PLAGIARISM EXERCISES



PLAGIARISM EXERCISES

(Pearson/Longman)

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

(1) Provide clear attribution of outside sources; this can be done with parenthetical citations, lead-in or signal phrases, or a combination thereof. Attributions may contain the name of the author and that individual's professional affiliation or the name of the organization that provided the information for your paper. Introductory phrases such as "Sheila Costas observes" or "According to the President's Initiative on Race" clearly identify your source and incorporate the information smoothly into your paper. To learn more about attribution and to test your knowledge, go to Attribution    

(2) Identify all words and phrases taken from sources by enclosing them within quotation marks, unless those words or phrases are commonly used expressions or clichés. To learn more about quotes and to test your knowledge, go to Quotation Marks    

(3) Follow all quotations, paraphrases, and summaries of outside sources with appropriate and complete citations. You may omit a citation only when the information that you have included in your attribution is sufficient to identify the source in your bibliography and no page number is needed. Citations should immediately follow the material being quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. To learn more about citations and to test your knowledge, go to Citation    

(4) Use your own words and sentence structure when you paraphrase. A paraphrase should capture a specific idea from a source but must not duplicate the writer's phrases and words. To learn more about paraphrasing and to test your knowledge, go to Paraphrase    

(5) Be certain that all summaries and paraphrases of your sources are accurate and objective. You must clearly distinguish your own views and ideas from those of your sources. To learn more about accurate and objective representation of sources and to test your knowledge, go to Loyalty to Source    

(6) Include all of the sources cited in your paper in the Works Cited list that follows the body of your paper. Be sure that all of the required information for each entry is accurate and complete. To learn more about a References list and to test your knowledge, go to Works Cited  

(7) Provide documentation for all visual images, charts, and graphs from printed or electronic sources. Be certain to accurately record the URL for Internet sources so that your citation will be correct. Images, charts, and graphs require documentation whether they are "pasted" into your paper as illustrations or summarized within the text of your paper. To learn more about documenting visuals and to test your knowledge, go to Citation for Images

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ATTRIBUTION

Read the excerpt below and the example of plagiarism that follows it. When you are familiar with the issue, test your knowledge with the six practice exercises.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

What accounts for the government's ineptitude in safeguarding our privacy rights? Is privacy regarded by ordinary citizens and public policy makers as a trivial right unworthy of their attention? Or are we powerless victims of technology that has stripped away our privacy without our ability to recognize what was happening? (Spinello 9)

Works Cited

Spinello, Richard A. "The End of Privacy." America 4 Jan. 1997: 9-13.

Example of plagiarism:

The greatest threat to privacy may be our failure to recognize that it is being eroded by the very technology that many regard as beneficial, particularly the use of computers for commercial transactions. Electronic money transfers and credit card purchases over the Internet expose important private information about our finances to unscrupulous hackers. "[A]re we powerless victims of technology that has stripped away our privacy without our ability to recognize what was happening?" (9).

What's wrong?

There is no lead-in or signal phrase that provides attribution to the source (in italics), and no author is identified in the citation.

Correction:

The greatest threat to privacy may be our failure to recognize that it is being eroded by the very technology that many regard as beneficial, particularly the use of computers for commercial transactions. Electronic money transfers and credit card purchases over the Internet expose important private information about our finances to unscrupulous hackers. Journalist Richard A. Spinello raises this question when he asks, "[A]re we powerless victims of technology that has stripped away our privacy without our ability to recognize what was happening?" (9). Unfortunately, it may be ignorance, not apathy, that is creating the problem.

Or

The greatest threat to privacy may be our failure to recognize that it is being eroded by the very technology that many regard as beneficial, particularly the use of computers for commercial transactions. Electronic money transfers and credit card purchases over the Internet expose important private information about our finances to unscrupulous hackers. Journalist Richard A. Spinello asks whether we have become "powerless victims of technology that has stripped away our privacy without our ability to recognize what was happening" (9). Unfortunately, it may be ignorance, not apathy, that is creating the problem.

What's right?

Both examples provide a lead-in or signal phrase that identifies the source.

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PRACTICE #1

You have written a research paper on how advertisers use magazines and other media to guide consumers' choices and have used the following paragraph from an article that addresses issues related to your subject. The article is by Eric Haley, a professor in the Department of Advertising at the University of Tennessee, and Anne Cunningham, a professor in the Manship School of Communication at Louisiana State University. Before handing in your paper to your instructor, you realize that you have neglected to include lead-in or signal phrases or page number citations to indicate the source of your material. First, read the paragraph from the original source. Then, correct the excerpts that following by adding the necessary lead-in or signal phrases and the appropriate page number citations.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Another way an advertiser can influence magazine content is by requesting that specific material be included to showcase the marketer's product. Examples of this practice are product placements and editorial mentions of the product within editorial content (Haley and Cunningham 176).

Haley, Eric, and Anne Cunningham. "Readers' Perspectives on Advertising's Influence in Women's Magazines: Thoughts on Two Practices". Mass Communication & Society 6.2 (2003): 175- 190.

(1) Correct the following excerpt:

Excerpt 1 Buying ads in magazines is an obvious way advertisers bring their products to the attention of consumers. "Another way an advertiser can influence magazine content is by requesting that specific material be included to showcase the marketer's product."

(2) Correct the following excerpt:

Excerpt 2 When you read a magazine, you may notice that the pictures accompanying articles contain recognizable products, including some with the brand names showing and other whose brand is likely to be familiar to readers. The pictures are providing "product placements" that act as ads even though they appear to be parts of the articles.

(3) Correct the following excerpt:

Excerpt 3 Advertisers may choose an even more indirect way to get their products noticed by readers. They can encourage "editorial mentions of the product within editorial content," so that readers think they are getting an editor's opinions and ideas when they are actually getting an advertiser's message.

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ANSWERS

(1) Does your response include the following three elements?

