Human Anatomy & Physiology - Final Exam Review Sheet



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Human Anatomy & Physiology Honors

Final Exam Review Sheet - 2013

Chapter 6 – The Muscular System (pp. 183 - 221)

I. Overview of muscle tissue

A. Muscle types (table pg. 184)

1. Skeletal muscle

a. Striated

b. Voluntary

2. Smooth muscle

a. Visceral

b. Nonstriated

c. involuntary

d. Functions of?

3. Cardiac muscle

a. Striated

b. Involuntary

c. Functions of?

B. Connective tiussue wrappings of skeletal muscle (pg. 185)

1. Endomysium

2. Perimysium

3. Fascicle

4. Epimysium

5. Tendons

6. Aponeurosis

7. Functions of?

C. Muscle function

1. Producing movement

2. Maintaining posture

3. Stabilizing joints

4. Generating heat

II. Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle (pp. 187 - 189)

A. Sarcolema

B. Myofibrils

1. Light (I) bands

2. Dark (A) bands

C. Sarcomeres

D. Myofilaments

1. Thick filaments

a. Myosin

2. Cross bridges

3. Thin filaments

a. Actin

E. Neurotransmitter

F. Neuromuscular junction

G. Sacoplasmic reticulum (SR)

H. The Sliding Filament Theory

I. Anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell (fiber) (pg. 188)

III. Muscle movements, types, and names (pg. 198)

A. Types of body movements

1. origin

2. insertion

3. flexion

4. extension

5. rotation

6. abduction

7. adduction

8. circumduction

9. dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

10. inversion and eversion

11. supination and pronation

12. opposition

B. Interactions of skeletal muscles in the body (pg. 202)

1. prime mover

2. antagonist

3. synergist

4. fixators

C. Naming skeletal muscles (pg. 204)

1. direction of muscle fiber

2. relative size of the muscle

3. location of the muscle

4. number of origins

5. location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

6. shape of the muscle

7. action of the muscle

D. muscle actions of:

1. biceps

2. triceps

Chapter 14 - The Digestive System and Body Metabolism (pp. 469 - 481)

I. Digestive System Anatomy

A. Organs/Structures

1. alimentary canal/gastrointestinal tract

2. accessory organs

B. Walls of GI Tract

1. mucosa

2. submucosa

3. muscularis

4. serosa

C. Mouth (oral/buccal cavity)

1. lips (labia)

2. cheeks

a. gingiva

3. hard/soft palate

4. uvula

5. tongue

a. functions

i. mastication

ii. chewing

iii. speech

D. Salivary Glands

1. parotid

2. submandibular

3. sublingual

4. buccal

E. Teeth

1. structure: crown, neck, root

2. types

a. deciduous

b. permanent

3. teeth

a. incisors

b. canines; cuspids

c. premolars; bicuspids

d. molars; tricuspids

F. Pharynx

1. Oropharynx

2. Laryngopharynx

G. Esophagus

1. epiglottis

H. Stomach

1. divisions

a. fundus

b. body

c. pylorus

2. sphincters

a. cardiac

b. pyloric

3. other

a. rugae

b. chief & parietal cells

4. functions

I. Small Intestines

1. divisions

a. duodenum

b. jejunum

c. ileum

2. other

a. villi

b. goblet cells

3. functions

J. Large Intestines

1. divisions

a. cecum

b. colon

c. rectum

2. functions

K. Accessory Organs

1. Vermiform appendix

2. liver

a. lobes

b. functions

3. gall bladder

4. pancreas

a. endocrine

i. ( cells; glucagon

ii. ( cells; insulin

b. exocrine

L. Vomit & Heartburn

II. Digestive System Physiology

A. Mechanisms

1. ingestion

2. digestion

3. motility

4. secretion

5. absorption

6. elimination

B. Mastication

C. Deglutition (swallowing)

1. stages

a. oral

b. pharyngeal

c. esophageal

i. peristalsis

ii. segmentation

D. Regulation

1. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

E. Chemical Digestion

1. enzymes

2. macromolecules

a. carbohydrates to monosaccharides (glucose)

b. proteins (polypeptides) to amino acids

c. lipids to fatty acid and glycerol

d. nucleic acids to nucleotides (phosphate, five carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base)

