US HISTORY
US HISTORY Unit 8 WWII
Part 1
Dictatorships Emerge
Fascism
* Nationalistic philosophy that glorifies the state & its leader.
* Emphasized Militarism (build up of military)
* Hated Communists
* Fascists took power in Italy and Germany.
Benito Mussolini
* Dictator of Italy
* Gained power with his “March on Rome”
* Hitler modeled his dictatorship after Italy.
Adolf Hitler
* Failed attempt at a revolution in 1923.
* (Munich Beer Hall Putsch)
* Wrote Mein Kampf while in jail.
* Ideas
* Expansion (living space)
* Aryan supremacy
* Blamed Jews for Germany’s problems.
* Born in Austria but joined the German army in WWI.
* His hatred of Jews grew while he was a failed homeless art student.
Hitler takes power
* Used the People’s fear of Communism
* Reichstag fire on the eve of the election.
* Legally appointed Chancellor
* Made Fuhrer (leader) when President von Hindenburg died.
* Third Reich (Empire) – proclaimed it would last 1000 years.
Great Depression
* Germany experienced Hyperinflation.
* Hitler created jobs (building weapons & roads)
* Unemployment dropped & his popularity soared.
Treaty of Versailles
* Hitler continually ignored the Treaty
* Rearmament
* Rearming the Rhineland (on French border)
* Occupying the Polish Corridor
* The international community did little.
Hitler’s Germany
Totalitarianism
* A government that controls all parts of society.
* Books
* News
* Schools
Movement against the Jews
* Documentation (1933-35)
* Discrimination
* 1935 Nuremburg Laws
* Killing Squads
* Ghettos (1939 -)
* Warsaw, Poland
* Concentration Camps (1933-45)
* 1936, Berlin hosted the Olympics.
* Poverty & Discrimination was hidden from the world.
* 1938, Hitler was named Time’s Man of the Year
* (Economic Reforms)
Other Dictatorships
Emperor Hirohito - Japan
* JAPAN INVADED MANCHURIA (CHINA) IN 1931 AND FRENCH INDOCHINA IN 1940.
* JAPAN HOPED TO CREATE AN IMPERIALISTIC EMPIRE.
Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union
* Replaced Lenin upon his death.
PART 2
THE ROAD TO WAR
Hitler & Mussolini were brought together during the Spanish Civil War. (AXIS POWERS) Hitler tested his new war technique
Hitler Begins his plan to Take over Europe
Austria
* Takes over his home country without firing a single shot.
* March 1938
* Many Austrians welcomed him.
Munich Conference 1938
* Allied agreement to give Hitler the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia)
* Policy of Appeasement. (prevent war)
* Hitler promised this was all he wanted.
* British Prime Minister Chamberlin
* SIX MONTHS LATER HITLER TOOK ALL OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
Poland
* Hitler demanded the return of the Polish Corridor.
Non Aggression Pact
* Germany & Soviets agreed not to attack each other. (Germany can avoid 2 Front War)
* This signaled the war would soon begin.
* Communists & Fascists hate each other.
* Secretly the two agreed to divide Poland.
* SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
* GERMANY INVADED POLAND
SEPTEMBER 3
BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY.
Axis - Germany, Japan, Italy
Allies - Britain, France, Later - US, Soviets
Blitzkrieg
* “Lightning War” of planes, tanks, & troops.
* GERMANY QUICKLY CONQUERED POLAND. ALL WAS STILL FOR THE NEXT SEVEN MONTHS.
Blitz Phase II
* AUGUST 1940
* DENMARK, NORWAY, LUXEMBOURG, THE NETHERLANDS. BELGIUM
GERMANY ATTACKED FRANCE AND QUICKLY DEFEATED THEM.
300,000 ALLIED TROOPS WERE SAVED AT THE EVACUATION FROM DUNKIRK.
JUNE 22, 1940 - FRANCE SURRENDERED.
GERMANY ESTABLISHED A PUPPET STATE KNOWN AS VICHY.
HITLER NOW CONTROLLED MOST OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT.
BRITAIN REMAINED HIS ONLY ENEMY.
Battle of Britain (3 months)
* Hitler’s aerial attempt to defeat Britain.
* The Blitz would not work in Britain because……
* British military targets turned to civilian targets.
British Leader Winston Churchill
* THE RAF (Royal Air Force) EVENTUALLY TURNED BACK THE ATTACK AND HITLER DELAYED HIS INVASION OF BRITAIN.
The “biggest blunder in the history of man.”
aka – Germany invaded the Soviet Union. (1941)
* THE SOVIETS RETREATED & WAITED FOR THEIR BEST ALLY, WINTER.
PART 3 - THE US GOES TO WAR
Attempts to Avoid War
* Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
* Countries agreed not to use war to further their goals.
* US
* Neutrality Acts – Isolationist Congress passed pledging not to join a war.
FDR believed they might hamper US efforts (if needed)
FDR SPEECHES
* Quarantine Speech (1937)– Condemned “aggressor nations” & called for embargos.
* (Isolationist worried it might lead to war.)
* Four Freedoms –
* Speech & expression
* From want
* Religion
* From fear
Lend-Lease Act
* The US gave supplies to Britain & USSR
* (Beginning to favor Allies & end neutrality)
1940 – AMERICA INITIATED ITS FIRST PEACE TIME DRAFT.