1. A lead-in or signal phrase to indicate the source.

2. Quotation marks before and after the quotation.

3. A citation immediately following the quoted material.

Your correction is likely to vary, but here is a possible response:

Buying ads in magazines is an obvious way advertisers bring their products to the attention of consumers. According to Eric Haley and Anne Cunningham, "Another way an advertiser can influence magazine content is by requesting that specific material be included to showcase the marketer's product" (176).

(2) Does your response include the following three elements?

1. A lead-in or signal phrase to indicate the source.

2. Quotation marks before and after the quotation.

3. A citation immediately following the quoted material.

Your correction is likely to vary, but here is a possible response:

When you read a magazine, you may notice that the pictures accompanying articles contain recognizable products, including some with the brand names showing and others whose brand is likely to be familiar to readers. The pictures are providing what Haley and Cunningham call "product placements" (176) that act as ads, even though they appear to be parts of the articles.

(3) Does your response include the following three elements?

1. A lead-in or signal phrase to indicate the source.

2. Quotation marks before and after the quotation.

3. A citation immediately following the quoted material.

Your correction is likely to vary, but here is a possible response:

Advertisers may choose an even more indirect way to get their products noticed by readers. As Eric Haley and Anne Cunningham point out, they can encourage "editorial mentions of the product within editorial content" (176), so that readers think they are getting an editor's opinions and ideas when they are actually getting an advertiser's message.

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PRACTICE #2

You have written a research paper on how advertisers use magazines and other media to guide consumers' choices and have used the following paragraph from an article that addresses issues related to your subject. The article is by Eric Haley, a professor in the Department of Advertising at the University of Tennessee, and Anne Cunningham, a professor in the Manship School of Communication at Louisiana State University. Before handing in your paper to your instructor, you realize that you have neglected to include lead-in or signal phrases or page number citations to indicate the source of your material. First, read the paragraph from the original source. Then, correct the excerpts that following by adding the necessary lead-in or signal phrases and the appropriate page number citations.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Another way an advertiser can influence magazine content is by requesting that specific material be included to showcase the marketer's product. Examples of this practice are product placements and editorial mentions of the product within editorial content (Haley and Cunningham 176).

Works Cited

Haley, Eric, and Anne Cunningham. "Readers' Perspectives on Advertising's Influence in Women's Magazines: Thoughts on Two Practices". Mass Communication & Society 6.2 (2003): 175- 190.

(1) Correct the following excerpt:

Excerpt 1

Buying ads in magazines is an obvious way advertisers bring their products to the attention of consumers. "Another way an advertiser can influence magazine content is by requesting that specific material be included to showcase the marketer's product."

(2) Correct the following excerpt:

Excerpt 2

When you read a magazine, you may notice that the pictures accompanying articles contain recognizable products, including some with the brand names showing and other whose brand is likely to be familiar to readers. The pictures are providing "product placements" that act as ads even though they appear to be parts of the articles.

(3) Correct the following excerpt:

Excerpt 3

Advertisers may choose an even more indirect way to get their products noticed by readers. They can encourage "editorial mentions of the product within editorial content," so that readers think they are getting an editor's opinions and ideas when they are actually getting an advertiser's message.

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ANSWERS

(1) Does your response include the following three elements?

1. A lead-in or signal phrase to indicate the source.

2. Quotation marks before and after the quotation.

3. A citation immediately following the quoted material.

Your correction is likely to vary, but here is a possible response:

Buying ads in magazines is an obvious way advertisers bring their products to the attention of consumers. According to Eric Haley and Anne Cunningham, "Another way an advertiser can influence magazine content is by requesting that specific material be included to showcase the marketer's product" (176).

(2) Your correction is likely to vary, but here is a possible response:

When you read a magazine, you may notice that the pictures accompanying articles contain recognizable products, including some with the brand names showing and others whose brand is likely to be familiar to readers. The pictures are providing what Haley and Cunningham call "product placements" (176) that act as ads, even though they appear to be parts of the articles.

(3) Your correction is likely to vary, but here is a possible response:

Advertisers may choose an even more indirect way to get their products noticed by readers. As Eric Haley and Anne Cunningham point out, they can encourage "editorial mentions of the product within editorial content" (176), so that readers think they are getting an editor's opinions and ideas when they are actually getting an advertiser's message.

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PRACTICE #3

Suppose you are preparing a research paper on vocational education programs in secondary schools. You have encountered evidence that these programs are often more challenging intellectually than many people suppose. Read the following paragraphs from the book The Mind at Work: Valuing the Intelligence of the American Worker by Mike Rose, a professor in the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Several times during the construction of the first wall cabinet-the one with the puzzling 67-inch top-Felipe would comment on the mathematics involved in cabinet assembly. And I asked him about it myself. His comments were a bit contradictory, and the contradiction resonated with something that was vexing me as well. At times he would note that the math is "simple," "just numbers," "only fractions." At other times, though, even within the same few sentences, his face registering perplexity, he would observe that "a lot of math is involved" and that "it's difficult." Felipe has taken algebra and is currently enrolled in college math; he knows what more advanced mathematics looks like. On the face of it, the math involved in cabinet assembly is pretty simple: reading a ruler; adding and subtracting (and less frequently, multiplying and dividing) whole numbers, mixed numbers, and fractions; working with the basic properties of squares and rectangles. Yet, he says, "there's so many pieces you need to take into consideration, otherwise, you'll mess up somewhere"(Rose 95)

Works Cited

Rose, Mike. The Mind at Work: Valuing the Intelligence of the American Worker. New York: Viking, 2004.

(1) In the space provided, write a sample paragraph that quotes a phrase or sentence from Rose's book. Be sure to use a lead-in or signal phrase to introduce your quotation, and add a citation with the page number of the source.

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ANSWERS

Does your response include the following three elements?

1. A lead-in or signal phrase to indicate the source.

2. Quotation marks before and after the quotation.

3. A citation immediately following the quoted material. If page numbers or paragraph numbers are included in the electronic source, be sure to include them in the citation. Pages are not numbered in the electronic articles used for this practice exercise, however.

