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 2018 Paul M. Dorman High School Cavalier ChallengeQuestions written and edited by the Academic Team at the University of South Carolina [Eric Douglass (Head Editor), Bryn Douglass, Thomas Elgin, Julian Rachele, John Huylu, Ajay Patel, Anna Mancino, Josh Clardy, Robert Earl Lawson, Chris King] and Jonathen Settle (Science Editor)Round 2Tossups:1. A book by Robert Bork about the “paradox” of laws of this type posits that enforcing these laws results in artificially higher prices. The “rule of reason” doctrine governs the interpretation these laws, which examine conditions such as vertical restraints. Major League Baseball is exempted from certain laws this type, which seek to stem collusion and restraints on trade. For 10 points, name this area of law that deals with preventing monopolistic business practices, which is enforced in part through the Clayton and Sherman acts.ANSWER: antitrust law 2. This man wrote A History of the World while imprisoned in the Tower of London. He was prosecuted for treason in an alleged plot to bring Lady Arabella to the English throne, and he had earlier lost favor after one of his men attacked a Spanish outpost while searching for El Dorado. He founded a settlement where a tree with the word “Croatoan” etched into it was the only trace of the settlement’s inhabitants. For 10 points, name this English explorer who founded the Lost Colony of Roanoke and is the namesake of the capital of North Carolina.ANSWER: Sir Walter Raleigh3. A character in this work states that, “Sleep is sweet to the labouring man….” A juror in this work claims that “Hanging is too good” for the accused. The main character gets encouragement while staying at the Porter’s Lodge, where he receives shoes that will not wear out. The Giant of Doubting Castle and Mr. Worldly Wiseman try to stop the title character, and Vanity Fair and the Slough of Despond are visited by Christian in this work as he journeys to the Celestial City. For 10 points, name this allegory by John Bunyan.ANSWER: The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World to That Which is to Come4. A print by Hiroshige shows individuals holding umbrellas over their heads as a sudden shower hits one of these locations. A panorama by Claes Visscher shows heads on pikes in front of one of these places in London. It was the name of an art movement that included Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. A rabbit can be seen scurrying across one of these structures in a painting that depicts one of these objects named for Maidenhead. For 10 points, name these structures on which a train crosses a river in J.M.W. Turner’s painting Rain, Steam, and Speed. ANSWER: bridges [or Die Brücke]5. A species of Mono·cerco·monoides found in the intestines of chinchillas is the only known eukaryote to not contain this organelle. In the intrinsic pathway, apoptotic proteins target this organelle by creating pores in its membrane. DNA found in this organelle is only inherited maternally, and, though it’s not chloroplast, this organelle is believed to have originated via endosymbiosis. ATP synthase is found in the cristae of this organelle, which are folds in the inner layer of its phospholipid bilayer. The electron transport chain is located in, for 10 points, what organelle called the “powerhouse of the cell?” ANSWER: mitochondrion [or mitochondria]6. The Monumentum Ancyranum contains accounts of this man’s achievements. He married Scribonia in order to appease his rival Sextus Pompeius. He was the first to be given the title of Princeps by the Senate. After a failed military campaign in Germania led to heavy losses in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, he stated, “Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions.” For 10 points, name this Roman politician who dissolved the Roman Republic and became the first emperor of Rome. Answer: Augustus Caesar [or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian; or Gaius Octavius; do not accept or prompt on just “Julius Caesar”]7. One philosopher from this country authored the paper “On a New List of Categories,” where he defined the representations of likenesses, indices, and signs. Another philosopher from this country put forth the philosophy of radical empiricism in his work The Meaning of Truth. Those philosophers from this country are considered founding members of the school of Pragmatism, and are Charles Sanders Peirce (purse) and William James. For 10 points, name this country, home to the author of Democracy and Education, John Dewey.ANSWER: United States of America8. Strips of this element’s di·acetate can be used to detect hydrogen sulfide, and its iodide, also called