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Ridgewood Summer Invitational

Questions written and edited by Ridgewood High School (Ben Bechtold, Zoe Blecher-Cohen, Bryan Clarendon, Aryan Falahatpisheh, Esther Sun, Thomas Husband, Louis Lim, Mark Perfect, Sanjana Rajagopal, Abbas Raza, Jonah Salzman-Cohen , Justin Shin, David Song, Kara Vo, and Claire Walter) with help from Ben Zhang

Round 01-Tossups

1. One work of this movement shows a woman in blue and white on a balcony watching workers lift poles to form the walls of a new building. Another work of this style is a bronze sculpture depicting an armless human-like figure connected to the ground with two blocks on its feet in motion. Those works are The Street Enters the House and Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. Founded by Filippo Marinetti, FTP identify this Italian art movement whose artists include Giacomo Balla and Umberto Boccioni, which emphasized modernity, speed, and violence.

ANSWER: Futurism

2. One demon belonging to this belief resides in dirty bathrooms and licks the floor. Seven deities of luck live on the Treasure Ship, and one deity in this myth system is killed after disgusting the moon god by throwing up a meal. One deity from this myth system transforms a princess into a comb, gets an eight headed snake drunk and discovers a “grass cutting” sword in its tail. That same god killed one of his sisters attendants when he threw a flayed horse into her temple. Torii are gates built in front of the shrines in this belief. Said to have 8 million kami, FTP, identify this belief system whose deities include Izanagi and Amaterasu, which originated from Japan.

ANSWER: Shinto mythology [accept Japanese mythology before mentioned, accept obvious word forms]

3. This ruler melted down a Golden statue of Marduk, in retaliation of Babylonian revolts in his kingdom. This king built the Gate of All Nations and the Hall of a Hundred Columns in his empire’s capital, Persepolis. He also ordered the lashing of a waterway after he initially failed to build his namesake Pontoon Bridges on it. That act was part of an invasion, in which he had early victories in capturing Athens, which, according to Herodotus, he burned. Defeated at the Battle of Salamis, FTP name this Persian king, son of Darius, who led the second failed Persian invasion of Greece

ANSWER: Xerxes I [accept Xerxes the Great]

4. Curiously, the Tit-For-Tat strategy is best for iterated versions of this problem, even though it will never win more than it loses. William Poundstone related this problem to nuclear d¨¦tente in the cold war, and proposed automatic retaliation and brinkmanship as possible solutions to it. The only Nash Equilibrium in the iterated form of this game is to defect every time. In the most common formulation of this game, players receive six months if both cooperate but ten years if their partner defects. For 10 points, name this common situation in game theory.

ANSWER: The Prisoner’s Dilemma

5. One of these phenomena occurred in the Salt Lake City on August 11, 1999 leaving one injured and eighty dead. Convergence of warm air in an updraft, and cool air from the downdraft region of a storm may contribute to these phenomena. They often develop from a class of thunderstorms known as supercells. One scale used to measure these phenomena rates them from T0 to T11, is known as the TORRO scale. Special varieties of these phenomena are waterspouts, landspouts, and dust devils. Another scale used to rating these phenomena is based primarily on the damage they inflict on human built structures and vegetation, the Fujita scale. They are frequently seen as wedge, stovepipe, satellite and rope varieties. FTP, name this violently rotating weather phenomenon, commonly seen in their namesake Alley in the Midwest.

ANSWER: Tornados

6. The Nishan Sahib is the official flag of this religion. Extremist followers of this religion revolted in India in 1984, and advocated the creation of a new state called Khalistan. Followers of this religion assassinated Indira Gandhi shortly before riots opposing this religion began. Common last names associated with this religion are Singh and Kaur. This religion requires possession of the 5 K's at all times, examples of which are an iron bracelet and uncut hair. FTP, name this faith founded by Guru Nanak and whose holy book is the Guru Granth.

ANSWER: Sikhism

7. The Red Forest was a result of this event. When workers from the Forsmark, Sweden found traces of particles led to the discovery of this event. The cover up of this event led to the eventual policy of glasnost. It began in Unit 4 and was sparked by a sudden power surge, where after the emergency shutdown, an even greater power surge occurred. The explosions from that power surge created explosions that sent graphite clouds all over eastern Europe. This event saw the evacuation of the town of Pripyat and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles. FTP, name this April 1986 event which saw the nuclear meltdown of a Ukrainian power plant.