Your sample paragraph is likely to vary, but here is one possible response:

Carpentry and advanced mathematics is not a connection most people would make. Anyone who has built a simple birdhouse or bookshelf knows that some measuring is involved, of course, and the number of parts in a project can make the math challenging. Mike Rose provides an example of a carpentry student who "has taken algebra and is currently enrolled in college math" (95) yet who also regards the math involved in constructing a wall cabinet as challenging.

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Quotation Marks

Read the following excerpt then look at the examples of plagiarism involving the incorrect use of quotation marks in a quotation, paraphrase, and summary. When you are familiar with the issue, test your knowledge with the two practice exercises.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

To begin with, language is a system of communication. I make this rather obvious point because to some people nowadays it isn't obvious: they see language as above all a means of "self-expression." Of course, language is one way that we express our personal feelings and thoughts—but so, if it comes to that, are dancing, cooking and making music. Language does much more: it enables us to convey to others what we think, feel and want. Language-as-communication is the prime means of organizing the cooperative activities that enable us to accomplish as groups things we could not possibly do as individuals. Some other species also engage in cooperative activities, but these are either quite simple (as among baboons and wolves) or exceedingly stereotyped (as among bees, ants and termites). Not surprisingly, the communicative systems used by these animals are also simple or stereotypes. Language, our uniquely flexible and intricate system of communication, makes possible our equally flexible and intricate ways of coping with the world around us: in a very real sense, it is what makes us human (Claiborne 8).

Works Cited

Claiborne, Robert. Our Marvelous Native Tongue: The Life and Times of the English Language. New York: New York Times, 1983.

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Quotation

Example of plagiarism:

According to Robert Claiborne, human beings' use of language is unique and differentiates them from animals and other living creatures: in a very real sense, it is what makes us human (8).

What's wrong?

Quotation marks do not appear around quoted source (in italics).

Correction:

According to Robert Claiborne, human beings' use of language is unique and differentiates them from animals and other living creatures: "in a very real sense, it is what makes us human" (8).

What's right?

Quotation marks appear around quoted source.

 

Paraphrase

Example of plagiarism:

Robert Claiborne postulates that language-as-communication makes it possible for human beings to work cooperatively with each other to achieve results that might be difficult for a single person working alone (8).

What's wrong?

Within the paraphrase, quotation marks do not appear around words taken directly from the source (in italics).

Correction:

Robert Claiborne postulates that "language-as-communication" makes it possible for human beings to work cooperatively with each other to achieve results that might be difficult for a single person working alone (8).

What's right?

Within the paraphrase, quotation marks appear around words taken directly from the source.

Example of plagiarism:

Robert Claiborne postulates that language-as-communication makes it possible for human beings to work cooperatively with each other to achieve results that might be difficult for a single person working alone (8).

What's wrong?

Within the paraphrase, quotation marks do not appear around words taken directly from the source (in italics).

Correction:

Robert Claiborne postulates that "language-as-communication" makes it possible for human beings to work cooperatively with each other to achieve results that might be difficult for a single person working alone (8).

What's right?

Within the paraphrase, quotation marks appear around words taken directly from the source.

Summary

Example of plagiarism:

In his analysis of language, Robert Claiborne makes a distinction between language used as a means of self-expression and language-as-communication. It is the latter that distinguishes human interaction from that of other species and allows humans to work cooperatively on complex tasks (8).

What's wrong?

Within the summary, quotation marks do not appear around words or phrases taken directly from the source.

Correction:

In his analysis of the uses of language, Robert Claiborne makes a distinction between language used as "a means of self-expression" and "language-as-communication." It is the latter that distinguishes human interaction from that of other species and allows humans to work cooperatively on complex tasks (8).

What's right?

Within the summary, quotation marks appear around words or phrases taken directly from the source.

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CITATION

Read the following excerpt then look at the examples of plagiarism involving the improper citations in a quotation, a paraphrase, and a summary. When you are familiar with the issue, test your knowledge with the practice exercise.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge. Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of things—from subnuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a whole. Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide. Our perceptions may be distorted by training and prejudice or merely because of the limitations of our sense organs, which, of course, perceive directly but a small fraction of the phenomena of the world. Even so straightforward a question as whether in the absence of friction a pound of lead falls faster than a gram of fluff was answered incorrectly by Aristotle and almost everyone else before the time of Galileo. Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is (Sagan 13).

Works Cited

Sagan, Carl. Broca's Brain. New York: Random, 1979.

Quotation

Example of plagiarism:

Carl Sagan describes science as a means of critically examining the world around us in which both sensory perceptions and even common sense may deceive us. As he states in Broca's Brain, "Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide." The scientist must question his own preconceptions to discover truth through actual and repeated experimentation.

What's wrong?

There is no citation that documents the page number of the source.

Correction:

Carl Sagan describes science as a means of critically examining the world around us in which both sensory perceptions and even common sense may deceive us. As he states in Broca's Brain, "Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide" (13). The scientist must question his own preconceptions to discover truth through actual and repeated experimentation.

What's right?

Citation with page number follows immediately after quote.

 

Paraphrase

Example of plagiarism:

Carl Sagan argues that science's objective is to discover the relationship between all things in our world, from the smallest atoms to the universe itself. To do this, a good scientist must question commonly accepted truths, prior knowledge, and even the information received through the senses. For instance, common sense tells us that a heavier object, such as a pound of lead, will fall through space faster than a very light object, such as fluff, even if all friction is removed. However, actual experimentation demonstrates that this is not true. A scientist must be willing to dispute popular beliefs, even if others disagree.

What's wrong?

No page number citation follows the paraphrase.

Correction:

Carl Sagan argues that science's objective is to discover the relationship between all things in our world, from the smallest atoms to the universe itself. To do this, a good scientist must question commonly accepted truths, prior knowledge, and even the information received through the senses. For instance, common sense tells us that a heavier object, such as a pound of lead, will fall through space faster than a very light object, such as fluff, even if all friction is removed. However, actual experimentation demonstrates that this is not true. A scientist must be willing to dispute popular beliefs, even if others disagree (13).

