HOW TO STUDY MORE EFFECTIVELY P 187-189)

[Pages:29]HOW TO STUDY MORE EFFECTIVELY (P 187-189)

? Elaborate Think about the meaning of the information that you are learning Relate to what you already know Associate: link information together

? Generate and test yourself Active involvement with the information Come up with your own questions and then answer them

? Organize Create (generate!) outlines to form a framework to connect information (elaboration!) Chunking: group information together

? Take breaks Use "distributed" practice (with breaks) instead of "massed" practice (aka cramming) Sleep ? to allow for memory consolidation (p16)

? Match learning and testing conditions Study same place as test OR study in many different locations

? Avoid "illusions of learning" "Don't mistake ease and familiarity with knowing" (in preface of textbook)

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

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Chapter 2

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LEARNING OBJECTIVE TOPICS

?Microstructure of the brain: Neurons

Structure and communication

?Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches

Neuropsychological Neurophysiological Computational

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UNDERLYING STRUCTURE

? Neurons and action potentials

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NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING

?Single cell recording ? Record action potentials from single neurons

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DELAY NON-MATCH TO SAMPLE TASK

CUE

CHOICE

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SINGLE UNIT RECORDING

? Unit recording in nonhumans; direct measurement of neuronal activity

? Measurements from two frontal-lobe neurons during delayed non-matchto-sample task

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Single Unit Recording

? Cell A responds to a particular stimulus during the cue & choice periods

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SINGLE UNIT RECORDING

? Cell B shows sustained activity during the delay ("memory" cell)

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LEARNING OBJECTIVE TOPICS

?Microstructure of the brain: Neurons

Structure and communication

?Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches

Neuropsychological Neurophysiological Computational

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OVERVIEW OF APPROACHES

Neuropsychological - patient studies - lesions in nonhuman animals - transcranial magnetic stimulation Neurophysiological - neuroimaging (PET, fMRI, ERP) - unit recordings in nonhuman animals Computational - computer modeling, simulation, prediction

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LESIONS

? What is a lesion? ? What can it tell us?

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

Logic: If a region of the brain is essential for some aspect of memory, Then damage to that region should affect performance on

that aspect of memory

** So neuropsychological approaches can tell us about the NECESSITY of a region for a particular function

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TYPES OF LESIONS

? Non-human animals ? Human animals ? Temporary Lesions: TMS ? Pros and cons?

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H.M.

BRAIN LESION STUDIES

?Artist Anton Raederscheidt's self-portrait painted at different times following a severe stroke ? which left him with neglect of contra-lesional space

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