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Quiz Yourself1. Chemical name, generic name, and trade or brand name.2. True.3. [Only need to name six.] Trade names are chosen (1) to indicate the disease processbeing treated, (2) to indicate what part of the body is being treated, (3) to simplify the generic name while still retaining its phonetic sound, (4) to indicate the drug’s ingredients, (5) to indicate the action of the drug, (6) to indicate how often the drug is to be taken, (7) to indicate the duration of the drug’s action, (8) to indicate the strength of the drug, (9) to indicate the route of administration, and (10) to indicate the amount of a particular ingredient, (11) to indicate the drug manufacturer.4. [Only need to name four.] New drugs may be discovered or created (1) from ancient sources in use for many years, (2) from a totally new chemical discovered in the environment (plants, animals, ocean, soil), (3) from molecular manipulation of a drug already in use, (4) from genetic manipulation and recombinant DNA technology, (5) from stem cell therapy, (6) from gene therapy.5. Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) involves using enzymes in a test tube to cutapart a segment of a DNA molecule from a human cell. Gene cloning allows the production of a large supply of this DNA segment.The DNA segments are then spliced together (recombined) with the DNA in abacterial cell. As the bacterium multiplies, it carries the new DNA within it as part ofthe genetic makeup of all subsequent generations of bacteria. In huge vats, these bacteria can produce unlimited quantities of the drug.6. Tests performed in vitro are done in a test tube; tests performed in vivo are carried out in animals or humans.7. There are three phases of human testing of a drug. During phase I, about 10 to 100 healthy volunteers are used to study a safe dose range, evaluate side effects, and establish a final, correct dose and study the pharmacokinetics of the drug (movement of the drug through the body via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion). In phase II, the drug is given to about 50 to 500 patients who actually have the disease that the drug is intended to treat to determine its therapeutic effect. During phase III, the drug is administered to several hundred or several thousand ill patients in exactly the way (dose, route of administration, frequency, etc.) in which it will be used once it is on the market. The performance of the drug is compared with that of other drugs currently being used to treat the same disease in order to evaluate its relative effectiveness. In addition, double-blind studies with the drug and a placebo are performed, in which neither the patients nor the physician-investigators know which patients are receiving the drug and which patients (the control group) are receiving the placebo.8. A computer can display the molecular structure of any drug from a listing ofthousands contained in its database. With only very slight molecular changes, theoriginal drug may be significantly changed in a variety of ways that influence theabsorption, metabolism, half-life, therapeutic effect, or side effects. The computercan also identify those chemicals that would probably not be successful in treatinga particular disease before time and money are invested in extensive testing.With computers, researchers can study any molecule, rotating it in three dimensions on the computer screen. By analyzing the molecules, researchers can tell ifthat particular arrangement of atoms is the “key” that will open the “lock“—that is,activate a particular receptor on the cell membrane. When a researcher wants toknow why different-looking drugs seem to produce a similar effect on the samereceptor, he/she can have the computer superimpose all of the drugs on the screento see how their atoms match up.9. The inert ingredients in a drug can affect the disintegration, absorption, metabolism,and excretion of a drug, and this affects the bioavailability of the drug.10. Numerous television ads for prescription drugs have prompted consumers todemand new drugs in place of older, less expensive, but equally effective drugs. Intelevision advertisements, the indications, side effects, and risks of the drug are usually abbreviated.11. A drug can be withdrawn from the market because of adverse drug effects, Especially those that involve deaths. A drug can be recalled because (1) it does not contain the correct amount of active ingredient, (2) it does not remain stable until its expiration date, and (3) it is contaminated with particulate matter from the manufacturing process.Clinical Applications Questions1. a. Toprol XLb. 100 mgc. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticd. 00186e. 1092f. 30 (tabs)2. This drug is created by recombinant DNA technology. The label says “rDNA origin.” ................
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