LHS Psych (AP & INTRO) - Home



Handout 2.1What Do Psychologists Do? SubfieldDefinitionResearch or AppliedWorkplaceClinicalworks with diagnosis and treatment of disordersBothuniversities, hospitals, private practice, drug rehabCommunity / Healthdevelops and presents programs to help maintain mental healthAppliededucational settings, community mental health centersCounselingworks with people who exhibit trouble coping with everyday problemsAppliededucational settings, clinics, private practice, hospitalsDevelopmentalstudies the maturation process – changes across the lifespanResearchuniversities, government-funded programsExperimentalstudies any mental/ psychological issueResearchlaboratory settingsForensicstudies and applies psychological principles to legal issues Bothgovernment, private business, courtsIndustrial/ Organizationalworks with psychological issues that are related to businessBothgovernment, private business, universitiesEducationalstudies how effective learning and teaching take placeBothuniversities, government-funded programsSchoolworks to overcome educational difficultiesAppliedelementary, middle, and secondary schoolsSocialstudies how society influences the individualResearchUniversities, advertising, business, governmentSportsworks with athletes to find peak performanceApplieduniversities, private practiceRehabilitationworks with people with mental retardation or other brain injuries or diseasesAppliedprivate practice, hospitals, public health programs, clinics, hospitalsNeuropsychologyexplores relationships between brain systems & behaviorBothlaboratory settings, hospitalsPsychometricsspecialize in theory & technique of behavior measurement (test design)Bothuniversities, industry, education, For each of the descriptions of the work of psychologists listed below, identify the specialty it describes. Refer to the chart in Part A if you need help.Tests children for learning disabilities.Counsels a couple considering divorce.Presents a program at the local hospital for expectant parents.Treats an individual who is depressed.Designs a more efficient work space for a small company.Conducts research on the effect of prejudice on newly-arrived immigrants.Studies the emotional changes that occur as a child matures.Conducts research on when a child can most effectively learn a second language.Studies the effect of light and dark environments on the visual abilities of kittens.Treats a soldier returning from war with a traumatic brain injury.Evaluates a defendant’s mental competence to stand trial.Helps a young tennis player learn to deal with competitive anxiety and fear of losing.Part C. Take a few moments to think about and answer the questions below. You may refer back to the chart if you need. Be prepared for class discussion.Why do so many psychologists work at universities?Why are clinical and industrial/organizational psychologists involved in both research and applied fields?Which psychologists deal directly with the public in preventing or treating mental illness?If you were to enter a field of psychology as a career, which would be most appealing to you? Give your rationale.Handout 2.3 PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES The ApproachKey PeopleThe DefinitionThe FocusCauses of AbnormalityTreatment TechniquesPSYCHOANALYTICSigmund FreudCarl JungAlfred AdlerKaren HorneyBehavior and personality is the product of unconscious sexual and aggressive forces.How does behavior spring from unconscious drives and conflicts?Unconscious, unresolved repressed conflicts from early childhood.Psychoanalysis: Free Association, dream analysis, projective tests (TAT)BEHAVIORALB.F. SkinnerJohn B. WatsonIvan PavlovEdward ThorndikeAlbert BanduraBehavior is the product of learning and associations (reinforcements, punishments, and observations).How do we learn observable responses (behaviors)?Mimic behaviors that are modeled for us (by family); like reinforcement we get for behaviors (attention).Behavior Modification: Systematic desensitization, token economy, aversion therapyCOGNITIVEJean PiagetNoam ChomskyAlbert EllisAaron BeckBehavior is a consequence of internal thoughts. Humans use mental processes to solve problems or develop personality characteristics.How do we encode, process, store, and retrieve information?Faulty and irrational thoughts or ways of thinking lead to anxiety and depression.RET (Rational Emotive Therapy)HUMANISTICAbraham MaslowCarl RogersBehavior is a reflection of internal personal growth; we are not products of our environment, we all have free will.How do we reach our full potential, or “self-actualize,” and what prevents us from doing so? Barriers to self actualization. Being out of touch with one’s feelings.Client-centered therapy (UPR). Reflective listening, Self-helpNEUROBIOLOGICALPaul BrocaCarl WernickeRoger SperryBehavior is a result of the interplay of functions of the nervous system and biology.How do the body and brain enable behavior? How is blood chemistry linked to moods & motives?Organic problems (structure), Biochemical imbalances (NTM’s or hormones), Genetic predispositionPsychopharmacology (drugs), ECT, surgerySOCIOCULTURALPhilip ZimbardoLeon FestingerSolomon AschStanley MilgramBehavior is influenced by the rules and expectations of social groups and cultures.How do behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How does environment affect individual?Dysfunctional society – environment as stressorGroup therapy, family-marital counseling, support groupsEVOLUTIONARYCharles DarwinBehaviors and traits are a result of natural selection. Those that aid us in survival are passed down to next generation.How do thoughts and actions aid us in survival?Anxiety was defense mechanismNAPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES APPLICATIONThe ApproachThe DefinitionApplication Example: AlcoholismApplication Example:Introvert/ExtrovertView on Motivation/PersonalityPSYCHOANALYTICBehavior and personality is the product of unconscious sexual and aggressive forces.Does excessive drinking indicate an unconscious problem or conflict? Does drinking reduce inhibitions allowing the unconscious to surface?An introvert may avoid social situations due to repressed childhood memory of traumatic (embarrassing/anxious) experience.We strive to satisfy our id impulses but we must meet demands of societyId, ego, superego psychosexual stagesBEHAVIORALBehavior is the product of learning and associations.Is alcoholism learned? Can it be unlearned? Can new habits replace the alcoholic habits?Was extrovert previously rewarded for being outgoing? Was he once punished for not interacting?We’re driven by extrinsic and intrinsic motivatorsPersonality traits arise from reinforcement/punishmentCOGNITIVEBehavior is a consequence of internal thoughts. Humans use mental processes to solve problems or develop personality characteristics.What thought pattern precedes heavy drinking? Can the thoughts be analyzed and changed to curtail the drinking behavior?Does the extrovert interpret a social situation to be relevant or important to his life? Does being outgoing make sense in his world?Based on goals, reducing cognitive dissonanceBased on how we think and perceive the worldHUMANISTICBehavior is a reflection of internal personal growth; we are not products of our environment, we all have free will.For what inadequacy do people try to compensate by drinking? Does alcohol give people a false sense of relief from inadequacy or lack of self-worth?An introvert may choose to limit socialization to a few close friends who better meet needs than large group.