ANSWER: Chernobyl

8. The titular event in this work is conducted by the owner of a coal business who keeps mentioning that he will replace a black box. The titular event in this story starts on June 27th instead of June 2nd because there are only about 300 people living in the town. One character in this work has participated in the titular event 77 times, and he calls young folks a “pack of crazy fools”, that character is Old Man Warner. Another character is purposely given a surname that means monkey, and Mrs. Delacroix is the one to encourage her friends at the end of this work. In this work, Tessie Hutchinson wins the title event, FTP name this short story about an annual stoning to ensure good crops by Shirley Jackson.

ANSWER: The Lottery

9. This class of device includes an object named for Archimedes and usually used to transport water. Archimedes identified three of them, although many modern scientists believe there are six. Heron of Alexandria lists five of these mechanisms that can "set a load in motion" in his work “Mechanics”. Galileo became the first to realize that they do not actually create energy, they can only transform it in his work “On Mechanics”. These objects all have a mechanical advantage greater than one. FTP, identify this type of object that includes the wheel, axle, wedge, inclined plane, screw, pulley, and lever.

ANSWER: Simple Machines

10. The title imp marries a girl in his underwater castle in one of this composer’s tone poems. His upbeat Carnival Overture was part of a trilogy representing nature, life, and love. This composer of “American” String Quartet also composed a collection of short pieces based off of dances from his home region. His most famous opera was also inspired by his home country, featuring a title water sprite from Czech mythology. In contrast, his most well-known and final symphony includes several American melodies, such as Swing Low Sweet Chariot, that this composer picked up on a trip to the US. FTP, name this Czech composer of Rusalka, Slavonic Dances, and Symphony No. 9, From the New World.

ANSWER: Antonín Dvořák

11. One of this country’s former leaders was later named its “sworn enemy”. It is the largest producer of corn and soybeans. However, it is the world’s largest consumer of coffee, as well as petroleum. This nation’s currency is the world’s primary reserve currency, and is the most traded one. Its most recent census, in 2010, stated that its population grew 9.7% from 2000, to a total of 308 million people. Its current president recently voiced his support for gay marriage, and his father was from Kenya. For 10 points, name this North American country, led by Barack Obama, with capital at Washington, D.C.

ANSWER: the United States of America (accept the U.S. or the U.S.A., prompt on “America”)

12. This novel was written under the pen name Currer Bell. This novel begins in Gateshead Hall with the main character being beaten by her cousin which sends her to the Red Room. Soon after the titular character of this work, a cousin of John Reed meets her best friend Helen Burns after while attending the Lowood School. While working as governess for Adele Varens, she uncovers the secret of her employer; his insane wife. FTP, name this novel where the protagonist marries Mr. Rochester after Bertha Mason’s death, a work by Charlotte Bronte.

ANSWER: Jane Eyre

13. The longest one of this kind of material was reported to be 18.5 cm. long. The shortest one is the compound cycloparaphenylene, which was synthesized in 2009. The thinnest one is about 4.3 Angstroms in diameter. They can have a tensile strength of up to around 100 Giga-Pascals. This material, along with etched silicone, was used to make the world’s smallest motor. It was considered in designs for a space elevator as the cable that the elevator would ascend and descend on. FTP, name this material that are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively, created out of carbon atoms.

ANSWER: Carbon Nanotubes [accept “CNT”, accept “nanotubes” after “carbon”]

14. This work of art, which was originally supposed to be part of a series of 12 pieces, was first commissioned to Agostino di Duccio. It was supposed to be placed on top of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, but was placed in the Palazzo Vecchio. Its intended place on the roof may explain this statue’s slightly inaccurate dimensions. This statue exemplifies a contrapposto stance, typical of its Renaissance style. A replica had a detachable fig leaf because of the shock of Queen Victoria in seeing this statue’s phallus, which is uncircumcised, atypical of the Old Testament story it portrays. FTP name this statue by Michelangelo which depicts a biblical figure before his battle with Goliath.

ANSWER: David (accept the David)

15. In one Spider-man comic, a villain called the “Chameleon” poses as this man to steal this man’s position. This man signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's sexual orientation. He rejected a plan to bomb a compound in Pakistan, and instead authorized what he called a “surgical raid” on the compound instead, which was ultimately successful. This man appears in the photograph “The Situation Room” where the previously mentioned raid was being monitored. FTP, name this president who wrote “The Audacity of Hope”, and won a Nobel Peace prize.

ANSWER: Barrack Hussein Obama II

16. Rockets were first utilized against war elephants in the Battle of Sanbal by a ruler of this dynasty, as well as being used by another ruler during the Siege of Bidar. The last ruler of this dynasty was exiled to Burma following a rebellion in 1857. The last of the Delhi Sultanates was defeated at the First Battle of Panipat by the first ruler of this dynasty. Through Chagatai Khan and Timur, the emperors of this dynasty were directly descended from Genghis Khan. The Taj Mahal was built during the time of this empire. FTP, name this empire which features rulers such as Babur and Akbar the Great.