What's right?

Page number citation follows the paraphrase.

 

Summary

Example of plagiarism:

Carl Sagan disputes the view of science as a collection of facts to be memorized. For Sagan science is a way of discovering truths about the world we live in that are not readily available to us through our senses and that may be distorted by our preconceptions and prior learning. A true scientist must accept nothing at face value.

What's wrong?

No page number citation follows the summary.

Correction:

Carl Sagan disputes the view of science as a collection of facts to be memorized. For Sagan science is a way of discovering relationships and truths about the world we live in that are not readily available to us through our senses and that may be distorted by our preconceptions and prior learning. A true scientist must accept nothing at face value (13).

What's right?

Page number citation follows the summary.

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PRACTICE #1

Example of plagiarism: (QUOTATION)

Helping tweens avoid the strong emphasis on sexuality in contemporary music, especially rap music, may be next to impossible. The rapper Li'l Romeo does not include swearing or violence in the texts of his songs (to the relief of many parents), but his videos are filled with sexual images. In the video for the song True Love, for example, viewers encounter "a cute young guy positioned next to, or in front of-you guessed it-youngish (but older than he and his audience) women, dressed in skimpy clothes and dancing suggestively." The video indicates that Lil' Romeo "may be young, but he's powerful enough to attract and dominate sexy older women."

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ANSWER/CORRECTION

You must supply a page number citation immediately following all quoted material.

1. Quotation marks before and after the quoted material.

2. A page number citation enclosed in parentheses immediately following each quotation.

Your response should look like the following:

Helping tweens avoid the strong emphasis on sexuality in contemporary music, especially rap music, may be next to impossible. The rapper Li'l Romeo does not include swearing or violence in the texts of his songs (to the relief of many parents), but his videos are filled with sexual images. In her discussion of the video for the song True Love, for example, Susan Linn points out that viewers encounter "a cute young guy positioned next to, or in front of-you guessed it-youngish (but older than he and his audience) women, dressed in skimpy clothes and dancing suggestively" (137). According to Linn, the video indicates that Lil' Romeo "may be young, but he's powerful enough to attract and dominate sexy older women" (137).

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PRACTICE #2

You have been asked to peer edit several classmates' papers on the topic of physician-assisted suicide and find that they have not added citations to indicate the page number of their source when they have quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. Read the paragraph they have used from an article written by Herbert Hendin for The Hastings Center Report in 1995. Then study the student paragraphs that follow. Add the necessary page number citations to the paragraphs to indicate material quoted, paraphrased, or summarized from Hendin's article.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

The appeal of assisted suicide and euthanasia is a symptom of our failure to develop a better response to death and the fear of intolerable pain or artificial prolongation of life. The United States needs a national commission to explore and develop a consensus on the care and treatment of the seriously or terminally ill - a scientific commission similar to the President's Commission that in 1983 gave us guidelines about forgoing life-sustaining treatment with dying patients. Work of a wider scope needs to be done now. There is a great deal of evidence that doctors are not sufficiently trained in relieving pain and other symptoms in the terminally ill. Hospice care is in its infancy. We have not yet educated the public as to the choices they have in refusing or terminating treatment nor has the medical profession learned how best to avoid setting in motion the technology that only prolongs a painful process of dying (Hendin 25).

Works Cited

Hendin, Herbert. "Selling Death and Dignity." Hastings Center Report 25.3 (1995): 19-26.

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PLAGIARISM: QUOTATION

Many individuals support legalizing physician-assisted suicide. They argue that the solution to a painful illness is to give dying patients a choice about whether to continue living. However, assisted suicide is not the best way to treat this situation. Herbert Hendin asserts that "the appeal of assisted suicide and euthanasia is a symptom of our failure to develop a better response to death and the fear of intolerable pain or artificial prolongation of life." Ending a patient's life may seem humane in contrast to the agony of a lengthy death, but it is, in fact, a limited solution made, according to Hendin, by "doctors [who] are not sufficiently trained in relieving pain and other symptoms in the terminally ill." Unless we find a way to remedy this problem, we will continue to use assisted suicide as a "quick fix" to a very serious dilemma.

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ANSWER/CORRECTION

You must supply a page number citation immediately following all quoted material.

1. Quotation marks before and after the quoted material.

2. A page number citation enclosed in parentheses immediately following each quotation.

Your response should look like the following:

Many individuals support legalizing physician-assisted suicide. They argue that the solution to a painful illness is to give dying patients a choice about whether to continue living. However, assisted suicide is not the best way to treat this situation. Herbert Hendin asserts that "[t]he appeal of assisted suicide and euthanasia is a symptom of our failure to develop a better response to death and the fear of intolerable pain or artificial prolongation of life" (25). Ending a patient's life may seem humane in contrast to the agony of a lengthy death, but it is, in fact, a limited solution made, according to Hendin, by "doctors [who] are not sufficiently trained in relieving pain and other symptoms in the terminally ill" (25). Unless we find a way to remedy this problem, we will continue to use physician-assisted suicide as a "quick fix" to a very serious dilemma.

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IV. PARAPHRASE

Read the excerpt below and the example of plagiarism that follows it. When you are familiar with the issue, test your knowledge with the two practice exercises on paraphrasing.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

There is accumulating evidence that Americans are growing uneasy with the new consumerism. Surveys show that many believe materialism is ruining the country, perverting our values, and damaging our children. We yearn for what we see as a simpler time, when people cared less about money and more about each other. After drugs and crime, people see materialism as the most serious problem affecting American families. In a recent book, the Princeton sociologist Robert Wuthnow argues that we are ambivalent about money. On the one hand, we want it, are strongly committed to success and achievement (it has been said that it is how America keeps score), and believe in hard work. At the same time, we hold the contradictory view that money is profane, polluted, even evil. Talking about how much we have, or make, is taboo. Doing something for money seems dirty in a way that doing it for love, personal fulfillment, or social commitment is not (Schor 24).

