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Exam reviewFirst AidBleeding and WoundsHemorrhage: a large amount of bleeding in a short time Three types of Bleeding: Capillary, Venous, Arterial The 6 types of open wounds:Abrasion – top layer of skin is removed, little blood loss.Laceration – cut skin with jagged edgesIncision – cut with smooth edgesPuncture – injury from sharp pointed object that penetrates the bodyAvulsion – piece of skin torn from the bodyAmputation – cutting or tearing off of a body partThe 7 steps to care for external bleeding?Protect yourself by wearing medical gloves or covering your handsExpose the wound by removing clothesDress woundElevate if it is an arm or leg injuryApply pressure bandage to hold the dressing in placeCover blood soaked bandage with another bandage. Don’t removeIf needed apply pressure to pressure point to stop bleeding7 signs that wound is becoming infected.Swelling, warming sensation, throbbing pain, pus discharge, fever, swelling of lymph nodes, red streaks leading from wound ShockShock occurs with the body’s tissues do not receive enough oxygenated blood.Signs of ShockAltered mental state – agitation, anxietyPale, cold and clammy skinNausea and vomitingRapid breathingunresponsivenessAnaphylaxis: life-threatening breathing emergency resulting from a server allergic reaction.The most common causes of Anaphylaxis include: medications, food, insect stings, and plants. The most common signs of Anaphylaxis include: breathing difficulty, skin reaction, swelling of the tongue and mouth, sneezing, tightness of chest, blueness around lips and mouth, dizziness, nausea and vomiting BurnsBurns are classified into 3 categories: Thermal, Chemical, Electrical Burns are separated into 3 levels of severity:1st degree – affect only the skins outer layer (epidermis)2nd degree – extend through the skin’s entire outer layer and into the inner layer3rd degree - penetrate all the skin layers and the underlying fat and muscleHead & Spinal InjuriesConcussion. Temporary disturbance of brain activity5 signs of a Brain Injury. befuddled facial expression slowness in answering questions unawareness of where they are or what they are doing slurred speech unresponsiveness.Signs of a Spinal Injury - Inability to move arms or legs – numbness, tingling, weakness or burning sensation in the arms or legs – deformity – neck or back painChest, Abdominal & Pelvic Injuriessigns of a Rib Fracture - Sharp pain when victim breaths, coughs or moves – shallow breathing – victim holds injured areaThe steps for caring for an Embedded Object in a victim’s chest. DO NOT remove object Use bulky dressing or cloth to stabilize object Call 9-1-1Bone, Muscle & Joint Injuriessigns of a Fracture - Deformity – open wounds – tenderness – swelling – victim not able to use injured body partThe 5 steps to caring for Bone Injury.Expose and examine site Stabilize the injured part If open wound, cover with a dressing Apply ice or cold pack if possible Call 9-1-1Sprain, joint injury where the ligaments and other tissues are damaged Dislocation. Occurs when a joint comes apart and stays apart.R.I.C.E. Rest - stop using injured areaIce - place ice pack around injured area Compression - wrap a bandage tightly around area Elevate - raise above heartPoisoning Ingested Poison - When victim swallows a toxic substance. 80 % of all poisonings are Ingested.When caring for someone who ingested poison, you must determine the following:The age and size of the victim What was ingested how much of it was ingestedWhen it was ingested1-800-222-1222 is the number to poison control centerBites & StingsRabies. Caused by a virus found in warm-blooded animals that spreads from one animal to another in salivaSteps to care for an Animal Bite If there is no blood, wash with soap and water Flush wound with running water Control bleeding and dress the wound Seek medical careSings of a Severe Allergic Reaction to a sting or bite: Difficulty breathing Tightness of chestItchy burning skinSwelling of the tongue, mouth or throatDizziness and nauseaHeat & Cold Related EmergenciesHeat Cramps Painful muscle spasms caused by overheatingHow care for Heat Cramps:Have the victim stop activity and restStretch cramped muscleRemove any excess or tight clothingHave victim hydrate with water or sports drinkHeat Stroke. Dangerous overheating of the body Signs of Heat StrokeExtremely hot skinDry skinConfusionSeizuresUnresponsivenessCPRActions during an emergencyMake sure it is safe for you and the victimCheck the victim (are they unconscious, are they bleeding?) If they can’t respond to you then carefully shake the victim asking them if they are ok and at the same time look, listen, and feel for breathing.Determine whether to call 911 (when in doubt call 911) don’t take any chances if you are not sure what to do.Good Samaritan Laws Laws that encourage people to give first aid and protects them from lawsuits Cardio Pulmanary Recusitation (CPR)If the person is unconscious and shows no signs of breathing you should call 911 immediately.Begin Adult CPR by giving 30 Chest compressions about 2 inches in depth at a speed of 30 compressions in 18 secondsOpen the airway by lifting up on the chin and lightly pushing down on the forhead. As you do this you should be looking into the mouth for anything that could be an obstruction to the airway.Then pinch the nose so no air can escape and give two full breaths each one lasting about 1 to 2 seconds. If the breaths do not go in then tilt the head back again and give the breaths again. Once you get the breaths to go in then you would repeat chest compressions and breaths a total of 5 times until we check the victim for signs of breathing. Continue with CPR if victim is still not breathing. Note: If the breaths still don’t go in after you tilt the head again then you are probably dealing with a choking victimRemember the acronym CAB to help you with the order in which you give CPRC – CompressionsA – Airway B – BreathsCycles of CPR1 cycle of CPR = 30 compressions and 2 breaths. You will complete 5 cycles of CPR before you check the victim to see if they are breathing. If they are not breathing continue CPR for another 5 cycles. You will repeat these steps until either EMS arrive on the scene or someone arrives with an AEDConscious choking victim If a person is coughing heavily and looks as if they are