CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors: Past, Present, and Future

CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors: Past, Present, and Future

Dr. Eric R. Fossum January 2008

? 2008 E R Fossum

? 2008 E R Fossum

? 2008 E R Fossum

12/31/2007 D. Snyder ? night handheld no flash

Early History of Image Sensors

? 1963 Morrison - Honeywell

? 1968 Dyck & Weckler - Fairchild

? Light spot position "computational" sensor

? "Passive pixel" photodiode array ("reticon")

? 1964 Horton, et al. - IBM

? 100 x 100 element array

? The "scanistor"

? 1968 Noble - Plessey

? 1966 Schuster & Strull -

? Passive pixel photodiode array

Westinghouse

? On-chip charge integrating amplifier

? 50 x 50 element phototransistor array ? Buried photodiode structure

? 1967 Weckler - Fairchild

? Source-follower buffer in pixel

? Charge integration on a floating pn

? Lots of problems ? Vt instability, FPN

junction

? 1970 Boyle, Smith, Amelio, Tompsett

? 1967 Weimer, et al. - RCA

AT&T Bell Labs

? 180x180 TFT element self-scanned sensor

? Charge-coupled semiconductor devices (CCDs)

? Battery powered, wireless camera

? 2008 E R Fossum

CCD Operation

? Charge-coupled devices shift charge one step at a time to a common output amplifier

V1

V2

V3

V1

Parallel vertical shift registers

20% fill factor

boosted to 60%

P

with microlens

D

? 2008 E R Fossum

Horizontal shift register Amp

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