Works Cited

Schor, Juliet B. The Overspent American. New York: Harper Perennial, 1998.

Example of plagiarism:

There is growing proof that many Americans are uncomfortable with current levels of consumerism. According to Juliet B. Schor, studies demonstrate that a large number of people think that America's obsession with accumulating possessions is undermining our values and hurting future generations. We wish for a less complicated time when we cared more about our neighbors and less about our income level. After crime and drugs, many view materialism as having the most negative impact on family life. As evidence, Schor cites the work of Princeton sociologist Robert Wuthnow, who asserts that we have mixed feelings about money. We like having money, we measure our success by how much money we have, and we value hard work to earn it. However, we also think that money is dirty and even evil. Revealing how much we earn is considered bad manners. It is considered better to do something for love, social relationships, or personal ideals than for money (Schor 24).

What's wrong?

Wording and sentence structure follow the source too closely.

Correction:

Juliet B. Schor points to growing ambivalence about wealth. While many Americans consider income level a strong indicator of success and enjoy acquiring the luxuries that money can buy, at the same time surveys reveal that they recognize the negative effects that rampant materialism can have on personal values and family life. Many people, she says, feel nostalgia for an earlier time when relationships with others took precedence over earning money. Schor also cites the work of Princeton sociologist Robert Wuthnow, who describes Americans' mixed feelings about money and material possessions. Discussing our salary or bank account is considered bad manners, he says, because money itself is seen as inherently tainted by greed and corruption. Basing our actions on lifestyle choices or personal relationships is considered far more acceptable than basing our actions on the desire to make money (24).

What's right?

Uses original wording and sentence structure to re-state the ideas in the original.

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PRACTICE #1

You are writing a paper about injuries in women's sports. Read and paraphrase the following excerpt from the abstract of an article titled "Injuries in Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse," by Samuel O. Matz and Gregg Nibbelink of the Advanced Centers for Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine at McDaniel College. The article was published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine in 2004 and was accessed through the research database EBSCOhost Electronic Journals Service.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Historically, the sport of women's lacrosse has required little or no protective equipment. Recently, there has been increasing concern over trauma to the face and head incurred during play (Matz and Nibbelink 608).

Works Cited

Matz, Samuel O., and Gregg Nibbelink. "Injuries in Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse." The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32.3 (2004): 608-622. EBSCOhost, Kingwood Coll Lib. Kingwood. 9 Aug. 2004

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ANSWERS

Your response should include the following elements:

1. 1. A re-statement in your own words and sentence structure of the ideas in the original.

2. 2. A lead-in or signal phrase.

3. 3. A citation immediately following the paraphrase.

Your paraphrase is likely to vary, but here is one possible response.

Researchers Samuel O. Matz and Gregg Nibbelink note that greater attention to face and head injuries in women's lacrosse is replacing the traditional lack of attention to protecting players (608).

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PRACTICE #2

You are writing a paper arguing that people are often highly creative in their daily lives. In your search for examples and supporting arguments, you encounter Henry Petroski's book Small Things Considered. Petroski is a professor of Civil Engineering and history at Duke University. Read the following paragraph from Petroski's book. Then write a paraprhase in your own words and sentence structure. Be sure to supply appropriate citation information.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

But there appear to be no limits to the imagination and creativity of the cult followings that duct tape and WD-40 have developed. As the Duct Tape Guys have documented on their Web site and in their books, there seems to be no end to the uses that ordinary folk have devised and designed for these endearing products. They have used WD-40 to take ink stains out of blue jeans, remove old cellophane tape, clean bedpans, dissolve glue, soften leather, repel pigeons, kill insects, keep grass from sticking to lawn mowers, and get peanut butter out of dog hair (Petroski 138-139).

Works Cited

Petroski, Henry. Small Things Considered: Why There Is No Perfect Design. New York: Knopf, 2003.

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ANSWERS

Your paraphrase is likely to vary, but here is one possible response.

Everyday creativity is especially apparent with products like duct tape and WD-40. Henry Petroski points out that Web sites and books record unusual and imaginative ways to employ the tape and the lubricant, including solving the

• following problems:

• peanut butter in dog hair

• glue, ink spots, and old tape

• bothersome pigeons and insects

• grass dried hard on lawnmower blades (138-139)

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PRACTICE #3

You are writing a paper that argues against fraternity membership in college. Read and paraphrase the following excerpt from the article "The Questionable Value of Fraternities" by college professors George D. Kuh, Ernest T. Pascarella, and Henry Wechsler, which appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education on April 19, 1996:

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Because academic performance, intellectual development, and openness to diversity seem to be negatively related to fraternity membership in the first year of college, policies barring first-year students from joining fraternities are essential (Kuh, Pascarella, and Wechsler A68).

Kuh, George D., Ernest T. Pascarella, and Henry Wechsler. "The Questionable Value of Fraternities." Chronicle of Higher Education 19 Apr. 1996: A68.

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ANSWERS

Your paraphrase is likely to vary, but here is one possible response:

College professors George D. Kuh, Ernest T. Pascarella, and Henry Wechsler urge colleges to develop rules that prevent freshmen from becoming fraternity members because they believe that freshmen membership in a fraternity can result in lower grades, a narrow social circle, and limited mental growth (A68).

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PRACTICE #4

You are writing a paper about the influence of television on children and teenagers, and you need to paraphrase the following paragraph from The Youth Charter by William Damon. Read the paragraph from the original source. Then write a paraphrase in your own words and sentence structure. Be sure to supply appropriate citation information.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Beyond the hot emotional issues of sex and violence, children's attitudes toward matters such as intellectual effort and achievement also can be adversely affected by what they see on TV. It is typical for comedies to portray any character who is studious or ambitious as a "dork," a "dweeb," or a "nerd"-someone who is "uncool" and "clueless." Unflattering stereotypes such as these are readily picked up and passed along by child viewers. This may have an especially invidious effect on children who are struggling against other stereotypical beliefs that reinforce the same anti-intellectual notions. For example, girls with an interest in math already must resist a cultural belief that math and science are unfeminine pursuits. When this belief is compounded by stereotypes portraying all intellectuals as nerds, a girl's motivation to pursue math and science may be sapped (Damon 148).

