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Questions from General pathologyIs it true that morphogenesis studies the consequences of structural changes in the course of a disease?yes no Is it true that tanatogenesis studies the changes which occur in the process of death?yes noIs it true that biopsy is a slower method but gives maximum information and allows more tests to be done, like genetics?yes noIs it true that Van Gieson stain proves collagen fibers that stain in red?yes noIs it true that Perls reaction is used to prove hemosiderin which stains in (Prussian) blue?yes NoBilirubin is iron-containing pigment.yesnoIs sclerosis the end stage of fibrosis?yes noIs it true that the capacity of cell proliferation is the most important factor for the development of hypertrophy or hyperplasia?yesnoIs it true that dysplasia means that cancer has already developed?yesnoIs endothelial injury important for thrombosis?yes noThe development of a new tumor in the scarring after surgery is called: recurrence ectopia Where do we see fibrinoid necrosis: base of a stomach ulcer myocardial infarction Parenchyma of epithelial cancer has: a nest type structure diffuse structure What is pathology?the science that studies the changes at cellular, tissue and organ level caused by diseases the science that studies the body structure and morphologymedical discipline which aims to find the cause of death when a crime is suspectedmedical discipline which provides the morphological diagnosis for the clinical practice.What are the possible outcomes of a disease.recoverychronificationdeathall of the aboveWhich of the following is not a sign of death?livoresrigor mortisdecaycalorWhich are the specific methods of pathology?autopsybiopsyclinical examinationclinical laboratory testsWhich are the purposes of pathological autopsy?to accuse the clinicians of medical malpracticeto establish the cause of death and the definitive diagnosisto help and educate clinicians and to improve their workto help the relatives of the deceased to convict the doctorsWhich fixative is most commonly used?Bouin solutionabsolute alcoholformalin 10%salts of heavy metalsSize, shape, elasticity, consistency, color and cut surface are characteristics of:microscopic examination of organsgross examination of organsultramicroscopic examination of organsnone of the listedMark the correct statement(s) for cell edemait is abnormal accumulation of water in the cytoplasmit is reversible cellular injurycells are small and shrunkenthere are a few etiological factors that caused cellular edemaWhat is fatty degeneration?abnormal accumulation of lipids in prenchymal cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the specialized fatty cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the ECM of an organabnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the large and medium-sized vesselsWhich exogenous pigment could be deposited in the lungs and lymph nodes?coal dustcarotenetattoo inknone of the aboveIndicate the types of jaundice.Haemolytic/pre-hepaticobstructive/ post-hepatichepatocellular/parenchymalall of the aboveMechanical jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:increased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urineboth types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urineincreased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urinenone of the aboveParenchymal jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:increased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urineboth types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urineincreased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urinenone of the aboveWhat is the etiology of brown induration of the lungs?chronic left sided heart failurechronic right sided heart failuremitral valve stenosisacute left sided heart failure Metachromasia can be seen in which of the following changes on Toluidin-Blue stain?fibrinoid degenerationmucoid degenerationfibrinoid necrosisHyalinosisIndicate the correct statement(s) for necrosis.It is a programmed cell deathIt is provoked cell deathIt affects single cells and the extracellular matrix is not involved in the processthere is a demarcation inflammation at the periphery of the affected areaIndicate the correct statement(s) for apoptosis.it affects single cells and the extracellular matrix is not involvedthere is demarcation inflammation at the periphery of the affected areait ends with phagocytosis of the cell fragmentsit is always accompanied by inflammation at the periphery of the areaIndicate the correct statement(s) for anemic infarction.the term is synonym for white infarctionthe term is synonym of red infarctionit develops as a result of absolute ischemia after total obstruction of an “end-type artery”it mainly affects the lungs and liverIndicate the correct statement(s) for haemorrhagic infarction.it develops in organs with double circulationit mainly affects the brain and the heartit affects organs which have contact with the outside environmentit may affect the small intestineWhich is the pigment of aging?bilirubinhemosiderinlipofuscinhematoidinWhich is the main complication after squamous metaplasia of the respiratory bronchial epithelium?squamous carcinoma of the bronchuschronic bronchitissmall-cell carcinomaadenocarcinoma of the bronchusPin-point hemorrhages in the brain have usually the following pathogenesis:per diapedesinper rhexinper diabrosinall of the aboveIndicate types of embolism depending on the content of embolus.gas, air, amnioticthromboembolism, fat embolismarterial, venousorthograde, retrograde, paradoxalIndicate