ANSWER: Mughal

17. Some short stories from this country are “The Silent Men” and “The Growing Stone” which is part of the collection Exile and the Kingdom. One poem from this country tells of a boat who is “Lighter than a cork” as it “danced on the waves”. That poem “The Drunken Boat” was written by the author of “A Season in Hell”, and this country is home to authors like Marcel Proust. Another poet from this country collected poems in to share a bed through the whole night without doing anything indecent. This author wrote about a divided sections like “Death”, “Revolt”, and “Spleen and Ideal” in his poetry collection The Flowers of Evil. FTP identify this country home to writers like Arthur Rimbaud, Albert Camus, and Charles Baudelaire.

ANSWER: France

18. He was born in the Philippines to Baptist missionaries. In 2009, “John 3:16” generated over 90 million Google searches in 24 hours because of this person. In one game he played, he passed for 316 yards, with 31.6 yards per completion; that game’s Nielsen ratings also peaked at 31.6, making “John 3:16” the top search again. In Super Bowl XLIV [44], this man appeared in a pro-life ad with his mother. That game was in the first round of the 2012 NFL playoffs against the Pittsburgh Steelers. In 2009, he was the first sophomore to win a Heisman Trophy, doing so as a Florida Gator. Known for his public religious views, he spawned a neologism which describes a kneeling position. FTP, name this former Broncos quarterback who is famous for his namesake “mania”.

ANSWER: Tim Tebow

19. They are covered by a thin layer of tissue called pleura, allowing them to smoothly expand and contract. Angiotensin I is converted to Angiostensin II in these organs. Spirometry can be used to measure function of these organs. These organs filter out small blood clots and secrete mucus that contains antimicrobial compounds. Diseases that can affect these organs include pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema and asthma. Containing bronchioles and alveoli, FTP, name these respiratory organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with blood.

ANSWER Lungs

20. This man wrote about a brothel where old men sleep with girls that have been narcotized and are expected to sleep with the girls without doing anything indecent. Another work follows a depressed student who falls in love with a young girl, but after seeing her in a public bath, his feelings change to that of an older brother. This author of The House of the Sleeping Beauties and “The Dancing Girl of Izu” wrote more than 140 short stories collectively called Palm of Hand Stories. He wrote about a love affair between Shimamura and Komako, FTP name this Japanese author of works like Thousand Cranes, The Sound of the Mountain, and Snow Country.

ANSWER: Yasunari Kawabata [accept in either order]

TIEBREAKER

21. One character in this work is nicknamed “Big Knife” and that character dies by drinking too much and slipping off his horse. Another character is nicknamed “Short Lived Second Brother”, although it is his enemies that are short lived. In one episode in this work, the “Original Seven” rob a convoy of birthday gifts intended for minister Cai Jing. Nearly two-thirds of the title characters die after quelling the Fang La revolt, allowing Gao Qiu to kill of the rest one by one. Chao Gai founded the title group which includes 36 Heavenly Spirits and 72 Earthly Fiends. FTP, name this Great Classic of China set in the Song dynasty about 108 bandit-heroes.

ANSWER: The Water Margin [accept Outlaws of the Marsh, All Men are Brothers, The Marshes of Mount Liang, or Shuihu Zhuan]

Round 01-Bonuses

1. Name some reference books for 10 points each:

[10] Benjamin Franklin wrote one of these under a pseudonym. It contained many maxims, not a common feature today.

ANSWER: Almanacs

[10] These may lead a person from “field” to “pasture” and from “cry” to “sob”.

ANSWER: Thesauruses

[10] An Internet version of one of these is the sixth-most visited website in the world- Pliny the Elder wrote the oldest surviving one.

ANSWER: Encyclopediae

2. Its speed in a vacuum is approximately 3x10^8 meters per second, FTPE:

[10] Name this phenomenon that exhibits wave-particle duality.

ANSWER: Light

[10] Name this experiment that can produce interference fringes, alternating light and dark bands. This experiment is commonly used to demonstrate wave-particle duality.

ANSWER: Young’s experiment, or Double-slit experiment

[10] Name the SI unit for luminous intensity, named after an object that produces roughly one of the said unit.

ANSWER: Candela

3. FTPE, name these Winter Olympic host cities.

[10] The 2010 Olympics were held in this British Columbia city, which shares its name with the island it is on.

ANSWER: Vancouver

[10] Women’s Ice Hockey was introduced in this city’s 1998 Olympics, the third in Japan.

