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Chapter 4 – Urban AmericaChapter 4 Assessment - Lesson Review* * * * * Answer Key * * * * *for Questions 1-18,Pg. 174The following are answers to the Chapter Assessment questions included in the Student Learning Center.Lesson ReviewLesson 1?1. Immigrants’ willingness to accept low wages worried unions. Protestant Americans worried about large numbers of Catholics entering the United States.?2. The act imposed a head tax on immigrants, allowed officials to reject some immigrants with criminal records, mental disabilities, or the inability to take care?of themselves; it began federal oversight of immigration enabling the government to issue regulations, hire immigration agents, and build inspection stations; it began the national political debate over federal immigration policy that still continues.?3.?Immigrants changed the religious culture of the United States; Catholics became the second largest religious group in America; in addition large numbers of Orthodox Christians and Jews arrived as well. Different ethnic groups tended to contribute in different areas though all had people in all professions; Italians helped construct buildings, Poles worked in steel mills, Irish worked the docks and helped build railroads, Germans helped settle Texas, Jews worked in textiles and as merchants.?4.?White workers protested against Chinese immigrants in part out of racism and in part out of a concern they were taking jobs and leaving white workers unemployed; the U.S. Government responded by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.??Lesson 2?5.?Urbanization resulted in problems such as crime, overcrowding, poverty, disease, and pollution because the cities grew too fast for city governments to respond.?6. Political machines came about partly because of rapid urbanization. Party bosses provided new city dwellers with jobs, housing, food, and protection. They often controlled the city’s finances and services. They also engaged in bribery, corruption, and rigged the electoral system to ensure their party stayed in power.7.?Transportation innovations such as cable cars, electric trollies, elevators, and subways helped improve the standard of living in urban areas.??Lesson 3?8. The problems of the urban poor–hunger, violence, unemployment, alcoholism, and disease led to the social gospel idea that the church should?perform acts intended to help the poor in a practical way, not just preach the gospel. It lead to the creation of church supported gyms, social programs, child care, etc.?9.?The push to create public schools was part of the Americanization movement; public schools would teach immigrants, especially children, English, American history and values, and instill discipline that would help in the workplace.?10. Naturalist literature drew people's attention to the problems caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization; it encouraged some people to become reformers to help the less fortunate. The literature downplayed heroism and the ability of people to make a difference and thereby discouraged readers from taking action. It encouraged envy and resentment toward different social classes. Another impact was that readers might tend to react to the stories by looking to the government to intervene and make things more fair.11.?Carnegie funded thousands of public libraries in an effort to help the poor improve their lives; Jane Addams helped found the settlement house movement to help immigrants adapt to life in America and cope with urban problems; she also helped found the Women's Trade Union League, and was active in the suffrage movement.??Lesson 4?12.?Patronage is when government jobs are given to friends and supporters as a reward for their support. The spoils system is the idea that when people are elected to office, they can choose who to hire for jobs in?the government. Americans believed civil?service?reform was needed because they felt patronage led to corruption and inefficiency.?13.?Deflation was hard on farmers because as the prices for their crops fell, the fixed costs of mortgage payments were harder to make.?14. Goals were federal railroad ownership, a graduated income tax, an eight-hour workday, a return to unlimited silver coinage, and immigration restrictions. Most urban workers did not identify with a party focused on rural problems and feared that if the Democrats won, it would cause the economy to weaken and cost them jobs or lead to lower wages.?15.?The discovery of gold in remote northern Canada set off the gold rush, but the great distance, the need to cross mountains and the severe climate made it very difficult to get there or to extract the gold; less than half the people who left reached the gold field; only 1 in 10 found gold, and only a few hundred became wealthy. The gold rush helped develop lower Alaska and led to the rise of boomtowns. It also flooded gold into the U.S. economy helping to increase the money supply and end deflation.??Lesson 5?16.?Many rural African Americans were share croppers, deeply in debt; some chose to leave the south and move west (Exodusters); others formed the Colored Farmer's Alliance and joined the People's Party.?17. The case established the concept of “separate but equal” facilities for whites and African Americans, and provided the legal basis for discrimination in the South for over 50 years.??18. Ida B. Wells launched a protest campaign against lynching and wrote a book denouncing mob violence and lynching; her efforts helped get Congress to vote on an anti-lynching bill and helped reduce lynchings in the United States. Mary Terrell helped found the NAACP and led boycotts against stores that discriminated. Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskeegee Institute to provide vocational training for African Americans. W.E.B. Du Bois fought for voting rights. He did not succeed initially, but he made voting rights an issue and laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement to come.? ................
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