the organ(s) where hemorrhagic infarction is possible.liverheartlungintestineWhy does gas embolism develop?because of the dissolution of blood gases, especially nitrogen, caused by fast decompressionbecause of the dissolution of blood gases, especially type, caused by fast compressionbecause the negative pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entrybecause the positive pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entryWhat is needed for the development of hemorrhagic infarction the lung?double circulation of the lungthrombosis of a branch of a. broncialisthrombosis of a branch of a. pulmonalischronic venous stagnationWhich are the systemic signs of inflammation?leukocytosisfeverrubor, dolor, calortumor, funcio laesaWhich are the local signs of acute inflammation?calor, tumor, ruborfeverdolor, funcio laesaShockIndicate the types of chronic inflammationdiffuse (interstitial)fibrinouspolypoidgranulomatousThe following description indicates: Focal aggregates in the form of nodules of cells with phagocytic ability. The diameter of these nodules is no more than 1-2mm, in many cases they are seen only microscopically.granulomasmetastasespolypsgranulation tissueWhat does the term ‘specific inflammation’ mean?type of granulomatous inflammation which characterizes with specific arrangement of the chronic inflammatory cells, pathognomonic for a particular etiologic agenttype of granulomatous inflammation with disordered arrangement of the inflammatory cellsdiffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cellstype of granulomatous inflammation which characterizes with specific arrangement of the acute inflammatory cells, pathognomonic for a particular etiologic agentIndicate characteristics of the benign tumors.expansive type of growthfast speed of growthinvading and destroying the adjacent tissuesin general they have good prognosisIndicate correct characteristics of the malignant tumors.infiltrative growthmicroscopic structure shows both tissue and cells atypiagood prognosis in generalmetastasizing Which is the most common way of metastasizing of epithelial tumors?by lymphatics (lymphogenic metastases)with blood (hematogenic metastases)by cerebrospinal fluidnone of the aboveWhat is the term used for malignant tumors of glandular type epithelial origin?adenocarcinomaadenomacarcinomacarcino-adenomaWhat is the term used for benign tumors of glandular type epithelial origin?papillomaadenomateratomaadenocarcinomaIndicate the correct microscopic features of cell atypiapolymorphism of cells and nucleilow nucleus-cytoplasm indextypical mitosesmonster cells, hyperchromasia and polychromasia of nucleiWhat are the characteristics of the nuclei of the malignant tumors?polychromasianormal staining patternhyperchromasiaincreased nucleo-cytoplasmic indexWhat is carcinoma in situ?malignant tumor limited to the epithelium above the basal membranemalignant tumor destroying the basal membrane but spreading no more than 5mm below itbenign tumor limited to the basal membranebenign tumor of a great size compressing the surrounding tissuesWhat type of atypia could be seen in the benign tumors of glandular epithelium?tissue atypiacell atypiaboth tissue and cell atypianone of the aboveMalignant tumors from soft tissue are called:carcinomasword for tissue origin+ suffix “ –oma”sarcomasTeratomasQuestions from Clinical PathologyIs the basement membrane of the epithelium destroyed in cervical carcinoma in situ?a) no b) yes Are both kidneys symmetrically affected in chronic obstructive pyelonephritis?a) yes b) noEpulis is a benign tumor:а) yesb) no, it is a tumor-like lesionFungal pneumonias are usually interstitial:a) yesb) noDiabetes accelerates the process of atherosclerosis:a) yesb) noHow many histological stages do we observe in lobar pneumonia?a) 4b) 5Schwanomma is a benign tumor of the sheeth of the peripheral nerves.a) yesb) noMeningioma is a malignant tumor of the meninges of the brains.a) yesb) noWhere can we observe atherosclerotic changes?a) in arteriolesb) in medium size arteriesc) in the aortad) in the femoral veinWhich changes are usual findings in atherosclerosis of the aorta?a) smooth, even endothelial surfaceb) firm, yellow-white plaquesc) narrowed opening at the places of branching of smaller arteriesd) aneurism Where are the first and main blood vessel changes in arterial hypertension:a/ in the aortab/ in the blood vessels of muscle typec/ in the arteriolesd/ in the veinsWhich of the listed are risk factors of atherosclerosis:a/ increased coffee intakeb/ diabetesc/ narcotic drug abused/ contraceptive drugsWhich of the following statements are true: a/ the crupous pneumonia is lobularb/ the bronchopneumonia can be a complication of acute bronchitisc/ in crupous pneumonia the exudate is rich in fibrind/ the lobar pneumonia can result in carnificationThe acute myocardial infarction is most commonly seen in the area of the: a/ left ventricleb/ right ventriclec/ left atriumd/ right atriumWhich cardiac valve is most often affected in acute rheumatic fever:a/ tricuspidb/ pulmonaryc/ aorticd/ mitralAschoff’s granuloma can be seen in :a/ tuberculosisb/ syphilis c/ acute rheumatismd/ systemic lupus erythematosusThe crupous pneumonia is: a/ lobularb/ fibrinousc/ catharrhald/ pleuropneumoniaWhich of the following factors play a role in the development of lung carcinoma?a/ chronic bronchitis with metaplasia of the epitheliumb/ smokingc/ the flud/ congenital anomaliesWhich of the following features are valid for atherosclerotic plaquea/ located in the intima of the blood vesselsb/located in the adventitia of the blood vesselsc/ increases the