CHAPTER 13



CHAPTER 13 Reading Guide

I. Prelude to Reformation

A. Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism

1. Erasmus, power of education, philosophy of Christ, In Praise of Folly, role in Reformation

2. Thomas More, career, Utopia, death

B. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation

1. Pluralism, Frederick the Wise

2. Modern Devotion, Thomas a Kempis, deepening of religious experiences v. church experiences

II. Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany

A. The Early Luther, religious questions, confession, monastic life, justification by faith and the bible

1. The Indulgence Controversy

2. The Quickening Rebellion, Leipzig, Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, good works, Diet of Worms, Edict of Worms

B. The Rise of Lutheranism

1. The Spread of Luther’s Ideas, dissent, Erasmus, Philip Melanchthon

2. The Peasants’ War, peasant problems, Luther’s reaction, suppression of the revolt

C. Church and State

1. Changes in sacraments, transubstantiation, authority of the bible, priesthood of all believers

2. Secular authority and the church

3. Religious services

D. Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics

1. Goals of Charles V

2. The French, the Papacy, and the Turks

3. Politics in Germany, German states, Schmalkaldic Wars, Abdication of Charles V, Diet of Augsburg

III. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

A. Lutheranism in Scandinavia

1. Union of Kalmar, Gustavas Vasa, Swedish Lutheran National Church

2. Christian III, Lutheranism in Denmark and Norway

B. The Zwinglian Reformation

1. Swiss Confederation, Cantons

2. Ulrich Zwingli, Reforms in Zurich

2. A Futile Search for Unity, Reasons for, Martin Bucer,

C. The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists

1. The Ideas of the Anabaptists , baptism, political beliefs

2. Varieties of Anabaptists, Swiss Brethren, Melchoirites, Dutch Anabaptism and Mennonites

D. The Reformation in England

(See attached questions)

E. John Calvin and Calvinism

1. Calvin’s Ideas, predestination, damned, elect

2. Calvin’s Geneva, consistory, John Knox

IV. The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation

A. The Family, women’s roles, reading the bible

B. Education in the Reformation, gymnasium

C. Religious Practices and Popular Culture, changes in ideas of time, changes in celebrations

V. The Catholic Reformation

A. Revival of the Old Orders

1. St Teresa of Avila, , barefoot Carmelite nuns, Capuchins, activities of the new orders,

B. The Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola

1. Activities of the Jesuits, “Conflict for God,” Catholic universities, conversion efforts in Japan, China, and Europe

C. A Revived Papacy, Pope Paul III, Index of Forbidden Books

D. The Council of Trent, Moderate and conservative ajendas, reaffirmation of doctrine, results

VI. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century

A. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

1. Huguenots, Valois monarchy, Guise family, politiques

2. Course of the Struggle – what happened when

B. Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism, parents, lands and governmental structures, Phillips’s issues, Spanish economy, battle of Lepanto

C. The Revolt of the Netherlands, William the Silent, Union of Arras, Union of Utrecht

D. The England of Elizabeth

1. Religious Policy, Mary Queen of Scots, Puritians

2. Foreign Policy

3. The Spanish Armada

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE PRIMARY SOURCES (BOXED DOCUMENTS)

1. “Erasmus: In Praise of Folly”: What are Erasmus' main criticisms of monks? What do you think he hoped to achieve with this satirical attack on monastic practices? How do you think the circulation of such attacks in many printed copies would have affected popular attitudes toward the Catholic Church and its institutions? (page 349)

2. “Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses”: Summarize the major points of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. What are indulgences? What are Luther’s particular criticisms of the pope? Why did they have such a strong appeal in Germany? Why do historians claim that the Reformation began with Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses? (page 351)

3. “Luther and the ‘Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants’”: What does this passage tell you about the political interests and sympathies of key religious reformers like Luther? Were the reformers really interested in massive social changes to accompany their religious innovations? Could it be claimed that Luther was largely a man of the Middle Ages? If so, why? (page 353)

4. “A Reformation Debate: The Marburg Colloquy”: What is the issue being debated by Luther and Zwingli? What would have been the Catholic Church’s position if Catholic representatives had been included in the debate? Based on this example, why do you think Reformation debates led to further hostility rather than the compromise and unity between religious and sectarian opponents? (page 359)

5. “The Role of Discipline in the ‘Most Perfect School of Christ on Earth’”: Based on the examples given here, what kinds of activities did the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva seek to root out and prevent? Why was Calvinism so determined to survey and control the personal lives of citizens? How do you think the development of such Protestant agencies of social discipline and social control made way for the development of modern institutions of order such as the police? (page 363)

6. “A Protestant Woman”: It this letter to Ludwig Rabus, what ideas did Catherine Zell bring to the Reformation? Was she being criticized because she was a woman or because of her ideas, regardless of gender? Would her ideas have been more acceptable if put forth by a man? Why or why not? Why were the Anabaptists unpopular and why did people and governments react strongly against them? (page 364)

7. “Loyola and Obedience to ‘Our Holy Mother, the Hierarchical Church’”: What are the fundamental assumptions that underlie Loyola's rules for “thinking with the church”? What do these assumptions tell you about the nature of the Catholic Reformation? In what manner was it truly a reform movement? What would Luther or Calvin have to say about Loyola’s “Rules for Thinking With the Church”? (page 367)

8. “Queen Elizabeth Addresses Parliament (1601)”: What qualities are evident in Elizabeth’s speech that would endear her to her listeners? How was her popularity connected to the events of the late sixteenth century? Would the members of Parliament have responded differently to a king? Why and or why not? (page 375)

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