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Panic DisorderUnpredictable Strikes quickly, only lasts for a short amount of timeEscalation caused by intense anxiety Up to several minutes of intense fearImpending doom, something bad is going to happen to the person Symptoms can be difficult to breathe, heart palpitations, jittery, dizziness, unable to swallow, hot/ cold flashes, excessive sweating, and nausea Can be perceived as a heart attackDefinition: An anxiety disorder in which someone will have unpredictable episodes of terror that can last several minutes and come on with extreme, and frightening symptoms Applying Perspectives:Learning:Fear Conditioning-Use of classical conditioning to cause extreme anxiety surrounding a certain area or sensory stimulusCognition-Feel loss of control, extreme intrusive thoughtsBiological:Genes-Regulate neurotransmitters that control brains alarm centers, mood and sleepThe Brain-Over arousal of areas of the brain that control impulseTreatment:Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy- talking therapy that aims to change the way you think and behave through talking Medication Examples:When driving, Mary would have trouble breathing, experience heart trouble and become shaky/jittery causing her to potentially lose control of her car. Phobias3 main types:Specific- phobia of a specific objectEx. Thunderstorms, spiders Social- phobia of social situations and the judgement of others when put in a social situation Extreme shynessEx. Public speaking, going to parties Complex- persistent phobia where anxiety or panic attacks can be caused even when the object/situation is not present Ex. Arachnophobia, xenophobia Agoraphobia-avoiding situations that may bring on severe anxiety or panic attacksDefinition: An anxiety disorder that has a persistent irrational fear, that causes a person to avoid a specific situation or objectApplying Perspectives:Learning:Fear conditioning-Anxiety in an area/place or experiencing something sensory that is associated with a phobia that causes one to fear that place, sound, taste, ect.Stimulus generalization get scratched by a kitten, fear all catsObservational learning-Acquiring a fear due to seeing another person’s fearCognition-Interpretations and irrational beliefs cause phobiasBiological:Natural Selection-Biologically prepared for fears faced by ancestorsEx. People living in places with no poisonous snakes, still have a fear of themTreatments:Cognitive behavioral Psychotherapy- talking therapy that aims to change the way you think and behave through talking Psychodynamic psychotherapy- revealing unconscious conflicts that may be inducing anxietyExamples:Mary had a complex phobia of driving, she was scared to get into her vehicle in fear that she would have an anxiety attackPTSDExposed to a traumatic eventTypically war veterans, but can occur after any experience that causes extreme psychological damage such as rape, violence, natural disaster, and being kidnappedNightmares and haunting memoriesPersistent Depression and anxiety can come on days, months, and years (although rarely years) after atraumatic incident Doesn’t happen to everyone who ever experiences a traumatic eventEx. After 9/11 not everyone in NY or DC had severe trauma symptoms over a month after the event Not everyone who was involved in the war has all the long term effects The higher the distress during a particular situation, the higher chance that person has of acquiring PTSDPsychological reenactments May become obsessive compulsive in order to distract themselves from the reenactmentsDefinition: An anxiety disorder that causes haunting memories, social withdrawals, nightmares, extreme anxiety, this feeling has to linger for more than 4 weeks to be classified as PTSD Applying PerspectivesLearning:Fear conditioning-Unpredictable, uncontrollable anxiety after a traumatic eventEx. Returning to the scene of where he was shot, jimmy has uncontrollable anxiety, and experiences a flashback of the momentCognitionInability to turn off intrusive thoughts leading to horrible flashbacks and nightmares Biological:The Brain-Over-arousal of part of brain that involves impulse controlTreatment: Cognitive behavioral Psychotherapy- talking therapy that aims to change the way you think and behave through talking Psychodynamic psychotherapy- revealing unconscious conflicts that may be inducing anxietyAcute Stress DisorderPTSD that lasts less than 4 weeksUsually entails distortions, and detachmentPost Traumatic GrowthChallenging circumstances leading to positive psychological growth and advancementIncreased appreciation for lifeReveals the transformative power of struggling with somethingTypes of Anxiety Disorder SymptomsMood-Tension, panic, apprehensionCognitive-Aloof, brooding, preoccupation, frustration Somatic-Muscle tension, sweating, hyperventilation General Anxiety Disorder: Persistent uncomfortable feelings that are usually unexplainable.Possible causes: Genetic predisposition, maltreatment in childhood, relatively recent "triggers". Symptoms: constant feeling that bad things will happen, jittery, tense, hyperactive, problems falling asleep or staying asleep, increase arousal of the heart, agitatedSymptoms may last anywhere from a single month to many yearsMay lead to high blood pressure and is often accompanied with depressionFreud: Free floating: people cannot identify a cause therefore making it harder to deal with the illness and much easier to avoid the causeExamples: (From Anxiety Disorder Video) Donna was diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety disorder. She was constantly worrying about her family and her finances and felt that it was all on her to do.She was always trying to find something that would explain her anxiety but because GAD has many physical manifestations many of her doctors made fald assumptions of what she had and in turn Donna went years without being diagnosed. Once she started to see a psychologist, they used cognitive psychotherapy to help her symptoms. Together they talked about how to look past her anxiety/how to control it on her own. