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Classification of SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterised by profound disruption of cognition and emotion. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. It is a severe mental disorder in which thoughts and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality.36131507366000 Schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting about 1% of the population. Schizophrenia is most often diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 35, with men and women affected equally. Diagnosing Schizophrenia There are many symptoms of the disorder, although not every patient displays all the symptoms. The most recent update of ICD is ICD-10, with ICD-11 (published in 2017). The symptoms are divided into positive and negative symptoms. Two or more of the symptoms must be experienced for one month in order to be diagnosed as schizophrenic.Positive SymptomsPositive symptoms are those that appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions. They include the following:30626058953500Hallucinations – bizarre, unreal perceptions of the environment that are usually auditory (hearing voices) but may also be visual (seeing lights, objects or faces that others can’t see), olfactory (smelling things that others can’t), or tactile (e.g. feeling that bugs are crawling under the skin or something touching the skin). Many schizophrenics report hearing a voice or several voices, telling them to do something (such as harm themselves or someone else) or commenting on their behaviour. Delusions – bizarre beliefs that seem real to the person with schizophrenia, but they aren’t real. Sometimes these delusions can be paranoid (i.e. persecutory in nature). This often involves a belief that the person is being followed or spied upon by someone else. They may believe that their phone is tapped or there are video cameras hidden in their home. Delusions may also involve inflated beliefs about the person’s power and importance (delusions of grandeur). E.g. the person may believe that they are famous or have special powers or abilities. An individual may also experience delusions of reference, when events in the environment appear to be directly related to them, e.g. special personal messages are being communicated through the TV or radio.Disorganised speech – is the result of abnormal thought processes, where the individual has problems organising his or her own thoughts and this shows up in their speech. They may slip from one topic to another (derailment), even in mid-sentence, and in extreme cases their speech may be so incoherent that it sounds like complete gibberish – something that is often referred to as ‘word salad.’left26482100Disorganised behaviour – includes the inability or motivation to initiate a task, or to complete it once it’s started which leads to difficulties in daily living and can result in decreased interest in personal hygiene. The individual may dress or act in ways that appear bizarre to other people, such as wearing heavy clothes on a hot summer’s day. Catatonic behaviours are characterised by a reduced reaction to the immediate environment, rigid postures or aimless motor activity. 341376019113500Negative SymptomsThese symptoms are those that appear to reflect a reduction or loss of normal functions, which often persist even during periods of low (or absent) positive symptoms.Negative symptoms include:Socially withdrawn– A reduction in the interest and desire, as well as the inability to imitate and persist in goal-directed behaviour. This is an extreme version of poor social function, as the individual has low self-initiated involvement in activities which are available to patient left59944000Affective flattening - a reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, voice tone, eye contact and body language. Compared to controls without this symptom, individuals show fewer body and facial movements and smiles, and less co-verbal behaviour (i.e. those movements of the hands, head and face that usually accompany speech). When speaking, patients may also show a deficit in prosody (i.e. paralinguistic features such as intonation, tempo, loudness and pausing) that provide extra information that is not explicitly contained in a sentence, and which gives cues to the listener as to emotional or attitudinal content and turn-taking. Suicidal – Individual experiences negative thoughts and contemplates taking one’s life.Classification of Depression-105410143387900Depression is an affective disorder. It affects how you feel, think and how you act. Depression is more than feeling unhappy or fed up for a few days. Depression is a common and serious mental illness. Approximately, 1 in 4 people in the United Kingdom will be diagnosed with depression each year.Diagnosing Depression There are many symptoms of the disorder, although not every patient displays all the symptoms. The most recent update of ICD is ICD-10, with ICD-11 (published in 2017). Five or more of the symptoms must be present during the same two-week period. Symptoms in italics are required for a diagnosis of depression. The symptoms should not be related to any other cause such as another disorder or the use of substance(s). The symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment on functioning.SymptomsPsychological symptoms4719222557036700Depressed mood. Extreme sadness. This also includes the individual crying. The individual is likely to not have a known reason for this.Recurrent thoguths of death. The individual will regurarly think of death. Often contemplating their own death. The individual may or may not consider self-harm.Excessive feelings of self-worth. Typically, individuals will perceive themselves as worthless.Physical symptomsAppetite. Individuals who suffer depression often loose their appetite. However some, gain an appetite. The change in ones eating patterns can influence the following physical symptoms.-406938137809600Diminished concentration and loss of energy. The individual will report feeling exhausted, even after a full 12 hours of sleep. The individual will also struggle to pay attention, even to things they enjoy! Both of these may or may not link to the following symptom.Insomnia or excessive sleep. Changes in individuals sleeping patterns may occur. Individuals may struggle to get to sleep (at all!). If this occurs, this will explain their dimished concentration and loss of energy. In other instances, individuals may sleep an excessive amount. Here, individuals can still report feeling tired. Social symptomsNoticeably reduced interest or pleasure in activities. Individuals will not want to partake in the activities they once enjoyed. Again, this can be lined to their lack of energy, depressed mood and thoughts of self. General restlessness. Individuals are easily irritated over things which may not usually irritate them. Classification of Phobias4185432141424300A phobia is an anxiety disorder. It is an overwhelming and debilitating fear of an object, place, animal or feeling. It produces a conscious avoidance of the feared ‘thing’. If a phobia becomes very severe, a person may organise their life around avoiding the thing that's causing them anxiety. As well as restricting their day-to-day life, it can also cause a lot of distress. Phobias affect around 2% of the UK population. There are many different types of phobias. Ranging from arachnophobia – the fear of spiders, to claustrophobia – the fear of confined spaces.Diagnosing a Phobia There are many symptoms of the disorder, although not every patient displays all the symptoms. The most recent update of ICD is ICD-10, with ICD-11 (published in 2017). The diagnosis of a phobia depends on each phobia itself. The diagnosis of agoraphobiaThe diagnosis of agoraphobia is the fear of social situations. Individuals who have agoraphobia experience fear and avoidance in places or situations that may cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed.SymptomsIndividuals must experience some of the following:SweatingTremblingShortness of breathRapid heartbeatNauseaFeeling faintDry mouthNumbnessFeelings of dreadFeelings of dyingIndividuals must experience some of these symptoms in two or more of these situations:333472763944500Using public transportBeing in open spacesBeing in enclosed spacesStanding in line or in a crowdBeing outside of home aloneThe symptoms must persist for six months of more. The individual must experience a persistent fear and attempt to avoid the phobic situation. this is likely to occur to the extent which it disrupts normal life. And the individual suffering must recognise their excessive fear. ................
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