yellow iodide, is a precipitate formed from reacting potassium iodide with this element’s nitrate. All elements with an atomic number higher than this element have unstable nuclei. Though it is not silver, galena is a common ore of this element. The tetraethyl compound of this element was previously used as an antiknock agent in gasoline before being phased out. Early car batteries used a cell with sulfuric acid and this element. For 10 points, name this element with symbol Pb.ANSWER: lead9. One poem describes this man as “....a voice forever Against the Timeless walls of time.” This subject of Julia Ward Howe’s “Crown His Blood-Stained Pillow” is described in another work as “....the great star early droop’d in the western sky at night.” A work about this man states, “....the prize we sought is won” and “our fearful trip is done” but that this figure is “Fallen cold and dead.” For 10 points, name this president who was the subject of Walt Whitman’s “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed” and “O Captain My Captain!”ANSWER: Abraham Lincoln10. This region’s medieval Saxon churches of Biertan, Viscri, and Saschiz are UNESCO World Heritage sites. Once ruled by princes known as voivodes, this region contains a mountain range located between the Prahova, Timis, and Cerna rivers, the Southern Carpathians, and it was the center of the Dacian kingdom. Bran Castle in this region is located on the border of this region and neighboring Wallachia. For 10 points, identify this historical region in present day Romania, the setting for Bram Stoker’s Dracula.ANSWER: Transylvania [prompt on Romania; prompt on Dacia]11. This body is orbited by a satellite that contains the 131 km crater Wunda, which contains an annulus-shaped feature that has been theorized to be a solid deposit of carbon dioxide ice. Another of this body’s satellites contains the 10 kilometer high Verona Rupes cliff. The magnetic field of this body is tilted at 60 degrees from its rotational axis, which has been proposed to be caused by liquified diamond. Oberon, Titania, and Ariel are among the moons of this planet named for Shakespeare characters. For 10 points, what planet has a 90 degree tilt from the plane of its orbit and is the seventh planet from the sun.ANSWER: Uranus12. In this work, a meal is served with utensils inscribed with the motto “mobilis in mobile / n”. The antagonist in this novel tested characters by pretending not to understand them in many languages, and he is also known as Prince Dakkar. One character in this work desperately wants to kill the dugong; that character is the American Ned Land. Its antihero later appears in its author’s The Mysterious Island. For 10 points, name this work about Captain Nemo’s “elusive narwhal” submarine the Nautilus, a novel by Jules Verne.ANSWER: Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea [or Vingt Mille Lieues Sous Les Mers]13. “Be Still My Soul” is a hymn that uses an excerpt from one of his works. He composed incidental music for his brother-in-law’s play Death, Valse Triste. His musical output decreased dramatically during his last thirty years, a time period called the Silence of Jarvenpaa. His first symphony was written in response to Nicholas II’s attempts to restrict freedoms in his home country. Many of his works including Kullervo, Tapiola, and the Swan of Tuonela were inspired by the Kalevala. For 10 points, name this composer of works such as The Lemminkainen Suite and the tone poem about his home country, Finlandia.ANSWER: Jean Sibelius14. In 2012, President Juan Manuel Santos apologized to indigenous peoples who were victims surrounding the exploitation of this product. After issuing a report on the Congo, Roger Casement published an expose on abuses regarding this product’s industry near Iquitos. Fordlandia was a settlement meant to extract this resource, a boom for which centered around the Amazon Basin. For 10 points, name this product produced naturally in the Amazon rainforest that was vulcanized in a process developed by Charles Goodyear.ANSWER: rubber15. The author of this book states that he is a debtor to “....the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise.” In Chapter 8 of this book, this book asks if “trouble, or hardship, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or danger, or sword,” will separate believers from the love of God. The doctrine of Sola fide was derived from this book, which heavily influenced Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this book of the New Testament that states that “the wages of sin is death,” and was written by Paul and sent to Christians in the capital of a certain empire.ANSWER: Epistle to the Romans16. The “confines of such chemistry” serve