Final Review #3



Study Guide for First Semester Biology Final

The areas below are main concepts I would like you to know and understand for the final. Be able to apply these to situations, not just memorize. I recommend starting to study now. I would review all lecture notes and readings. I would try answering the questions at the end of EACH section AND chapter. Study with a friend (not just socialize). Look over old study guides. Flashcard can be useful, putting lecture notes into your own words, and also using the C-Notes you made (remember…you should have been making yourself quiz questions!). Compare C-notes with PowerPoint notes and see if you have any questions. If there is an inconsistency, find the answer!!

You are allowed to bring an 8.5” x 11” piece of paper to the final exam with you with whatever you want written on it. Both sides. Whatever you want to put on the sheet, so long as it’s handwritten. That’s right – both sides of a full sheet of paper. Blue ink, green pencil, purple crayon…whatever you want so long as it’s done by hand (not photocopied, scanned, faxed etc).

Biology the Study of Life

1. What is biology?

2. What is a good experiment?

3. Dependent versus Independent Variables

4. Define theory and hypothesis. What does it mean for a hypothesis to be ‘testable’?

5. Qualitative versus Quantitative Data

6. What is the difference between an observation and inference?

7. What are the properties of life?

8. What makes a good graph? Types of graphs and when to use them.

9. Be able to read and analyze a graph, all three types we discussed and practiced.

Chemistry of Life

1. What are atoms, molecules, compounds?

2. What are the charges of electrons, protons, and neutrons?

3. What is the difference between a covalent bond, polar covalent bond, and an ionic bond?

4. Review how many atoms are in molecules (e.g. how many hydrogen atoms are in C6H12O6?)

5. What is pH? What makes a solution acidic or basic?

6. Know what the numbers on a pH scale mean (remember the scale is 0-14, where are acids/neutral/bases on the scale?)

7. What are monomers and polymers? What are the monomers and polymers of each biomolecule?

8. Review the properties and characteristics of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

9. Be able to identify each of the biomolecules mentioned above

10. What are enzymes? How do they function? What factors affect them?

11. What is the “lock and key” analogy of enzyme function? Explain.

12. What is the “induced fit” analogy of enzyme function? Explain.

13. Review the properties of water. What makes water unique?

14. Compare: adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension

15. Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic – compare and contrast with examples.

Cells

1. Microscopes (types, parts of, how to use, how to put away)

2. Prokaryotic cells vs. Eukaryotic cells

3. Plant cells vs. animal cells

4. What are the 3 parts to the cell theory?

5. What are the parts of a cell? Be able to identify them in a picture and know the organelle’s function.

6. Passive transport vs. active transport (with examples of each!!)

7. Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

8. Describe the plasma (cell) membrane (what is it made of, how do materials cross it) (refer to Q 15 from last section as part of your response).

9. Diffusion vs. osmosis (what affects each, how do materials move in the concentration gradient)

10. The stages of the cell cycle (what happens in each?)

11. Name and describe the three major phases of the cell cycle.

12. What happens when a cell is cancerous?

13. At what point in the cell cycle has DNA been replicated?

14. What is the difference in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells?

15. Draw and label the stages of mitosis. (and know what is actually happening at each stage – not just identifying it)

16. How many cells result from mitosis and cytokinesis? How do these cells compare?

17. Stages of mitosis (what happens in each stage?)

18. What is cancer? How does it fit in with the cell cycle?

19. What is a stem cell? Describe various potential and real applications in medicine.

Unit 5: DNA:

1. Briefly describe the experiments and contributions of:

a. Miescher

b. Griffith

c. Avery

d. Hershey & Chase

e. Chargaff

f. Franklin & Wilkins

g. Watson & Crick

DNA Structure:

2. Describe the shape of the DNA molecule. What is this shape called?

3. What are the subunits of DNA?

4. What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?

5. What types of bonds hold together the sugar and phosphate? The nitrogen bases?

6. What are the parts of a nucleotide?

7. Draw and label the parts of a nucleotide.

8. What is the base pairing rule? What is another name for it?

9. Draw and label a strand of DNA 5 base pairs long.

10. What is a gene?

DNA Replication:

1. How and where does a DNA molecule ‘unzip’?

2. What role does helicase play in DNA replication?

3. What is DNA polymerase’s role in replication?

4. What are replication forks?

5. How many copies of DNA are made during replication?

6. What does “semi-conservative” replication mean?

7. How do the new copies of DNA compare with each other?

DNA –vs- RNA:

1. Make a chart comparing DNA and RNA in the following areas: type of sugar, N-bases, shape, & function.

2. Draw an RNA strand 5 nucleotides long.

3. List and describe the function and location of the three types of RNA.

Protein Synthesis:

1. What is the relationship between genes and proteins?

2. Where does protein synthesis take place in a cell?

3. What are the building blocks of proteins?

4. What is a codon? Anticodon?

5. What does tRNA do?

6. Describe transcription and translation?

7. What type of bonds hold amino acids together?

8. What are the major factors that cause mutations?

9. Name and describe three types of point mutations.

10. Which type of point mutation(s) is most/least harmful? Why?

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