Works Cited

Damon, William. The Youth Charter: How Communities Can Work Together to Raise Standards for All Our Children. New York: Free, 1997.

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ANSWERS

Your paraphrase is likely to vary, but here is one possible response:

William Damon points out that television exerts a strong negative influence on children's motivation to perform well in school by portraying smart or intellectual characters as "losers" or social misfits. Children readily absorb this message, especially those who are already aware of other cultural stereotypes that suggest the pursuit of learning and knowledge is a waste of time. Girls, for instance, are particularly vulnerable to societal prejudice that discourages them from pursuing their interest in math and science because it will make them less attractive to men. Television reinforces this fear by presenting anyone who is "book smart" as unpopular and undesirable (148).

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III. LOYALTY to the SOURCE

Read the following excerpt then look at the examples of plagiarism involving the incorrect usage of paraphrase and summary. When you are familiar with the issue, test your knowledge with the two practice exercises involving a distorted source.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Generations ago, the commercial messages intended for consumers' ears came in highly concentrated, reliable forms. There were three TV networks, AM radio only, a handful of big-circulation national magazines and each town's daily papers, which all adults read. Big brand-name goods were advertised in those media, and the message got through loud, clear, and dependably. Today, we are nearing a hundred TV channels, and we have remote controls and VCRs to allow us to skip all the ads if we choose to. There's FM radio now, a plethora of magazines catering to each little special interest, a World Wide Web of infinitely expanding sites we can visit for information and entertainment and a shrinking base of daily newspaper readers, all of which means that it is harder than ever to reach consumers and convince them to buy anything at all (Underhill 31-32).

Works Cited

Underhill, Paco. Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping. New York: Simon, 1999.

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Paraphrase

Example of plagiarism:

According to his analysis of consumer behavior in Why We Buy, Paco Underhill notes that in the past there were not many ways to advertise products. With very few television channels, radio stations, magazines, and newspapers, it was very difficult to reach the average person through advertising. While consumers were familiar with the well-known brand names, they were not aware of all the other products available. Now the situation has improved. The Internet, multiple television stations, FM radio, videotape players, and magazines on every subject allow advertisers to spread their message to a wider range of potential customers (31-32).

What's wrong?

The paraphrase distorts the meaning of the source.

Correction:

According to his analysis of consumer behavior in Why We Buy, Paco Underhill notes that in the past it was easier to effectively market a product to consumers because there were easily identifiable ways of reaching them. Consumers watched only a few television channels, listened to AM radio only, and turned to one local paper for their daily news. Now consumers can access multiple television stations, and remote controls and VCR's have made it possible to avoid television advertising altogether. The number of magazines has also expanded along with radio through FM stations. In addition, the Internet offers thousands of sites for viewing and news, and, as a result, newspaper sales have declined. All of this progress has increased the difficulty of effectively delivering a consistent and focused message to consumers about products available to buy (31-32).

What's right?

The paraphrase accurately conveys the meaning of the source.

SUMMARY

Example of plagiarism:

Paco Underhill notes that advertisers find it easier to market their products today because there are so many more mediums by which to communicate their message than there were thirty or forty years ago. Americans can watch, hear, or read advertising on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet. Advertisers have more ways to reach consumers than ever (31-32).

What's wrong?

The summary distorts the meaning of the source.

Correction:

Paco Underhill notes that advertisers find it more difficult to market their products today than in the past because the mediums through which Americans receive their news and entertainment have expanded enormously. Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet present consumers with a much wider range of choices than thirty or forty years ago. As a result, advertisers are less certain about how to effectively communicate their message (31-32).

What's right?

The summary accurately conveys the meaning of the source.

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Practice #1

Having heard a lot about global warming, you decide to write a paper on conflicting points of view about the phenomenon. An article called "Terminal Ice" by Ian Frazier, in the magazine Outside, offers ideas and evidence you wish to share with your readers. Read the paragraph from the original source. Then write a paraphrase you could include in your paper. Make sure your paraphrase captures the meaning of the original without following the wording and sentence structure too closely. Add appropriate citations to your paraphrase.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Glaciologists say there's probably no connection between global climate change and the increase in the numbers of big Antarctic icebergs. They say the ice shelves at the edge of the continent, from which these icebergs come, have grown out and shrunk back countless times in the past. Our awareness of the icebergs has mainly to do with satellite technology that allows us to see them as we never could before. Still, when you've recently been through the hottest year of the past six centuries and suddenly there's a 2,700-square-mile iceberg on the loose-well, people talk (Frazier 49).

Works Cited

Ian Frazier, "Terminal Ice" Outside Oct. 2002: 48-66. Rpt. in The Best American Science and Nature Writing. Ed. Richard Dawkins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

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ANSWERS:

Your paraphrase should:

1. Be an accurate re-statement of the ideas of the original source.

2. Use your own words and sentence structure.

3. Provide a lead-in or signal phrase.

4. Have a citation immediately following the paraphrase.

Your paraphrase may vary, but here is one possible example:

Journalist Ian Frazier reminds us that while satellite photos may make us more aware of huge Antarctic icebergs, scientists know they are not a clear sign of global warming because the ice sheet has grown larger and smaller many times in the past. We just weren't there to see it. He admits, nonetheless, that a hot summer and a news of a big iceberg can make us suspicious about a possible link (49)

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Practice #2

You are writing a paper about the ways American culture has influenced the cultures of other countries. After reading an article by media researcher Kirsten Drotner, titled "Disney Dilemmas: Audience Negotiations of Media Globalization," published in Nordicom Review, you decide to summarize one if its paragraphs about children's television habits in Denmark to support your argument that American shows are an important part of television viewing in many countries.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

(Footnotes omitted)

The youngest age group, aged 6-7, are all keen Disney users. The animated figures are their entry into the Disney universe and their collection of video cassettes form their key points of reference to the array of Disney toys, booklets, posters, clothes and figurines from McDonald's, since 1996 one of the Walt Disney Company's strategic partners. Nine out of ten young Danes, aged 3-7, watching television on Friday nights tune into the one-hour Disney sjov [Disney Fun], which is a showcase for old and new animation shorts and is broadcast by the domestic public-service channel one. The show is nearly as popular with children aged 8-12, where eight out of ten viewers watch the program. In addition to national TV channels, featuring Disney, many Danish children have easy access to Swedish and German TV channels, while the Disney Channel was only made available to Danes in the spring of 2003 after data was collected for the present study (Drotner 140).