as a “little” version of this concept that is shared between Passion Pit’s Michael Angelakos and the object of his affection. Adam Levine claims that everyone has one of these things. In an effort to stop being “sick of the insincere” in spite of “all the critics jumping in line,” “all of” this construct is given away by OneRepublic’s Ryan Tedder. For 10 points, name this “dirty little” thing that would make you “just another regret” to The All-American Rejects’ Tyson Ritter if you betray his confidence and “tell anyone” about it.ANSWER: secret17. A novelist from this country wrote about Susan Barton’s attempts to chronicle her experience stranded on a deserted island. Another novel from this country sees a man named Jacobus discover a dead body after a flood. In another novel from this nation, Gertrude runs away and is pursued by her brother Stephen. In that novel from this country, the son of James Jarvis is killed by Absalom Kumalo, who is then executed. Foe, The Conservationist, and Cry, the Beloved Country are novels from, for 10 points what country, the home of authors like J. M. Coetzee, Nadine Gordimer, and Alan Paton. ANSWER: South Africa18. During this conflict, Operation Junction City was the only major airborne operation. The Easter Offensive during this conflict resulted in the launching of Operation Linebacker. William Calley was court-martialed due to his actions in this conflict, which also saw Operation Rolling Thunder. Creighton Abrams and William Westmoreland were the commanders of United States ground forces during this conflict, which escalated following the Gulf of Tonkin incident. For 10 points, the Tet Offensive occurred during what conflict that saw United States involvement in Southeast Asia.ANSWER: Vietnam War [or reasonable equivalents for “war” such as “conflict”]19. A company called Cobra was awarded a $200 million contract to do work in this polity in 2017. Whitefish Energy threatened to stop working in this polity for not being paid $83 million. One leader in this polity claimed that “….you are killing us with the inefficiency.” Individuals in this polity were called “ingrates” by one politician, which is the residence of Mayor Carmen Cruz. Hurricane Katrina was called a “real catastrophe” compared to events in this polity according to President Trump. For 10 points, name this territory of the United States that was ravaged in 2017 by Hurricanes Irma and Maria.ANSWER: Puerto Rico20. Since an arbitrary potential can be approximated by a quadratic Taylor expansion, this system can be used to model any conservative physical system. RLC circuits are an electrical example of these systems. They are characterized by a Q factor, which is equal to one divided by twice the (*) damping ratio. An example of these systems has a resonance frequency equal to the square root of the quotient k over m, and, in general, restoring forces described by Hooke’s law govern them. For 10 points name these systems, examples of which include a mass on a spring and a pendulum.ANSWER: simple harmonic oscillators (accept SHO; prompt on “oscillator”; prompt on “spring”)TiebreakerThe early history of this civilization is outlined in the Edict of Telipinus. The son of one of this empire’s greatest kings was murdered on a journey following an invitation to marry the widow of King Tutankhamen. That king of this empire was Suppil-uliumas. The sudden fall of this empire is attributed in part to the invasions of a mysterious group known as the Sea Peoples. For 10 points, name this Anatolian empire that was the first civilization to use iron on a large scale.ANSWER: HittitesBonuses:1. A poem by John Donne (dunn) states that some have called this concept “Mighty and dreadful” but that, “thou art not so.” That poem tell this phenomenon to “be not proud.” For 10 points each:[10] Name this phenomenon, which another poem states, “....shall have no dominion.”ANSWER: Death [do not accept alternate answers or word forms][10] “And death shall have no dominion” was by this author, written two years after he wrote a poem urging the addressee to “Rage, rage against the dying of the light,” “Do not go gentle into that good night.”ANSWER: Dylan Thomas[10] Dylan Thomas hailed from this country. A Thomas story describes a child’s Christmas in this country.ANSWER: Wales [or Cymru; prompt United Kingdom; prompt on Great Britain]2. Popes and Kings: frenemies forever. For 10 points each:[10] In the 11th and 12th century, popes and the monarchy clashed in this controversy, which dealt with the ability of rulers to appoint bishops and other church officials.ANSWER: Investiture Controversy[10] Pope Gregory VII fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV in the Investiture