ANSWER: Nagano

[10] This Russian city will hold its country’s first Winter Olympics in 2014; 4 years later, it will be one of the venues for the FIFA World Cup.

ANSWER: Sochi

4. This Harvard professor wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology FTPE,

[10] Name that psychologist, the founder of functionalism.

ANSWER: William James [prompt on James]

[10] William James wrote an essay on this philosophy that evaluates ideas based on their practical consequences.

ANSWER: Pragmatism

[10] William James founded functionalism because he disagreed with this theory, which states that the conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

ANSWER: Structuralism

5.There are many famous people from the Garden State. Name some of them FTPE:

[10] This astronaut from Montclair followed Neil Armstrong out of the Eagle.

ANSWER: Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin

[10] This 54th governor of New Jersey was the former CEO of MF Global and Goldman Sachs.

ANSWER: Jon Corzine

[10] This former Ridgewood resident was the sixth winner of American Idol.

ANSWER: Jordin Sparks

6. FTPE, answer some questions about a certain Jules Verne novel.

[10] Professor Pierre Aronnax travels 80,000 kilometers in this novel.

ANSWER: Twenty-Thousand Leagues Under the Sea(s) [accept Vingt mille lieues sous les mers]

[10] He undertakes the voyage in this submarine.

ANSWER: the Nautilus

[10] The captain of the Nautilus is this man, an Indian prince.

ANSWER: Captain Nemo [accept Prince Dakkar]

7. FTPE, name these historically large cities.

[10] In 1950, this was the only city in the world with a population of over 10 million.

ANSWER: New York City [prompt on “New York”]

[10] This city’s metropolitan area is currently the most populous in the world, with around 34 million inhabitants.

ANSWER: Tokyo

[10] This Brazilian city is the largest one in South America.

ANSWER: Sao Paulo

8. Name these poisonous elements FTPE,

[10] This element’s name means “monk-killer”, it is more commonly used to enhance the hardness of lead.

ANSWER: Antimony [prompt Sb]

[10] It used to be tested for by tasting for this element’s sweet taste, inhaling this element can cause lung cancer and anorexia. Its low ability to absorb X-rays is why it is used in X-ray tubes.

ANSWER: Beryllium [prompt Be]

[10] This poisonous element is commonly used in insecticides and other poisons. This element is thought to have been the cause of Napoleon Bonaparrte’s death because high levels of it were found in his hair.

ANSWER: Arsenic [prompt As]

9. This composer wrote the Mephisto Waltz and the 12 Transcendental Etudes among other works. FTPE:

[10] This set of 19 piano pieces that capture folk themes is considered his primary composition.

ANSWER: Hungarian Rhapsodies

[10] This composer of the Hungarian Rhapsodies also created the piece La Campanella.

ANSWER: Franz Ritter Von Liszt

[10] This Liszt composition means “Dreams of Love” in German and was published in 1850. It is a three part composition that depicts the different forms of love.

ANSWER: Liebestraume

10. The best known one of these is about a frog leaping into an old pond, FTPE,

[10] name this form of poetry, often about nature, and written in three phases of 5-7-5.

ANSWER: Haikus

[10] Probably the most famous writer of Haikus, this author wrote the aforementioned work and Narrow Road to the Deep North

ANSWER: Matsuo Basho or Kinsaku or Chuemon Munefusa [accept in either order]

[10] Lady Murasaki Shikibu wrote this novel about the titular character’s life in the Heian time period.

ANSWER: The Tale of Genji [accept Genji Monogatari]

11. FTPE, name these extremely tall buildings.

[10] This Taiwanese building was the tallest building in the world until 2010; its name reflects the number of floors it has.

ANSWER: Taipei 101

[10] These towers in the Philippines are the tallest twin towers in the world.

ANSWER: Petronas Towers

[10] At 1,776 feet tall, this building will be the tallest in the U.S. when completed.

ANSWER: World Trade Center 1 [prompt on “World Trade Center”, prompt on “Freedom Tower”]

12. FTPE, answer questions about this Dutch graphic artist who explored the themes of impossibility, architecture, infinity, and tessellation.

[10] This man made woodprints and lithographs such as Sky and Water, Waterfall, and Ascending and Descending.

ANSWER: M(aurits). C(ornelis). Escher

[10] The lithograph Ascending and Descending incorporates this impossible object.

ANSWER: Penrose stairs [accept Penrose steps, prompt on “Penrose triangle”]

[10] This other Escher lithograph has three sources of gravity in the same image. There are 11 featureless people, including two who are eating and one who is reading. Stairs form a triangle in the middle of the picture.