3. secretions and regulation

a. salivary: mucus, amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate

b. gastric juice: pepsin, mucus, HCl, and intrinsic factor

c. pancreatic juice: trypsin, lipase, amylase, and sodium bicarbonate

d. bile: bile salts and lecithin

e. intestinal secretion: sodium bicarbonate and nucleases

f. vasoactive intestinal peptide: VIP

F. Absorption

1. passive

a. diffusion

b. osmosis

2. active

G. Elimination

1. defecation

a. constipation

b. diarrhea

H. Diseases

1. hepatitis (A,B, & C)

2. cirrhosis

3. colitis

a. Crohn’s Disease

Chapter 15 - The Urinary System (pp.518 - 540)

I. Urinary System

A. Organs

1. kidney

2. ureter

3. urinary bladder

4. urethra

B. Kidney Anatomy

1. hilum

2. cortex/medulla

3. renal pyramids, columns, papilla, calyces, and pelvis

C. Ureter

D. Urinary Bladder

1. rugae

2. openings

E. Urethra

F. Micturition

1. Incontinence

2. Urinary Retention

G. Nephron

1. Bowman’s capsule

2. glomerulus

3. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

4. loop of Henle

5. ascending/descending

6. distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

7. collecting duct

H. Urine Formation

1. filtration

2. reabsorption

3. secretion

I. Regulation

1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. aldosterone

J. Urine Composition

1. nitrogenous waste, toxins, pigments, hormones, electrolytes

K. Abnormalities

1. blood

2. glucose: diabetes

3. albumin

4. calculi: stones

Chapter 10 – Blood (pp.340 - 359) (Use worksheets distributed)

I. Composition And Functions Of Blood (pp.340 -349)

A. Components

B. Physical Characteristics and Volume

C. Plasma

D. Formed Elements

1. Erythrocytes

2. Leukocytes

a. Granulocytes

i. Neutrophils

ii. Eosinophils

iii. Basophils

b. Agranulocytes

i. Lymphocytes

ii. Monocytes

3. Platelets

II. Developmental Aspects Of Blood (p. 309)

Chapter 11 - The Cardiovascular System (Use worksheets distributed)

I. Cardiovascular System: The Heart (pp. 362-374)

A. Anatomy of the Heart

1. Location and Size

2. Chambers and Associated Vessels

a. Atria

b. Ventricles

c. Superior/Inferior Venae Cavae

d. Pulmonary Arteries

e. Pulmonary Veins

f. Aorta

3. Valves

a. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

i. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

ii. Tricuspid Valve

b. Semilunar Valves

i. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

ii. Aortic Semilunar Valve

4. Cardiac Circulation

B. Physiology of the Heart

1. Conduction System of the Heart

a. Nerves of the Autonomic Nervous System

b. Intrinsic Conduction System (Nodal System)

i. Sinoatrial (SA) Node (Pacemaker)

ii. Atrioventricular (AV) Node

iii. Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

2. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds

a. Diastole

b. Systole

3. Cardiac Output

a. Regulation of Stroke Volume

b. Regulation of Heart Rate

c.

II. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels (pp. 374-395)

A. Structural Differences between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

B. Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels

1. Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation

2. Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation

a. Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cava

b. Veins Draining into the Inferior Vena Cava

C. Physiology of Circulation

1. Capillary Exchange

2.

III. Developmental Aspects Of The Cardiovascular System (pp. 395, 397)

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The structures for each body system listed below can be identified on diagrams, models, or on the cat.

Structures on the exam include:

1. Differences between Skeletal, Cardiac, & Smooth Muscle (p. 184)

2. Connective Tissue Wrappings (p. 185)

3. Muscle attachments (origin and insertion) (p. 199)

4. Superficial muscles of the anterior surface of the body (p. 216)

5. Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the body (p. 217)

6. Internal frontal section of The Heart (p. 364)

7. The systemic and pulmonary circulations (p.365)

8. Structure of blood vessels (p. 375)

9. Major arteries of the systemic circulation, anterior view (p. 379)

10. Major veins of the systemic circulation, anterior view (p. 381)

11. Major Respiratory Organs & Alveoli (p. 442 & p. 448)

12. The human digestive system: Alimentary canal (p. 470)

13. Organs of The Urinary System (Anterior view) (p. 519)

14. Internal anatomy of the Kidney (p. 520)

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That’s it for now folks

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