Controversy. Gregory VII imposed this sanction on Henry, in which Henry was excluded from the rites and sacraments of the Church.ANSWER: excommunication [or word forms][10] Henry IV traveled in 1077 to this Italian castle to apologized to Gregory. Here, Henry donned a hair shirt and knelt in the snow for three days.ANSWER: Canossa3. The AXE system, where A is the central atom and X is the ligand, is used to represent bonding patterns in this theory. For 10 points each:[10] Name this theory that uses the number of atoms bonded to the central atom and the number of lone pairs to predict the molecular shape of molecules.ANSWER: VSEPR (VES-per) theory [or valence shell electron pair repulsion theory; or Gillespie-Nyholm theory][10] VSEPR predicts this geometry for sulfur hexafluoride and molybdenum hexacarbonyl. The Jahn-Teller effect mostly affects molecules with this geometry that has sp3 d2 hybridization. ANSWER: octahedral[10] This molecule has tetrahedral electron geometry but trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry according to VSEPR theory. Nitrogen fixation forms this gas with molecular formula NH3.ANSWER: ammonia4. This genre of music frequently used an accented left hand beat in 4/4 [four-four] or 2/4 [two-four] time while the right hand played a fast, syncopated melody. For 10 points each:[10] “The Tiger” and “Maple Leaf” were used to name certain tunes in what genre of the early-20th century, a forerunner of jazz whose other tunes included “Easy Winners” and “The Strenuous Life.”ANSWER: ragtime[10] This Texas-born composer of the opera Treemonisha was known as the “King of Ragtime.”ANSWER: Scott Joplin[10] Subtitled, “A Ragtime in Two-Step,” this tune is often used by ice cream trucks. This rag by Joplin gained new popularity for its use in the opening credits in the 1973 movie The Sting. ANSWER: “The Entertainer”5. It was founded by Bodhidharma in the 6th century CE, and involves several hours of meditation each day. For 10 points each: [10] Name this sect of Mahayana Buddhism popular in Japan.ANSWER: Zen Buddhism[10] These riddles used in Zen practice are meant to provoke the "great doubt" in students. The question of "What is the sound of one hand clapping?" is an example of one of these.ANSWER: koans[10] Zen Buddhism is known as Seon Buddhism in this area, introduced from China in the 4th century BCE. A non-Buddhist religion, the Unification Church, was founded by a native this region.ANSWER: Korean Penninsula [anti-prompt on “North Korea” or “South Korea”]6. The inclusion of this woman in the children’s book Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls has caused controversy due to recent events. For 10 points each:[10] Name this Nobel Peace Prize winner who led her country’s National League for Democracy to victory in 2015. She spent most of 1989 to 2010 under house arrest for opposing her country’s military junta.ANSWER: Aung San Suu Kyi [Oun-Sun Sue-Chee][10] Aung San Suu Kyi led the opposition in this Southeast Asian country against its military strongman U Ne Win. Its government moved its capital to Naypyidaw (Nee-Pee-Doh) from Yangon in 2006.ANSWER: Myanmar [or Burma][10] Aung San Suu Kyi has been criticized for atrocities that have occured in Myanmar against this Muslim ethnic group centered in Rakhine state. Approximately 600,000 of these people have fled into Bangladesh in what has been described by the United Nations as “ethnic cleansing.”ANSWER: Rohingya7. She concluded that the personality of a culture defines the relative success of individuals who live within it in her comparison of the Zuni, Dobu, and Kwakiutl (kwah-key-ute-ull) peoples in her book Patterns of Culture. For 10 points each:[10] Name this American anthropologist who wrote The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.ANSWER: Ruth Benedict[10] Ruth Benedict wrote about guilt and shame culture in her book The Chrysanthemum and Sword while studying the culture of this country as a special advisor to the Office of War Information during and after World War II. ANSWER: Japan[10] This anthropologist called for racial understanding and concluded that race is a cultural construct in his book The Mind of Primitive Man. He was the teacher of Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, and Edward Sapir, among others.ANSWER: Franz Boas8. There are many types of mathematical proof. For 10 points each:[10] Name this type of proof, which attempts to prove a statement by assuming the negation of the statement and then showing that a namesake problem arises.ANSWER: proof by contradiction[10] This other type of proof attempts to prove a statement for all natural numbers, and begins with proving a base case and then showing that if the statement is true for