elasticity of the blood vesselsd/ it has white or yellowish colourTypical changes in the heart in arterial hypertension is:a/ hypertrophy of the left ventricleb/ hypertrophy of the right ventriclec/ mitral stenosisd/ atrophia fusca myocardiiPoint out the types of arterial hypertension depending on its clinical coursea/ benignb/ malignantc/ scleroticd/ necroticWhich diseases are included in COPD:a/ chronic bronchitisb/ primary pulmonary hypertensionc/ post-pneumonic carnificationd/ pulmonary emphysemaThe myocardial infarction : a/ is due to insignificant stenosis of the coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaquesb/ is a form of ischemic necrosis of the cardiac musclec/ can lead to death due to the following: disturbances in the rhythm and conduction system of the heart, pulmonary edema, rupture of the myocardiumd/ can result in complete recovery of the cardiac muscle.What changes can the atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries cause to the heart: a/ myocarditisb/ infarctionc/ stenosis of the tricuspid valved/ all of the aboveWhat changes can develop in the heart due to pulmonary emphysema and pulmofibrosis?a/ hypertrophy of the left ventricleb/ hypertrophy of the right ventriclec/ hypertrophy of the left atriumd/ myocardial infarction in the right ventricleWhich term is used by clinicians to describe the inflammation of the lung tissue:a/ pulmonitisb/ pneumonitisc/ pneumoniad/ tracheitis Arterial hypertension: a/ It is the increase in the blood pressure in the blood vessels of the upper extremitiesb/ it is associated with atherosclerosis and myocardial infarctionc/ leads to atrophy of the cardiac muscled/ can be complicated by brain heamorrhagеWhich are the most characteristic histological features of the gray hepatisation?a/ presence of erythrocytesb/ presence of segmented leucocytesc/ presence of fibrind/ presence of lymphocytesIscheamic heart disease: a/ is a rare cause of death in the population of the developed countriesb/ has the same risk factors as atherosclerosisc/ becomes clinically evident in childhoodd/ includes a group of diseases of the heart , which develop as a result of insufficient blood supply to the cardiac muscleWhat is being deposited in the intima of the aorta in atherosclerosis:a/ lipofuscinb/ lipidsc/ amyloidd/ bilirubinThe myocardial infarction can be complicated bya/dissection of the aortab/rupture of the myocardiumc/ cardiac aneurismd/ cardiac tamponadePoint out the main complications of acute rheumatic fever:a/ cardiac vicesb/ thromboembolism in the blood vessels of the systemic circulationc/ atrophy of the myocardiumd/ spasm of the blood vessels of the pulmonary circulationThe gross forms pulmonary carcinoma area/ massive node at the chylumb/ large peripheral nodec/ pneumonia-like formd/ all of the abovePoint out the most common histological types of pulmonary carcinoma:a/ squamous cellb/ adenocarcinomac/ undifferenciated small cell carcinomad/ leiomyosarcomaIn classical nephritic syndrome is found :a) heavy proteinuria over 3,5 g/24 hb) erythrocytes in the urinec) hypertension d) azotemia"Big white kidneys " are seen in :a) chronic pyelonephritis b) rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?????? c) renal amyloidosis d) diabetic nephropathyProstatic hyperplasia affects most often:a) Peripheral prostate b) Periurethral prostateSquamous cell carcinoma is a common tumor in the:а) uterine bodyb) ovariesc) fallopian tubesd) uterine cervixGynecomastia is a disease of:а) breast in women b) ovariesc) male breast d) testesWhich of the following are examples of pathological processes in the oral cavity that can have an effect of internal organs?a) scarlet feverb) peritonsilar abscess c) epulisd) oral squamous cell carcinomaWhich avitaminosis can be associated with changes in the oral cavity?a) vit. B6b) vit. B12c) vit. Dd) none of the aboveWhat histological changes can be observed in chronic hepatitis?a) chronic cholecystitisb) inflammatory infiltratesc) massive necrosis of hepatocytesd) fibrotic septaWhat findings can be observed in glomerulonephritis?a) Klebsiellab) E.colic) Streptococcusd) the urine is sterileWhich type of glomerulonephritis is ‘crescentic’?a) minimal change diseaseb) rapidly progressing glomerulonephritisc) membranous glomerulonephritisd) diffuse endocapillary glomerulonephritisWhich of the following histological changes are associated with tubal pregnancy?a) chorionic villi and decidual changes of the endometriumb) monstrous trophoblast, hydropic chorionic villic) hematoma in fallopian tube, chorionic villi invading the muscle layer of the tube, decidual changes of the endometriumd) cervical intraepithelial lesion, third gradeWhat are the complications of prostate hyperplasia?a) urinary retention, frequent urinary tract infectionsb) sexual dysfunctionc) transitional cell carcinomad) hydronephrosisWhat are the signs of the atypia in a nevus?a) asymmetry of the lesion, irregular bordersb) dark color, irregular color of the lesionc) diameter less than 5mmd) regular bordersWhich of these tumors frequently metastasize to bone ?a) liposarcoma b) osteosarcomac) prostate cancer d) breast cancerWhat type of examination you will suggest to your patient if you diagnose him/her with atrophic glossitis (Hunter’s tongue)?a) colonoscopyb) dermatoscopyc) gastroscopyd) hysteroscopy Some of the gross features of acute pancreatitis are:a) enlarged liverb) steatonecrosis of the fatty tissue around and inside the pancreasc) hemorrhages in the tissues of the pancreasd) fibrosis in the tissues of the pancreas ................
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