choking, encourage them to try and keep coughing as much as possible. This may dislodge the object choking them and prevent unnecessary abdominal compressions. Stand by closely because the object may get lodged deeper in the throat and then the person may need physical help.If a victim is obviously choking and may be giving the universal sign for choking (hands around the front part of the neck) make sure you get permission to help! Tell them you are trained and ask them if they need help. They will probably just nod their head because obviously if they are choking they won’t be able to talkStep behind the victim and place one foot in between the victim’s feet, with the other foot back so you have balance. You also want to do this because if the victim passes out (which is likely unless we dislodge the object quickly) you have enough stability to lower the victim gently to the floor. If you do not position yourself in this way the victim may fall hard to the floor!Make a fist with one hand and place it directly below the belly button thumb side against the victim. Take your other hand and place it around your fist. You will then thrust inward and upward with enough force to push air out though the victim’s throat and hopefully dislodging any object.How to determine if a victim is an Unconscious choking victimAssuming that we just arrived on the scene and we have an unconscious victim. You would follow the rules for “Acting in an Emergency”Once we have called 911 and because the victim has no signs of breathing we would begin 30 chest compressions.After the chest compressions we would open the airway looking for any obstructions.We would then proceed to give two rescue breaths. If the breaths do not go in we need to retilt the head and give two more breaths. If the breaths still do not go in then we can assume the victim has passed out because they have an obstruction in the airway (they are choking)Treatment for an unconscious choking victim30 chest compressionsOpen the airway and look for an obstruction If you see an object obstructing the airway do a finger sweepTry to give breaths. If they go in then you got the object out and now you would check the victim for signs of breathing.If not breathing go to steps for CPRAutomated External Defibrillator (AED)Chances for survival improve dramatically with early CPR & early defibrillation. AED are available to rescuers in many places. Such as airports & airplanes – stadiums – health clubs – schools – government buildings – offices – homes – golf courses. The Cardiac Chain of Survival has 4 links. They areEarly accessEarly CPR Early defibrillation Early advanced care Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib) & Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach). V-fib – the most common abnormal heart rhythm in cases of sudden cardiac arrest in adultsV-tach – electrical heart problem in which the heart beats too fast to pump blood effectively.Every minute that defibrillation is delayed, the victims chance of survival is decreased by 7% to 10%.AED - Automated External Defibrillator 6 common elements of all AEDs are. A. on/off switch – B. cable and pads – C. analysis capability – D. defibrillation capability – E. prompts to guide you – F. battery operation for portability 7 basic operating procedures to assist any victim over the age of 1. A. perform CPR until an AED arrives – B. turn AED on – C. apply electro pads to victim – D. stand clear and analyze heart rhythm – E. deliver shock if needed – F. perform CPR for 5 cycles – G. check victim and repeat process Water may provide an energy pathway between the AED and the rescuer or bystanders. Some Medication may block the delivery of energy from the pads to the heart so they must be removed. Five components of FitnessCardiorespirtory Endurance- the ability of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs to supply enough oxygen and fuel to the muscles during long periods of physical activity. Muscular strength- the ability of muscles to push or pull with forceMuscular Endurance-the ability of muscles to repeat a movement many times or to hold a position without stopping to rest.Flexibility-the muscles ability to move a joint through a full range of motion, and staying flexible is important to health and performance. Body Composition- Relationship between fat mass and fat-free mass.FITT PrincipalF – Frequency- This refers to how often you will exercise. I – Intensity- Defined as the amount of effort or work that must be invested in a specific exercise workout.T – Type- What type of exercise will you be doing. T - Time - is simply how long each individual session should last. This will vary based on the intensity and type. General Rule – as intensity increases – time decreases SMART Goal-setting Specific- Straight forward, clearly define what is to be accomplishedMeasurable- how much, how many, how will you know when it is accomplished Aggressive- requires effort to achieve beyond what has been achieved beforeRealistic – Achievable, reachable and relevantTime-bound –achieved in a given time periodIntensity Levels – 220- your age=max heart rate(MHR)Level 1- Media/Seat- Below 40% of your MHRLevel-2- Daily Activity-40-50% of your MHRLevel 3-Base-51-65% of MHRLevel 4- Heart Health- 66-85% of your MHRLevel 5- Max- 86-100% of MHRNutritionNutrients - a substance in food that helps with body processes. Carbohydrates, fat and protein are essential nutrients. Calories – unit of energy produced by food and used by the body. Carbohydrates - Main source of energy for the body. (sugars, starches and fiber) Body can only store a limited amount of them. Excess carbs are stored as fat. A gram of carbohydrates contain 4 caloriesFiber – part of grain and plant food that cannot be digested. Helps move food through the body Fats – provides energy. A gram of fat contains 9 caloriesSaturated Fats – found in dairy products, meat & poultry. Contributes to the level of cholesterol – fat-like substance made by the body and found in certain foods. Vitamins - nutrient that helps the body use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. They provide no energy, but help to unleash energy stored in other nutrients.Protein - nutrient needed for growth, and to build and repair body tissue. A gram of protein contains 4 calories ................
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