any natural number, then it is true for the next natural number.ANSWER: proof by induction[10] The principle of mathematical induction is equivalent to this other statement, which states that every non-empty set of positive integers has a least element.ANSWER: well-ordering principle9. This man served as the judge for Aaron Burr’s treason trial. For 10 points each:[10] Name this chief justice of the Supreme Court who authored the opinion in Marbury v. Madison.ANSWER: John Marshall[10] Marshall also wrote the decision in this case, in which it was declared that a state’s taxation of the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional.ANSWER: McCulloch v. Maryland [or Maryland v. McCulloch][10] Another landmark case of the Marshall Court was Dartmouth College v. Woodward. This man argued Dartmouth’s case before the Supreme Court. As a senator from New Hampshire, he argued against nullification in an 1830 debate with South Carolina’s Robert Hayne.ANSWER: Daniel Webster10. In this play, the title character cries out for the Devil to turn back into a dog or a snake. For 10 points each:[10] Name this German-language play whose title character makes a deal with the demon Mephistopheles and loves Gretchen.ANSWER: Faust [do not accept or prompt on any other answers such as “Doctor Faustus”][10] Faust was written by this German author of On the Theory of Color and The Sorrows of Young Werther.ANSWER: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe[10] Faust is a part of the Weimar Classicism, which followed this literary movement of German Romanticism. Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther is a novel from this movement whose name translates as “storm and drive.”ANSWER: Sturm und Drang 11. This quantity can be measured in rads or Grays, and a quality factor representing biological damage is applied to those units to yield an equivalent form of this quantity that can be expressed in Sieverts or rem. For 10 points each:[10] Give this quantity important in health physics which measures the amount of energy imparted to a material per unit mass.ANSWER: absorbed dose[10] Absorbed dose accounts for energy deposited in material from this phenomena in which energetic subatomic particles carry enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules.ANSWER: ionizing radiation[10] When measuring effective dose equivalent, these particles have a higher quality factor than photons since they do more biological damage. These can cause chain reactions of thermal fission in nuclear power reactors.ANSWER: neutrons12. It was sparked in part by the Bloody Sunday massacre and included a general strike and the mutiny on the Battleship Potemkin. For 10 points each:[10] Name this Russian revolution which occured in the wake of Russia’s loss in the Russo-Japanese War. It was named for the year in which it took place.ANSWER: Revolution of 1905[10] This Tsar issued the October Manifesto in response to the Revolution of 1905. He was advised by the mystic Rasputin and he and his family were murdered after the Bolshevik Revolution.ANSWER: Nicholas II[10] This elected legislature was established after the Revolution of 1905. Its authority was weakened by the Fundamental Laws of 1906 and it was dissolved in 1917.ANSWER: Gosudarstvennaya Duma13. This man appeared as a tax assessor’s office clerk in The Blues Brothers. For 10 points each:[10] Name this director who is much more famous for directing Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T.ANSWER: Steven Spielberg[10] Spielberg directed this 20017 movie, in which Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep star as Ben Bradlee and Katharine Graham. It involves the title newspaper’s publication of The Pentagon Papers.ANSWER: The Post[10] Spielberg is also directing this movie, a nostalgia-fest which will be released in 2018. It is based on Ernest Cline’s book of he same name in which Wade Watts attempts to discover an easter egg in a virtual reality game in 2044.ANSWER: Ready Player One14. Hesiod claims that this figure gave birth to the twins Nausithous and Nausinous. For 10 points each:[10] Name this nymph who lived on the island of Ogygia. She kept Odysseus on her island for seven years but could not force him to cease his longing for Ithaca.ANSWER: Calypso[10] This god was sent by Zeus to order Calypso to release Odysseus. The slayer of Argus, this messenger god told Odysseus to protect himself by chewing a magic herb. ANSWER: Hermes[10] Hermes used his wand to cause the giant Argus to sleep, after which he slew the giant. Argus’ one-hundred eyes were placed onto the tail of the peacock, which was a symbol of this goddess, who was served by Argus. ANSWER: Hera15. One of this man’s chief advisors