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H Biology Organelles

7.2 Cell Structure

Define the term cell: basic unit of structure and function in living things

Define the term organelle: specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within eukaryotic cells

|Structure |Function |P |E |Structure/Sketch |ANALOGY | | | | | |P |A | | | |Cellular Control Center |Nucleus

|CONTROL CENTER OF CELL, CONTAINS DNA | |[pic] |[pic] | |Main office/boss/computer | | |Nucleolus

|Site of ribosome synthesis | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Chromatin

Chromosomes

|Stores hereditary info - Complex of DNA bound to proteins

Condensed chromatin – found during cell division |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Flash drive/hard drive store info | | |Nuclear Membrane

Nuclear pore

|Double membrane lined with pores

Pores that allow substances to enter and leave nucleus | |[pic] |[pic] | | | |Organelles that store, clean-up, and support |Vacuoles

|Store materials

Plant – central – large stores water

Contractile – rids organism of excess water | |[pic] |[pic] | |Storage area | | |Vesicles

|Store and move materials between cell organelles and to/from cell surface | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Lysosomes

|Contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle macromolecules | |Rare |[pic] | |Clean up crew/

recycling center | | |Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Microfilaments

|Maintain cell shape; move cell parts, help cell move

Maintain cell shape, make up cilia, flagella and centrioles

Contribute to cell movement | |[pic] |[pic] | |Beams of building | | |Centrioles

|Organize cell division | | |[pic] | |Secretary bc they organize | |Organelles that build proteins |Ribosomes |Site of protein synthesis |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |(see below) |Workers | | |Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER

Smooth ER

|Assembles lipids and proteins, provides pathway for molecules to move w/in cell

Has ribosomes – produces proteins

No ribosomes – builds lipids, detoxifies | |[pic] |[pic] | |Highway / conveyor belt | | |Golgi apparatus

|Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of cell | |[pic] |[pic] | |Post office / shipping center | |Organelles that capture and release ENERGY |Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis

|Convert solar energy to chemical energy (carbs) stored in food | |[pic] | | |Solar power plant | | |Mitochondria

Cellular Respiration

|Convert chemical energy in food to usable compounds | |[pic] |[pic] | |Powerhouse power plant | |Cellular Boundaries |Cell Wall

|Shapes, supports and protects the cell |[pic] |[pic] | | |Gate | | |Cell Membrane

|Regulates materials entering and leaving cell; protects and supports cell |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Door/Gate keeper | |Fluid portion outside of nucleus |Cytoplasm

|Jelly like material |[pic] (even though no nucleus) |[pic] |[pic] | | | |ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

Describe the steps involved in the synthesis, packaging, and exporting of a protein from a cell. Proteins assembled on ribosomes (if targeted for export to cm or to specialized locations w/in cell, complete their assembly on RER( protein in vesicle ( Golgi apparatus (further modifies, proteins before sorting and packaging them in membrane bound vesicles ( vesicle ( final destination

What are the two major parts of the cell? Cytoplasm with organelles, and nucleus

How do contractive vacuoles help maintain water balance? Pump out excess water

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER? Rough has ribosomes, smooth does not

Why is the cell membrane sometimes referred to as a fluid mosaic? What part of the cell membrane acts like a fluid? And what makes it like a mosaic? It is made of many parts (like a mosaic) that can float around in the fluid phospholipid bilayer

How do the properties of lipids help explain the structure of the cell membrane? Hydrophilic lipid heads are attracted to water, hydrophobic fatty acid tails turn away from water. A bilayer forms when heads turn outward towards water inside and outside a cell

Why do you think it’s important that cell membranes are selectively permeable? Allows needed substances to enter and wastes to leave, while keeping molecules that are not needed out

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