Works Cited

Drotner, Kirsten. "Disney Dilemmas: Audience Negotiations of Media Globalization" Nordicom Review 1.2 (2004): 137-148. 7 Oct. 2004.

ANSWERS:

Your summary may vary, but here is one possible example:

As media researcher Kirsten Drotner points out, almost all Danish children (ages 3-12) who watch television on Friday night tune into Disney programming (140).

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Practice #3

You are writing two papers about cloning, the first being longer and more detailed, the second shorter and more concise. In the first paper yo0075 wish to paraphrase the following paragraph from the executive summary of the report by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission on human cloning. Read the original source. Then write a paraphrase that captures the meaning of the original without following the wording and sentence structure too closely. Add appropriate citations to your paraphrase.

After you complete and evaluate your paraphrase, write a summary of the paragraph for your second paper. Reread the original source and write a summary in which you accurately re-state the main ideas in the original. Add appropriate citations to your summary.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

The idea that humans might someday be cloned--created from a single somatic cell without sexual reproduction--moved further away from science fiction and closer to a genuine scientific possibility on February 23, 1997. On that date, The Observer broke the news that Ian Wilmut, a Scottish scientist, and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute were about to announce the successful cloning of a sheep by a new technique which had never before been fully successful in mammals. The technique involved transplanting the genetic material of an adult sheep, apparently obtained from a differentiated somatic cell, into an egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The resulting birth of the sheep, named Dolly, on July 5, 1996, was different from prior attempts to create identical offspring since Dolly contained the genetic material of only one parent, and was, therefore, a "delayed" genetic twin of a single adult sheep (National Bioethics Advisory Commission 1).

Works Cited

National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Executive Summary. Cloning Human Beings. June 1997. 20 July 2000 .

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ANSWERS:

Your paraphrase may vary, but here is one possible example:

In its report on human cloning, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission notes that the newspaper announcement that Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut and other scientists at the Roslin Institute had cloned a sheep made the reality of cloning human beings a greater possibility than it had ever been before. Wilmut and his team of scientists used a cloning technique in which the cells of an adult sheep, containing its unique genetic signature, were inserted into an egg cell in place of its own nucleus. This technique had not worked in the past. The sheep that was born from this experiment on July 5, 1996 was unique because it was an actual "twin" of only one parent, having only its genes (1).

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PRACTICE #4

You've decided to summarize the information in the excerpt from the Cloning Human Beings report by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Read the original paragraph again and write a summary in which you accurately re-state the main ideas in the original. Add appropriate citations to your summary. Consult your handbook for correct MLA or APA citation guidelines, if necessary:

ORIGINAL SOURCE

The idea that humans might someday be cloned-created from a single somatic cell without sexual reproduction-moved further away from science fiction and closer to a genuine scientific possibility on February 23, 1997. On that date, The Observer broke the news that Ian Wilmut, a Scottish scientist, and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute were about to announce the successful cloning of a sheep by a new technique which had never before been fully successful in mammals. The technique involved transplanting the genetic material of an adult sheep, apparently obtained from a differentiated somatic cell, into an egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The resulting birth of the sheep, named Dolly, on July 5, 1996 was different from prior attempts to create identical offspring since Dolly contained the genetic material of only one parent, and was, therefore, a "delayed" genetic twin of a single adult sheep (National Bioethics Advisory Commission 1).

Works Cited

National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Executive Summary. Cloning Human Beings. June 1997. 20 July 2000 .

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ANSWERS:

Your summary may vary, but here is one possible example:

The groundbreaking work of Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut, who was able to clone a sheep using the genes of only one parent, made the reality of cloning human beings a possibility for the future, according to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Wilmut and his fellow scientists used a technique that had never worked for mammals in the past, producing an infant "twin" of the parent whose genes had been used in the experiment (1).

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IV. WORKS CITED

Read the excerpt below from a student paper on Guy de Maupassant and the example of plagiarism involving the works cited entry that follows it. When you are familiar with the issue, test your knowledge with the practice exercise.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

One of the most powerful elements in Guy de Maupassant's stories is his ability to convey moral judgment about his characters without ever stating that judgment outright. He accomplishes this through his use of irony. His characterization of Madame Loisel in his short story "The Necklace" offers a good example of this. In the beginning of the story, the reader is told how she turns up her nose at the simple pot au feu on her kitchen table. Instead, "she thought of delicious dishes served on marvelous plates, and of the whispered gallantries which you listen to with a sphinxlike smile, while you are eating the pink flesh of a trout or the wings of a quail" (161).

Later on in the story, after Madame Loisel loses the necklace and is forced to labor day and night to repay her debt, she lives an existence that is in sharp contrast to her earlier fantasies. Maupassant describes her life in graphic detail: "She washed the dishes, using her rosy nails on the greasy pots and pans. She washed the dirty linen, the shirts and the dishcloths, which she dried upon a line. She carried the slops down to the street every morning, and carried up the water, stopping for breath at every landing" (165).

Maupassant's opinion of Madame Loisel is evident in his ironic portrayal of her circumstances. The reader hears his judgment through this description; he does not need to state it explicitly. This ability to convey his viewpoint clearly through irony makes Maupassant, in critic Nora Ginther's words, "one of the greatest writers of the nineteenth century" (17).