was the admiral Sokollu. For 10 points each:[10] Name this Ottoman ruler, the son of Selim I who captured Belgrade in 1521 and defeated the Knights of St. John to take Rhodes. ANSWER: Suleiman the Magnificent[10] This Iranian dynasty was founded by Ismail I, who converted Iran to Shia Islam. Suleyman warred against this dynasty and its Shah Tahmasp I. ANSWER: Safavid Dynasty[10] Suleiman’s father Selim subjected the Mamluk Empire to Ottoman control. The Mamluks originally had this status and, as they became employed as soldiers, overthrew their authorities. The Zanj rebellion also involved individuals of this status. ANSWER: slaves [or reasonable equivalents]16. Due to this enzyme’s affinity for oxygen, photorespiration occurs instead of photosynthesis. For 10 points each:[10] Name this key photosynthetic enzyme whose main role is to catalyze the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. This enzyme is the most abundant enzyme on earth.ANSWER: RuBisCO [or RuBPCase; or RuBPco; or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase][10] Photosynthesis is separated into reactions that are either dependent or not dependent on this phenomenon. Pigments like chlorophyll help plants absorb this phenomenon.ANSWER: light [or sunlight; or electromagnetic radiation; or photons; or subtypes like visible light or UV light][10] In this alternative pathway to photosynthesis, plants shuttle malate or aspartate from mesophyll cells to bundle-sheath cells. This pathway concentrates carbon dioxide in bundle-sheath cells to lessen the effects of photorespiration.ANSWER: C4 carbon fixation [or Hatch-Slack]17. Secret societies make frequent appearances in works of literature. For 10 points each:[10] A clandestine order of postal workers called the Trystero competes with Thurn and Taxis in The Crying of Lot 49, which is a novel by this reclusive American author of Mason and Dixon and the collection Slow Learner.ANSWER: Thomas Pynchon[10] This other secret society, which sees mention in Thomas Pynchon’s Gravity’s Rainbow, is the ostensible antagonist of Dan Brown’s 2000 novel Angels and Demons.ANSWER: the Illuminati[10] Brother Jack leads The Brotherhood, which is opposed by Ras the Exhorter, in this novel by Ralph Ellison, in which the title character works in the Liberty Paints factory. ANSWER: Invisible Man 18. A sleeping dog and lion appear in the title place in one engraving by this artist, St. Jerome in His Study, and he also created a work in which a magic square, bell, and hourglass appear above a winged figure experiencing the title emotion. For 10 points each:[10] Name this German Renaissance artist whose works include Melancholia I and Self Portrait in Furred Coat.ANSWER: Albrecht Durer[10] Durer’s Apocalypse series includes a depiction of these figures described in Revelation. They hold a bow and arrow, sword, scales, and trident as they trample over all in front of them.ANSWER: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse[10] Melancholia I, St. Jerome in His Study, and Knight, Death, and the Devil were engraved in this metal and are known as Durer’s Master Engravings. Domes and other outdoor architecture that uses this material develop a patina called verdigris. ANSWER: copper19. Ladybird Johnson encouraged the planting of these flowers alongside highways. For 10 points each:[10] Name these flowers of the genus Lupinus that are the state flower of Texas. These flowers were named for their shape, which resembled the protective headwear pioneer women wore.ANSWER: Blue Bonnet[10] The white blossom of this plant is the state flower of Arizona. The namesake of a National Park outside of Tucson, they only grow in the Sonoran Desert and can grow to be fifty feet.ANSWER: Saguaro cactus [prompt on “cactus”][10] The black-eyed Susan is this state’s official flower. A blanket of flowers meant to resemble black-eyed Susans is awarded to the winner of this state’s Preakness Stakes.ANSWER: Maryland20. She was the subject of an homage by John Berryman. For 10 points each:[10] Name this early American poet of The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America.ANSWER: Anne Bradstreet[10] This other early American poet wrote about being kidnapped and taken to Boston as a slave in “On Being Brought from Africa to America.” She wrote the collection Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral.ANSWER: Phyllis Wheatley[10] This man, who was sold into slavery and had the slave name Gustavus Vassa before being freed, wrote The Interesting Narrative and was a prominent figure in the abolition movement. He is often viewed as the originator of the slave narrative. ANSWER: Olaudah Equiano ................
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