Pearl Harbor
(site of US naval base in Hawaii)
December 7, 1941
“A day which will live in infamy.”
---FDR
Surprise attack of US forces.
Reasons
* US condemned Japan’s invasion of China.
* US stopped exporting oil & metal.
* Japan could expand without the US to interfere. (imperialism)
* Japan wanted to be the master “Asian” race.
* 2,500 SOLDIERS DIED.
* ½ THE DEATHS WERE ON THE USS ARIZONA
* FDR ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR.
The Attack of the Philippines
* Gen. Douglas MacArthur fled the island as Japan easily took over.
* “I shall return”
* Captured US soldiers were forced on the Bataan Death March.
Life on the Home front
* WITH THE US NOW IN THE WAR THE ENTIRE COUNTRY TURNED TO HELP IN THE WAR EFFORT.
Women Contributions
* 1. Work in Factories
* Symbolized by Rosie the Riveter
* 2. Join the army
* WACS – (women’s army corps)
* 3. Conserve
* 4. Buy War bonds
War Productions Board
* Factories produced war materials
* Rationing of consumer supplies
* Gas
* Food
US Military
* Selective Service Act
* draft
* Gen. George Patton
* Africa & Europe
* Admiral Chester Nimitz
* Pacific Navy
* Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
* Europe
* Gen. Douglas MacArthur
* Pacific
16 MILLION AMERICANS SERVED IN THE ARMED FORCES DURING WWII.
Again utilized the Draft but many volunteered.
Internment Camps
* 100,000 JAPANESE AMERICANS WERE PLACED IN INTERMENT CAMPS
* (2/3 OF THESE INDIVIDUALS WERE BORN IN THE US)
KOREMATSU V. US
* IT IS LEGAL TO RESTRICT FREEDOMS IN WARTIME
Part 4 - Kicking Axis
Allied Strategy
* Conferences (1943)
* Casablanca
* Tehran – plan 2nd Front (Italy or France?)
* Stalin was the only one fighting the Germans at that point.
* Air Drops
* Propaganda to enemy civilians
American Forces
* 1. Campaigns in Africa
* El Alamein
* 2. Invasion of Italy
* 3. Invasion of France
Stalingrad
* Soviet Turning Point against the Germans.
D-Day - June 6, 1944
The Invasion of France
* HITLER KNEW IT WAS COMING. HE JUST DIDN’T KNOW WHEN AND WHERE.
* 150,000 TROOPS LANDED ON THE NORMANDY (50 mile beach) COAST OF FRANCE.
AUGUST 25, 1944 - THE ALLIES MARCHED INTO PARIS.
THE ALLIES NOW MARCHED TOWARDS BERLIN FROM THE EAST AND WEST.
Battle of the Bulge
* Hitler’s last counteroffensive (failed)
* Patton helped hold the line
* Hitler exhausted his reserves
Hitler Gives Up
* APRIL 30, 1945
* ADOLF HITLER GOT MARRIED, THEN POISONED HIS WIFE AND DOG.
* HE ALSO DRANK POISON BUT FINALLY SHOT HIMSELF.
* SOLDIERS BURNED HIS BODY.
VE DAY
* MAY 7 – (VICTORY IN EUROPE)
* GERMANY SURRENDERED.
The Holocaust
* As Allied Troops marched into German & Occupied countries they saw “unspeakable horrors”
* JOURNALISTS SENT BACK WORD.
* MANY STORIES WEREN’T PUBLISHED
* TOO UNBELIEVABLE
* Genocide – the killing of a race
* 6 million Jews
* 6 million – Slavs, Gypsies, Disabled, Homosexuals
PART 5 - THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Characteristics
* NAVAL & AERIAL COMBAT
* INTENSE ISLAND FIGHTING BY US MARINES.
Strategy
* Defeat Japan
* Island Hopping
* Conquer islands closer & closer to Japan, using each as a base to launch the next attack.
Midway
* TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC
OKINAWA
* SERVED AS A LAUNCHING POINT TO BOMB JAPAN
Fire Bombing of Tokyo
Invasion of Japan ?
* JAPAN HAD AN ARMY OF 2 MILLION MEN TO DEFEND THEIR COUNTRY.
* Military Estimates concluded Japan might fight for 10 years
* Women, children, men would fight to the death.
* 1 million US casualties might result.
Harry S Truman
* FDR dies in April
* Truman Becomes President (1945)
Manhattan Project
* J. Robert Oppenheimer
* Led the project
* Developed the Atomic Bomb
Potsdam Conference
* 1945
* Allies planned end of the war
* Truman warned Japan to surrender or risk “prompt & utter destruction.”
Hiroshima
* AUGUST 6, 1945
* 1st Atomic bomb dropped
* Within 5 months 140,000 of the cities 350,000 Residents were Dead
Nagasaki
* 2nd bomb dropped
VJ Day
* JAPAN SURRENDERED ON AUGUST 14, 1945.
50 MILLION PEOPLE DIED IN WWII
* ½ WERE CIVILIANS.
* 405,399 AMERICANS DIED IN BATTLE.
The Nuremburg Trials
* NAZIS TRIED FOR “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.”
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