tuned. Up to 15 other values can be continual during the process. Precise adjustments to individual color channels can also be applied.

[pic]Feather

A selection with varying degrees of transparency that helps create a softening effect when the area is filled or copied and then pasted. It can be applied in two ways: 1. A Select menu command that makes a soft selection area after it is drawn. Choose Select > Feather after the selection is made. 2. A value inputbox in the selection tools Options bar for varying degrees of transparency while creating the selection.

[pic]Floating selection

Any selection that has been dragged by moving or cloning with the Move tool and hovers above the surface of the image. It then becomes a temporary type of layer and can be mixed with the image behind it by choosing Edit > Fade. It becomes a layer by choosing Select > Deselect.

[pic]Healing Brush Tool

A tool lets that fixes blemishes and makes them vanish into the image around it. Similar to the cloning tools, the Healing Brush tool paints with sampled pixels from an image or pattern. On the other hand, the Healing Brush tool also matches texture, lighting and shading of the sampled pixels to the source pixels.

The repaired pixels blend spotlessly into the rest of the image in the resultant image.

[pic]Histogram Palette

An accurate and comprehensive graph for evaluating image tonal values. Displays shadows in the left part of the graph, midtones are shown in the middle and highlight values are shown at the right part. Useful for gauging precise corrections from the Image > Adjustments commands. Shows four separate histograms for the composite and the individual color channels.

[pic]History Palette

A rectangular window that is used to record each edit to an image into what is called a History State. Then when desired, a user can revert to an earlier state of an image, delete states or create documents from states or snapshots. To access a previous state, click on it. The contents of the History palette are available only when the image is open. All the states and contents in the palette are purged as soon as the image is closed. The default setting for the maximum number of History States is 20. After 20 states the first original state is cancelled and after the 21st state the second original state is cancelled and so on. Change the setting for the number of available states in Preferences. Choose Edit > Preferences. Any number of states can be chosen although the available Random Access Memory should be considered.

[pic]Image Size

An Image menu command dialog box for changing the exact values of width, height and resolution. Resample Image changes the resolution and print size and will not affect the pixel total numbers when the checkbox is off. With the checkbox on the image will resample and increase or decrease file size when a number is changed accordingly in the width, height and resolution. The Constrain Proportions checkbox will alter the width and height in the same percentage without a distorted look when the box is checked on. Bicubic Smoother: Provides the best results for upsampling images (making them larger). Bicubic Sharper: Provides the best results for downsampling and image (making an image smaller).

[pic]Layer Masks

An area that temporarily conceals a part of a layer or layer set. It acts like a stencil or cutout to protect parts of the layer for an interim. Usually first making a selection or choosing a layer creates it. Then choose Layer > Layer Mask and then choose an option for Reveal or Hide the selection or the layer. Edit the mask by painting with black to hide pixels or with white to reveal or restore the pixels. The Layer Mask icon next to the layer must be chosen when editing it. The small mask icon appears in place of the brush in the window next to the eye in the Layers palette. Click the layer mask thumbnail in the Layers palette then click the Trash button at the bottom of the Layers palette to remove or apply it. Then click Discard or Apply.

[pic]Layers

Analogous to an image on a sheet of clear acetate. Layers allow changes to be made to an image without altering original image data. Layers can be stacked on top of another layer and then combined into one composite image. A layer or part of a layer is transparent where there is no image and the image or layers below can be seen.

[pic]Quick Mask Mode

A feature that isolates and protects image areas and allow temporary graphic editing of an active selection. Most of the Photoshop tools or filters can be used to modify the mask. All colors defined with the color picker will appear as gray tones. The selection appears as a semi-transparent overlay while a

temporary Quick Mask channel appears in the Channels palette while working in the Quick Mask mode. By default, work is done in black and white to erase or add a selection area. To create a Quick Mask (temporary mask): First use any selection tool to select the part of the image to be changed. Then click the Quick Mask mode button in the toolbox and use a painting or editing tool from the toolbox to edit the mask. (A filter or adjustment command from the menu bar can also be used). By default, painting with black adds to the mask and reduces the selection size. Painting with white removes areas from the mask and expands the selection. Painting with gray or another color creates a semitransparent area that is helpful for feathering the selection borders. After editing in Quick Mask mode click the Standard mode button in the toolbox to turn off the quick mask and return to the original image and the edited selection border.

[pic]Save As

A File menu command that accesses a dialog for storing an image to a different location or filename then the original image. As a Copy: An option in the dialog box that will save a duplicate of the file with a new name while keeping the current file open. Save: 1. A File menu command that will conserve and store an image to a specified area on a disk. 2. A button on some commands such as Levels and Patterns that will save the specified setting to disk.

[pic]Selection tools 1. Instruments in the Toolbar for selecting pixels in an image by either dragging with the Marquee, Lasso, Magnetic Lasso or Magic Wand tools. The Color Range command can also be used. A path can also be made into a selection. 2. Instruments in the Toolbar for choosing and moving paths by using the Direct Selection or the Path Selection tools. 3. A black arrow tool in the 3D Transform filter dialog box that moves the entire wireframe shape.

[pic]Unsharp Mask

A Filter menu command that corrects blurring that was brought in during photographing, scanning, resampling or printing. The filter accurately sharpens image detail. Threshold: Detects pixels that differ from nearby pixels. Radius: Increases the contrast of pixels by the specified amount. Use the smallest radius value.

[pic]Use All Layers

A checkbox in the Options bar for the Magic Wand, Smudge, Blur, Sharpen, Clone Stamp and Pattern Stamp tools that when checked will sample pixels from all visible layers and layer sets.

Design Principles

Balance: Symmetry or Asymmetry: Symmetry: left & right equally balanced so if you draw a line down the middle, both sides (shape, color, line, etc.) appear equal. Example: tree, leaf or flower.

Pattern: Forms and shapes that repeat to create a regular pattern. Examples: Plant or flower close-up that shows strong pattern.

Emphasis: One thing really stands out. Examples: 1) Plant brightly lit by the sun surrounded by darkness 2) One bright red or yellow flower in a bed of green leaves.

Design Elements

Texture: Surface quality. Example: a close-up photo of grass or a fuzzy plant leaf that shows how the surface would feel.

Line: Thin or thick, the line is the point of emphasis – that is, one line -or several show very strongly in the photo. Example: Line of a tree or path lit by the sun or close-up of several stems of plants.

Linear Perspective (type of Space): Lines that come together (converge) as they go back into space. Example: looking down the middle of a road or garden path.

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PHOTOGRAPHY & DIGITAL IMAGING VOCABULARY: PHOTOSHOP

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