US HISTORY



US HISTORY Unit 8 WWII

Part 1

Dictatorships Emerge

Fascism

* Nationalistic philosophy that glorifies the state & its leader.

* Emphasized Militarism (build up of military)

* Hated Communists

* Fascists took power in Italy and Germany.

Benito Mussolini

* Dictator of Italy

* Gained power with his “March on Rome”

* Hitler modeled his dictatorship after Italy.

Adolf Hitler

* Failed attempt at a revolution in 1923.

* (Munich Beer Hall Putsch)

* Wrote Mein Kampf while in jail.

* Ideas

* Expansion (living space)

* Aryan supremacy

* Blamed Jews for Germany’s problems.

* Born in Austria but joined the German army in WWI.

* His hatred of Jews grew while he was a failed homeless art student.

Hitler takes power

* Used the People’s fear of Communism

* Reichstag fire on the eve of the election.

* Legally appointed Chancellor

* Made Fuhrer (leader) when President von Hindenburg died.

* Third Reich (Empire) – proclaimed it would last 1000 years.

Great Depression

* Germany experienced Hyperinflation.

* Hitler created jobs (building weapons & roads)

* Unemployment dropped & his popularity soared.

Treaty of Versailles

* Hitler continually ignored the Treaty

* Rearmament

* Rearming the Rhineland (on French border)

* Occupying the Polish Corridor

* The international community did little.

Hitler’s Germany

Totalitarianism

* A government that controls all parts of society.

* Books

* News

* Schools

Movement against the Jews

* Documentation (1933-35)

* Discrimination

* 1935 Nuremburg Laws

* Killing Squads

* Ghettos (1939 -)

* Warsaw, Poland

* Concentration Camps (1933-45)

* 1936, Berlin hosted the Olympics.

* Poverty & Discrimination was hidden from the world.

* 1938, Hitler was named Time’s Man of the Year

* (Economic Reforms)

Other Dictatorships

Emperor Hirohito - Japan

* JAPAN INVADED MANCHURIA (CHINA) IN 1931 AND FRENCH INDOCHINA IN 1940.

* JAPAN HOPED TO CREATE AN IMPERIALISTIC EMPIRE.

Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union

* Replaced Lenin upon his death.

PART 2

THE ROAD TO WAR

Hitler & Mussolini were brought together during the Spanish Civil War. (AXIS POWERS) Hitler tested his new war technique

Hitler Begins his plan to Take over Europe

Austria

* Takes over his home country without firing a single shot.

* March 1938

* Many Austrians welcomed him.

Munich Conference 1938

* Allied agreement to give Hitler the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia)

* Policy of Appeasement. (prevent war)

* Hitler promised this was all he wanted.

* British Prime Minister Chamberlin

* SIX MONTHS LATER HITLER TOOK ALL OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA.

Poland

* Hitler demanded the return of the Polish Corridor.

Non Aggression Pact

* Germany & Soviets agreed not to attack each other. (Germany can avoid 2 Front War)

* This signaled the war would soon begin.

* Communists & Fascists hate each other.

* Secretly the two agreed to divide Poland.

* SEPTEMBER 1, 1939

* GERMANY INVADED POLAND

SEPTEMBER 3

BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY.

Axis - Germany, Japan, Italy

Allies - Britain, France, Later - US, Soviets

Blitzkrieg

* “Lightning War” of planes, tanks, & troops.

* GERMANY QUICKLY CONQUERED POLAND. ALL WAS STILL FOR THE NEXT SEVEN MONTHS.

Blitz Phase II

* AUGUST 1940

* DENMARK, NORWAY, LUXEMBOURG, THE NETHERLANDS. BELGIUM

GERMANY ATTACKED FRANCE AND QUICKLY DEFEATED THEM.

300,000 ALLIED TROOPS WERE SAVED AT THE EVACUATION FROM DUNKIRK.

JUNE 22, 1940 - FRANCE SURRENDERED.

GERMANY ESTABLISHED A PUPPET STATE KNOWN AS VICHY.

HITLER NOW CONTROLLED MOST OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT.

BRITAIN REMAINED HIS ONLY ENEMY.

Battle of Britain (3 months)

* Hitler’s aerial attempt to defeat Britain.

* The Blitz would not work in Britain because……

* British military targets turned to civilian targets.

British Leader Winston Churchill

* THE RAF (Royal Air Force) EVENTUALLY TURNED BACK THE ATTACK AND HITLER DELAYED HIS INVASION OF BRITAIN.

The “biggest blunder in the history of man.”

aka – Germany invaded the Soviet Union. (1941)

* THE SOVIETS RETREATED & WAITED FOR THEIR BEST ALLY, WINTER.

PART 3 - THE US GOES TO WAR

Attempts to Avoid War

* Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

* Countries agreed not to use war to further their goals.

* US

* Neutrality Acts – Isolationist Congress passed pledging not to join a war.

FDR believed they might hamper US efforts (if needed)

FDR SPEECHES

* Quarantine Speech (1937)– Condemned “aggressor nations” & called for embargos.

* (Isolationist worried it might lead to war.)

* Four Freedoms –

* Speech & expression

* From want

* Religion

* From fear

Lend-Lease Act

* The US gave supplies to Britain & USSR

* (Beginning to favor Allies & end neutrality)

1940 – AMERICA INITIATED ITS FIRST PEACE TIME DRAFT.

