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AP Biology/ Ms. Gaynor Semester #1 FINAL EXAM 2009

This guide is a list of MAJOR CONCEPTS covered and should only be used as such. This guide is not a comprehensive list of concepts covered during the course of semester 1 and therefore it is your responsibility to review the total subject matter discussed thus far.

The final exam will consist of two sections (covering chapters 1 – 13, 16-19, and 50 – 54):

a. PART 1: 100 multiple choice questions on Unit #5B: chapters 16-19 (exam is on Tuesday, 1/20/09)

b. PART 2: Cumulative 125 multiple choice questions- Units #1, 2, 3, 4, and 5A: chapters 1-13, 50-54 (exam is on Tuesday, 1/21/09)

c. 5 take-home Free Response essay questions (due Friday, 1/16/09)

d. Graded classmates 5 take-home Free Response essay questions (due Tuesday, 1/21/09)

You will have 90 minutes to complete PART 1 and 90 minutes to complete PART 2,

You have 1 week to complete the 5 take-home Free Response essay questions.

You have 4 days to grade your classmate’s 5 take-home Free Response essay questions.

PART 2: Major Lab Concepts

1. Lab 11 Animal Behavior

• Identify abiotic/biotic factors and effects on behavior

• Construct an experiment with a correct hypothesis, variables, and procedure

2. Lab 12 Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity

• Factors that affect dissolved oxygen

• Biological significance of dissolved oxygen

3. Lab 1 Diffusion and Osmosis

• Effects on water potential

• Identifying hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions

• Construct an experiment that identifies processes of osmosis and diffusion

4. Lab 2 Enzyme Catalysis

• Effects of temperature and acidity on enzymatic reactions

5. Lab 3 Mitosis and Meiosis

• Identifying stages of mitosis

• Calculating map units using the crossing over events of Sordaria

6. Lab 4 Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis

• Chromatography

• Calculating Rf values

• Spectrophotometry

7. Lab 5 Cell Respiration

• Measure oxygen consumption

• Ideal gas law PV=nRT

PART 2: Major Lecture Concepts

Unit 1: Ecology

1. Interactions between organisms and the environment

2. Abiotic and Biotic factors

3. Climate effects

4. Proximate and Ultimate causes of behavior

5. Definition of and different types of behavior

6. Natural Fitness

7. Growth Models

8. Human Growth models

9. Population regulation- limiting factors (density & density independent factors)

10. Carrying capacity

11. Terrestrial and aquatic biomes (identification and description)

12. Food webs and energetics

• Primary producers, primary/ secondary/ tertiary/ quartnary consumers

13. 10% rule

14. r/K reproduction strategies

15. Primary vs. Secondary succession

Unit 2: Chemistry & Biomolecules

16. Matter:

• Atoms, compounds, elements, isotopes

17. Bonds:

• Bonds and Interactions: Determined by electronegativity

• Nonpolar Covalent Electrons equally shared

• Polar Covalent Electrons found more on one side than the other

• Ionic Bonds gain or lose electrons

• Hydrogen Bonds formed with hydrogen atoms, where the H is attached to a highly electronegative atom of another molecule (common among water molecules)

• Van Der Waals are temporary bonds where polar molecules attract briefly an opposite charged molecule.

18. Properties of Water

• High specific heat

• States of Water

• Versatility as a solvent

• High heat of vaporization

• Polarity

19. Molecules:

• Be able to identify the major molecular compounds and their functional groups (i.e. Carbohydrates, Protein, nucleic acids, amino acids, lipids)

• Dehydration (condensation) and Hydrolysis reactions

• Functions of major biomolecules

i. Carbohydrates-Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, etc)

1. Glycosidic bonds

2. Store energy

ii. Lipids-fats, steroids, phospholipids

1. Ester bonds

2. Store (most) energy, insulation

iii. Proteins- 1, 2, 3, and 4 structures

1. Peptide bonds

2. Catalysts, make tissues, etc

iv. Nucleic acids

1. Phosphodiester bonds

• Enzymes

i. Function

ii. Regulation

iii. Environmental effects on enzymes

Unit 3: Cells

20. Tools used to study cells

21. Eukaryotes an Prokaryotes

• Membrane Transport –endocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis) and exocytosis

• Organelle structures and functions

22. Cell Transport

• Active vs Passive

• Diffusion and Osmosis (hyper, iso, and hypotonic)

Unit 4: Cell Energetics

23. Cell Respiration

24. Photosynthesis

25. Cell communication

26. Cellular Energetics

• Activation Energy

• Endergonic and Exergonic reactions

• Endothermic and Exothermic reactions

• Effects of enzymes on reactions

• Denaturation

• Chemical equations

Unit 5A: Cell Division

27. Mitosis and Meioaia

• Identify all cell cycle stages

• Describe each stage of mitosis/meiosis

• Checkpoints and regulation of cycles

• Cell cycle in plant, animal, and prokaryote cells (differences)

• Errors during cell replication

• Uncontrolled regulation and cancer

• Purpose of mitosis and meiosis

• Crossing over, independent assortment, nondisjunction

Unit 5B: Molecular Genetics

28. DNA Replication and Repair

• Conservative and Semi-conservative models

• Composition of DNA

• Enzymes involved in DNA replication and each of their functions

• Unwinding, duplicating, repairing

• Transcription and Translation

o Transcription

▪ Enzymes, detailed steps

▪ Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic differences

o Translation (Protein Synthesis)

▪ Enzymes, detailed steps, tRNA, mRNA, ribosome’s subunits etc

o Mutations:

▪ Point mutations, nonsense and missense mutations, frameshift

o Control Mechanisms in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

▪ Operons, inducers, repressors enhancers, activators, plasmids/gene cloning

▪ DNA methylation and acytelation

▪ Chromatin structure (nucleosome, 30 nm and 300 nm fibers)

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