ANSWER: Relativity

13. Name the following famous gridiron escapades FTP each:

[10] This Super Bowl was the first to be called by a number and proved the worth of the AFL compared to the NFL. The Colts were expected to win this Super Bowl, but Joe Namath and the Jets succeeded.

Answer: Super Bowl III

[10] This Super Bowl was largely won due to the efforts of the Forty-Niners Joe Montana and Jerry Rice. In this Super Bowl, Montana completed one last pass with 34 seconds left to play on a 94-yard drive.

Answer: Super Bowl XXIII

[10] This Super Bowl was infused with patriotic pride, as the U.S. was in the middle of the first Gulf War. The New York Giants were on their way to winning two Super Bowls in 5 years as they played the Buffalo Bills, and they succeeded by sealing the victory, 20-19.

Answer: Super Bowl XXV

14. Answer the following about tectonic plates, for 10 points each:

[10] This largest tectonic plate lies under its namesake ocean and contains the hotspot that generated the Hawaiian islands.

ANSWER: Pacific plate

[10] The subduction of the Pacific plate is partially responsible for this hotbed of geologic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean, and its name comes from the large number of volcanoes it contains.

ANSWER: Pacific Ring of Fire

[10] The subduction of this smallest tectonic plate is responsible for the creation of the Cascade Range and contributes to the Ring of Fire. It is named for a Spaniard who explored the Pacific Northwest.

ANSWER: Juan de Fuca plate

15. He worked in Florence with Lorenzo Ghiberti, and his most famous statue was commissioned by Cosimo de’ Medici. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this sculptor who was most famous for his bronze David, a nude rendition in a feathered hat with one foot on top of Goliath’s severed head.

Answer: Donatello

[10] This bronze statue by Donatello, depicting Erasmo of Narni riding a horse, is located in the Piazza del Santo.

Answer: The Equestrian Statue of Gattamelata

[10] This church in Florence, built in 1337, houses sculptures from a plethora of artists, including Verrocchio’s Christ and St. Thomas, Lamberti’s St. James, and most famously, Donatello’s St. George and St. Mark.

Answer: Orsanmichele

16. Name these mythological Greek people who fell to their death for ten points each:

[10] This king of Thebes threw himself into the ocean after seeing his son return from Crete with a black sail.

ANSWER: Aegeus

[10] Daedalus pushed this nephew out of a tower after he invented the saw from a fishbone.

ANSWER: Talos [accept Perdix]

[10] This son of Helios fell to his death after riding the sun too close to the heavens; Zeus shot him out of the sky with a thunderbolt.

ANSWER: Phaeton

17. Let’s see how well you know your ancient capitals for ten points each.

[10]Sargon II created a library at this ancient city, while Sennacherib moved the capital of the Assyrian empire from Calah to it.

ANSWER: Nineveh

[10]This city, home to its namesake Mosque and the tomb of Askia, rebelled against Mali in 1375. Shortly after this city became the established capital of the Songhai empire.

ANSWER: Gao

[10] Possessing the Sacred Precinct and the Templo Mayor, this Aztec capital fell to the Spanish in 1521.

ANSWER: Tenochitlan

18. When one dies in this religion, their body is exposed and eaten by vultures in a Tower of Silence FTPE,

[10] Name this Persian religion whose most important text is the Avesta.

ANSWER: Zoroastrianism [do not accept Zoroaster]

[10] In Zoroastrian myth, Ahura Mazda fights this deity of evil who commands the daevas.

ANSWER: Angra Mainyu [accept Ahriman]

[10] This Zoroastrian divinity of contracts protects truth and guards cattle, the harvest, and Apas.

ANSWER: Mithras [accept Mitra]

19. Name these components of the Nervous system for ten points each

[10]This is the junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap where impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

ANSWER: Synapse

[10]This is a short, branched extension of a nerve cell where impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

ANSWER: Dendrite

[10]This is the supportive tissue of the nervous system that maintain homeostasis, form myelin and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain.

ANSWER: Neuroglia, accept glial cells or glia

20. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a story about 29 pilgrims traveling to the tomb of Saint Thomas Becket, FTPE, name some stories in the Canterbury Tales.

[10] In this tale, the cousins Arcite and Palamon duel for the hand of Emily. Arcite wins but dies before claiming her, she marries Palamon in the end.

ANSWER: The Knight’s Tale

[10] This tale is about an arthurian knight who rapes a woman and is sent on a quest to learn what women want the most.

ANSWER: The Wife of Bath’s Tale

[10] This tale is about Canace who finds a falcon that was abandoned by her false lover. This tale is interrupted midway by Franklin.

ANSWER: The Squire’s Tale

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