Pearl Harbor

(site of US naval base in Hawaii)

December 7, 1941

“A day which will live in infamy.”

---FDR

Surprise attack of US forces.

Reasons

* US condemned Japan’s invasion of China.

* US stopped exporting oil & metal.

* Japan could expand without the US to interfere. (imperialism)

* Japan wanted to be the master “Asian” race.

* 2,500 SOLDIERS DIED.

* ½ THE DEATHS WERE ON THE USS ARIZONA

* FDR ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR.

The Attack of the Philippines

* Gen. Douglas MacArthur fled the island as Japan easily took over.

* “I shall return”

* Captured US soldiers were forced on the Bataan Death March.

Life on the Home front

* WITH THE US NOW IN THE WAR THE ENTIRE COUNTRY TURNED TO HELP IN THE WAR EFFORT.

Women Contributions

* 1. Work in Factories

* Symbolized by Rosie the Riveter

* 2. Join the army

* WACS – (women’s army corps)

* 3. Conserve

* 4. Buy War bonds

War Productions Board

* Factories produced war materials

* Rationing of consumer supplies

* Gas

* Food

US Military

* Selective Service Act

* draft

* Gen. George Patton

* Africa & Europe

* Admiral Chester Nimitz

* Pacific Navy

* Gen. Dwight Eisenhower

* Europe

* Gen. Douglas MacArthur

* Pacific

16 MILLION AMERICANS SERVED IN THE ARMED FORCES DURING WWII.

Again utilized the Draft but many volunteered.

Internment Camps

* 100,000 JAPANESE AMERICANS WERE PLACED IN INTERMENT CAMPS

* (2/3 OF THESE INDIVIDUALS WERE BORN IN THE US)

KOREMATSU V. US

* IT IS LEGAL TO RESTRICT FREEDOMS IN WARTIME

Part 4 - Kicking Axis

Allied Strategy

* Conferences (1943)

* Casablanca

* Tehran – plan 2nd Front (Italy or France?)

* Stalin was the only one fighting the Germans at that point.

* Air Drops

* Propaganda to enemy civilians

American Forces

* 1. Campaigns in Africa

* El Alamein

* 2. Invasion of Italy

* 3. Invasion of France

Stalingrad

* Soviet Turning Point against the Germans.

D-Day - June 6, 1944

The Invasion of France

* HITLER KNEW IT WAS COMING. HE JUST DIDN’T KNOW WHEN AND WHERE.

* 150,000 TROOPS LANDED ON THE NORMANDY (50 mile beach) COAST OF FRANCE.

AUGUST 25, 1944 - THE ALLIES MARCHED INTO PARIS.

THE ALLIES NOW MARCHED TOWARDS BERLIN FROM THE EAST AND WEST.

Battle of the Bulge

* Hitler’s last counteroffensive (failed)

* Patton helped hold the line

* Hitler exhausted his reserves

Hitler Gives Up

* APRIL 30, 1945

* ADOLF HITLER GOT MARRIED, THEN POISONED HIS WIFE AND DOG.

* HE ALSO DRANK POISON BUT FINALLY SHOT HIMSELF.

* SOLDIERS BURNED HIS BODY.

VE DAY

* MAY 7 – (VICTORY IN EUROPE)

* GERMANY SURRENDERED.

The Holocaust

* As Allied Troops marched into German & Occupied countries they saw “unspeakable horrors”

* JOURNALISTS SENT BACK WORD.

* MANY STORIES WEREN’T PUBLISHED

* TOO UNBELIEVABLE

* Genocide – the killing of a race

* 6 million Jews

* 6 million – Slavs, Gypsies, Disabled, Homosexuals

PART 5 - THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

Characteristics

* NAVAL & AERIAL COMBAT

* INTENSE ISLAND FIGHTING BY US MARINES.

Strategy

* Defeat Japan

* Island Hopping

* Conquer islands closer & closer to Japan, using each as a base to launch the next attack.

Midway

* TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC

OKINAWA

* SERVED AS A LAUNCHING POINT TO BOMB JAPAN

Fire Bombing of Tokyo

Invasion of Japan ?

* JAPAN HAD AN ARMY OF 2 MILLION MEN TO DEFEND THEIR COUNTRY.

* Military Estimates concluded Japan might fight for 10 years

* Women, children, men would fight to the death.

* 1 million US casualties might result.

Harry S Truman

* FDR dies in April

* Truman Becomes President (1945)

Manhattan Project

* J. Robert Oppenheimer

* Led the project

* Developed the Atomic Bomb

Potsdam Conference

* 1945

* Allies planned end of the war

* Truman warned Japan to surrender or risk “prompt & utter destruction.”

Hiroshima

* AUGUST 6, 1945

* 1st Atomic bomb dropped

* Within 5 months 140,000 of the cities 350,000 Residents were Dead

Nagasaki

* 2nd bomb dropped

VJ Day

* JAPAN SURRENDERED ON AUGUST 14, 1945.

50 MILLION PEOPLE DIED IN WWII

* ½ WERE CIVILIANS.

* 405,399 AMERICANS DIED IN BATTLE.

The Nuremburg Trials

* NAZIS TRIED FOR “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.”

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