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs says basic needs should be met before higher needsCR said our ideal self must be in congruence with our actual selfNEUROBIOLOGICALBehavior is a result of the interplay of functions of the nervous system and biology.Is alcoholism a disease? What role does genetics play in the development of alcoholism? How does alcohol affect the brain?Is a person’s extroversion a result of an inherited gene that affects a neurotransmitter in the brain? Genetics, NTM’s, hormonesGenetics, NTM’s hormonesSOCIOCULTURALBehavior is influenced by the rules and expectations of social groups and cultures.How does alcoholism differ between cultures? What unique pressures of a particular culture contribute to alcohol abuse?Do a person’s cultural rules (touching, spacing, group membership) surrounding social interactions promote extroversion?Personality, beliefs, attitudes, and drives shaped by culture and environment around us.Impacted by culture, gender identity, ethnic identity, SES.EVOLUTIONARYBehaviors and traits are a result of natural selection. Those that aid us in survival are passed down to next generation.Why do humans put themselves at risk of being defenseless? Is there an advantage to addictive behaviors?An extrovert makes friends, and allies, more easily, improving chances of survival and reproduction, thus passage of trait.Instinct and drive theoriesExtroverts maintain social networksHandout2.4 Current Perspectives in PsychologyDirections: For each of the following statements, indicate with which psychological perspective they would be most likely to agree: Psychodynamic (P), Behavioral (B), Behavior Genetics (BG), Evolutionary (E), Cognitive (C), Sociocultural (S), Neuroscience (N), or Humanistic (H).The statements:The mind can be viewed as an information processing system. Behavior is motivated by forces that individuals may not understand or be aware of. Human thought and behavior can be understood in terms of activity at the neural level. One limitation of our understanding of behavior is that most research has been conducted on subjects from North America. Psychological science is the study of behavior that is observable and measurable. Personality is attributable more to genes than to environmental experience. Many of our behaviors have developed as a result of our species’ adaptation to the challenges of surviving across millennia. Future behavior is influenced by memory and analysis of past experience. Pain tolerance is largely a result of the effects of endorphins and other neurochemicals.Pain tolerance is influenced by expectancies and interpretation of experiences. Behavior is powerfully influenced by its consequences, in the form of reinforcement and punishment.Behavior may be the product of unconscious conflict and anxiety.Basic facial expressions of emotion are universal across many cultures.Identical twins tend to have similar levels of intelligence, even when separated early in life. Women around the world tend to choose older mates who will be good providers. Behavior is motivated by self-actualization and the promise of human potential2.5You’re cordially invited as… Dead Psychologists Come to Dinner!Essential Question: Just how varied are the major fields of psychology in their approaches to explaining human behavior? On what points do they agree and disagree? Purpose: To demonstrate the varied approaches that the major fields of psychology have to explaining human behavior.You will research one of the following psychologists, focusing mainly on their methodology, and the particular language that accompanies it. There are certainly others out there, but as budding AP Psych students, I think these are the best places to start!BF SkinnerSigmund FreudIvan PavlovKaren HorneyJohn WatsonJean PiagetCarl RogersAbraham MaslowMamie Phipps ClarkAlbert BanduraCarol GilliganCarl RogersCarl YungAlfred AdlerLawrence KohlbergErik EriksonPhilip ZimbardSolomon AschWhat you need to bring to class:A one page, typed summary that reflects your psychologist’s contributions to the field, methodology, relevant experiments, case studies, etc. Please use the questions that have been attached. This is NOT a biography!! You may use bullet points; font size MUST be 12 pt Times New Roman.Works Cited page **YOU MUST ALSO SUBMIT TO **Extra Credit – Dress up like your psychologist (10) and/or bring something for us to eat (5) ?In class:When you arrive, we will form a discussion circle. I will present you with a question pertaining to a current event, and ask you to explain why you think the particular event occurred. Remember, you must give an explanation from the perspective of your psychologist, regardless of if you agree.You must speak 2 times. You also must use your knowledge of your psychologist’s approach to refute the argument of another person at the party.Resources – The following are great resources:YOUR TEXTBOOK! Start here!: ______________________________________________________________ Pd: ________________Famous Psychologist: _________________________________________________________Which approach? (ie. Behaviorist, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Biological, Developmental, Sociocultural, Evolutionary/Sociobiological, Trait)What are the most notable experiments and/or studies conducted by this psychologist? Be very specific here – who/what did they study and describe their methodology and experimental designWhat are the major contributions that this psychologist has made to the field? Give a detailed description of their research findings and assertions. What other interesting facts should we know about this person and/or their research ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download