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Unwanted and persistent thoughts and urges to do certain tasks ritually. Disorder vs Normality: It's normal for people to want things to be clean and in order, or to stress about certain things. But, once it crosses the line into interfering with everyday activities is when OCD becomes a possibility. Symptoms: Having compulsion or obsessions, knowing that such compulsion or obsessions are irrational but the anxiety is what forces them to continue. Compulsions: redundant actions that one feels compelled to doExcessive cleaning on one self (hand washing)Repeating rituals (walk in/out of door certain number of times)Checking appliances, homework, door locks, car brakesObsessions: unwanted reoccurring thoughtsConcern with germs, toxins, or dirt (constant cleaning of house) Thinking something terrible is about to happenNeeding things to be in symmetry or in order (symmetrical living room arrangement) Who's at risk: tends to be more common in teenagers and young adults, symptoms usually decrease as people age. Examples: (from Anxiety Disorder Video) Phil was diagnosed with OCDAs a kid his father was always angry and very critical of himself and his family. One day Phil lashed back at his dad and his dad died shortly after. This created an idea and a fear within Phil that when he acts on anger it could kill peopleHe was also currently having marital problems. Trigger: His most recent trigger was the development of his marital problems, and his childhood history added with his inability to get mad all aided his recent development of OCD. Experiments/studies: 144 people were diagnosed with OCD at Swedish Hospital, on their 40 year follow up appointment most people symptoms had lessened and 1 out of 5 had completely recovered Perspectives Biopsychosocial: Idea that social, biological, and psychological factors all combine to create a disorder. One factor may be stronger than the other 2 but all factors are somewhat apparent. Social Influences: cultural differences may lead to a spike in certain disorders in localized places. Example: Eating disorders have become significantly more apparent in western cultures. Genetic: certain people have certain genetic predispositions to some disordersPsychological: People's psychological states and how their brains may be wired. Learning Perspective (mainly applies to phobias)Fear conditioning: When anything bad or unpredictable happens, a fear may arise from it because of conditioning, any event that may be painful, scary, or unexpected can lead to very large phobias Example: (from the book) when someone's car was hit by a car who ran a stop sign, that driver who was hit would twinge when another car approach from a side street.Stimulus Generalization: when, for example, someone gets bit by a dog and develops a fear of all dogsReinforcement: helps to keep the fear avoiding the situation may decrease the anxiety but it only fuels the phobia Observational Learning: Seeing other fears and learning to fear the same thingExample: (form the book): Monkeys in the wild seem to all fear snakes but lab monkeys do not fear snakes. 6 monkeys in the wils were observed and their offspring were put in labs to test the phobia of snakes. offspring in labs did not have any sort of fearIn the wild, after watching the monkeys back away from food when snakes were around, all the other monkeys seemed to act in a similar way. learning to fear the snake.Cognition: Idea that everyone has different interpretation of things, some of which may arouse fears. Example: (from the book) a house may creak because of the wind but one may also think the house creaks at night because someone else is in it. People with anxiety tend to be more on the hypervigilant sideExample: (from the book) a racing heart means a heart attack, a single spider may manifest into hundreds. Example: (form the book) an simple disagreement with someone may seem as if it was a huge fight.Biological perspective: explains why some groups of people may be predisposed to phobiasNatural SelectionAs humans, over the years, we have become prepared to face threats (snakes, spiders, darkness) and those have turned into phobias as a way of protectionIn terms of OCD, the compulsions are driven by an "exaggerated" survival need Examples: (from the book) checking territorial boundaries has now become checking doors, locking and unlocking them. Genes: Some people have genes that make them more fragile while others have genes that allows them to handle situations better. identical twins may develop similar phobia even when they are not raised together Experiment: researches have been able to find 17 genes that are all present with people who have anxiety disorders. Others have found genes that belong only to those with OCD Serotonin and Glutamate: Both are being researched for the their potential chance of contributing to an anxiety disorder. Serotonin regulates sleep and mood while high levels of glutamate can lead to over activity The Brain: Over arousal of the certain areas in the brain are manifested because of biology OCD: when the brain thinks something is wrong it creates "mental hiccups" which could explain redundant actions and thoughts anterior cingulate cortex shows elevated activity (controls our actions and checks for error) Fear circuits are created in the amygdala when a fear is developed. The DSM Diagnostic + statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM + IV)Attempts to 1) Describe + classify the disorder2) Recommend courses of treatments3) Explain research into causes of disorders5 Axis+ Axis 1: clinical syndromes and addresses the major disorders+ Axis 2: Personality disorders (longstanding disturbances of personality that disrupt…)+ Axis 3: Physical Disorders… important because may be affecting psychological condition+ Axis 4: Severity of psychological Stressors+ Axis 5 Assesses a person’s level of functioningProblems with DSM1) Danger of over diagnosis2) Power of diagnostic labels3) Confusing mental disorders with normal problems4) The illusion of objectivityThe Medical Model2689860150876002689860925830015240001186180Physical Problems can be diagnosed400000Physical Problems can be diagnosed15240001767205The condition can be treated4000020000The condition can be treated1524000335280Abnormal Behavior is the result of Physical Problems4000020000Abnormal Behavior is the result of Physical ProblemsAll mental conditions are identifiable treatable or curable ................
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