Works Cited

Ginther, Nora. The Nineteenth Century Short Story. London: Penguin, 1998.

Maupassant, Guy de. "The Necklace." Trans. Marjorie Laurie. An Introduction to Fiction. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1999. 160-66.

Example of plagiarism:

Works Cited

Ginther, Nora. The Nineteenth Century Short Story. London: Penguin, 1988.

What's wrong?

The Works Cited page does not include all the works cited in the paper.

Correction:

Works Cited

Ginther, Nora. The Nineteenth Century Short Story. London: Penguin, 1988.

Maupassant, Guy de. "The Necklace." Trans. Marjorie Laurie. An Introduction

to Fiction. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1999. 160-66.

What's right?

The Works Cited page includes all works cited in the paper.

______________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE #1

Having heard a lot about global warming, you decide to write a paper on conflicting points of view about the phenomenon. An article called "Terminal Ice" by Ian Frazier, in the magazine Outside, offers ideas and evidence you wish to share with your readers. Read the paragraph from the original source. Then write a paraphrase you could include in your paper. Make sure your paraphrase captures the meaning of the original without following the wording and sentence structure too closely. Add appropriate citations to your paraphrase.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Glaciologists say there's probably no connection between global climate change and the increase in the numbers of big Antarctic icebergs. They say the ice shelves at the edge of the continent, from which these icebergs come, have grown out and shrunk back countless times in the past. Our awareness of the icebergs has mainly to do with satellite technology that allows us to see them as we never could before. Still, when you've recently been through the hottest year of the past six centuries and suddenly there's a 2,700-square-mile iceberg on the loose-well, people talk (Frazier 49).

Works Cited

Ian Frazier, "Terminal Ice" Outside Oct. 2002: 48-66. Rpt. in The Best American Science and Nature Writing. Ed. Richard Dawkins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANSWERS

Your paraphrase should:

1. Be an accurate re-statement of the ideas of the original source.

2. Use your own words and sentence structure.

3. Provide a lead-in or signal phrase.

4. Have a citation immediately following the paraphrase.

Your paraphrase may vary, but here is one possible example:

Journalist Ian Frazier reminds us that while satellite photos may make us more aware of huge Antarctic icebergs, scientists know they are not a clear sign of global warming because the ice sheet has grown larger and smaller many times in the past. We just weren't there to see it. He admits, nonetheless, that a hot summer and a news of a big iceberg can make us suspicious about a possible link (49)

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PRACTICE #2

Read the following selection from a student paper on sports injuries. Pay close attention to the citations in each paragraph.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

Peter King, writing in Sports Illustrated, asks whether the speed and size of today's football players is a major cause of the increase in injuries in the National Football League. Players and coaching staff have similar suspicions, although, as King also points out, lighter and less effective equipment may play a role, too (60-61). The situation is complicated, however, because some recent developments help reduce serious or fatal injuries, such as new helmets that protect against brain injuries (Levin 96). As journalist Kate Murphy reports, moreover, motion analysis suggests that bad form may be a major cause of injury in a wide variety of sports (57). John W. Orchard also suggests that we need to ask if using local anesthetics to enable athletes to play despite injury is a cause of further injury (209). Where should we begin if we want to understand and prevent sports injuries? Should we begin with questions of size and strength, with questions of equipment, with training, or with coaching strategies? I suggest that we start with age and experience. Langran and Selvarak point out, for example, that many injuries in skiing, snowboarding, or skiboarding take place on the first day of participating in the sport (96). In addition, Volpi, Pozzoni, and Galli studied youth soccer players and discovered that the kinds of injuries varied considerably with the age of the participants (401). The rate of injury in youth sports like soccer suggests that we need to begin by paying special attention younger athletes (Price, Hawkins, Hulse, and Hodson 470).

Works Cited

King, Peter. "Painful Reality." Sports Illustrated. Oct. 2004:. 60-63. Langran, Mike, and Selvaraj Sivasubramaniam. "Increased Injury Risk Among First-Day Skiers, Snowboarders, and Skiboarders." American Journal of Sports Medicine 32.1 (2004): 96-103.

Levin, Eric. "Shock Absorber." Discover, October, 2004, p. 96.

Murphy, Kate. "When Bad Form Is a Real Pain." Business Week, May 17, 2004, 38.

Orchard, John W. "Is it Safe to Use Local Anaesthetic Painkilling Injections in Professional Football?" Sports Medicine 34.4 (2004): 209-219.

Price, R.J., R.D. Hawkins, M.A. Hulse, and A. Hodson. "The Football Association Medical Research Programme: An Audit of Injuries in Academy Youth Football." British Journal of Sports Medicine 38.4 (2004): 466-471.

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ANSWERS

The Works Cited list should include entries for P. Volpi, R. Pozzoni, and M. Galli. A corrected Works Cited list would look like this:

Works Cited

King, Peter. "Painful Reality." Sports Illustrated. 11 Oct. 2004: 60-63.

Langran, Mike, and Selvaraj Sivasubramaniam. "Increased Injury Risk Among First-Day Skiers,

Snowboarders, and Skiboarders." American Journal of Sports Medicine 32.1 (2004): 96-

103.

Levin, Eric. "Shock Absorber." Discover Oct. 2004.

Murphy, Kate. "When Bad Form Is a Real Pain." Business Week, 17 May 2004: 38..

Orchard, John W. "Is it Safe to Use Local Anaesthetic Painkilling Injections in Professional

Football?" Sports Medicine 34.4 (2004): 209- 219.

Price, R.J., R.D. Hawkins, M.A. Hulse, and A. Hodson. "The Football Association Medical

Research Programme: An Audit of Injuries in Academy Youth Football." British Journal

of Sports Medicine 38.4 (2004): 466-471.

Volpi, P., R. Pozzoni, and M. Galli. "The Major Traumas in Youth Football." Knee Surgery,

Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 11.6 (2004): 399-403.

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