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 FORT OSAGE NOVICE SET (FONS) IIIQuestions edited by Joshua Malecki. Questions written by: Dexter Wickham, Zachary Beltz, Caden Stone, Maya Baughn, Alexandria Hill, Lewis Chastain, Ian Gunter, Aleesa Hill, Trenton Kiesling, Eliot Chastain, Nicole Overbay, Tess Kinne, Mickala Stoff and Joshua Malecki. Edited by Joshua MaleckiRound 21. Versions of these that affect bacteria have lytic {LIT-TICK} and lysogenic cycles. They consist of genetic information in the form of DNA or RNA, a protein barrier called a capsid, and some even have a lipid barrier. Antibiotics have no effect on them, and* vaccines help prevent them from affecting humans. These infectious agents can only replicate inside the living cell of another organism, and are sometimes thought of as a life form since they can evolve and reproduce through natural selection. For 10 points, name these biological agents that can cause things like AIDS and influenza.Viruses (accept phages or bacteriophages)2. This future President served in the Union Army during the Civil War and was wounded five times. After the war, he served as a Congressman, and Governor of Ohio before winning a controversial election, in spite of losing the popular vote.* This man’s term as President was marked by the 1877 Great Railroad Strike, which he ended with military intervention after railroad traffic was tied up across the Eastern states. For 10 points, name this President, who ended Reconstruction in the South in 1877 after defeating Samuel Tilden in the 1876 Election.Rutherford Birchard Hayes3. The protagonist of a Frank Stockton short story must choose between “A Lady or this animal” behind two separate doors. In a William Blake poem, this animal is described as “burning bright/In the forests of the night.” In Yann Martel’s novel Life of Pi, one of these* animals is trapped in a lifeboat with the title character and is named Richard Parker. In Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book, one of these animals was born with a crippled leg and named Shere Khan. For 10 points, name these animals, that are typically orange with black stripes.Tigers 4. According to Draymond Green, he texted this fellow NBA star just 30 minutes after their loss to Cleveland in the 2016 Finals, and an official from this star’s former team corroborated that account. This star claimed in a 2013 Sports Illustrated article that he has “always finished second,” in everything, shortly before his former team, the Oklahoma City* Thunder, lost to Memphis Grizzlies in the second round of the playoffs. For 10 points, name this NBA star, who played his college ball for the Texas Longhorns and signed a massive contract with the Golden State Warriors in 2016.Kevin Durant5. This composer and lyricist wrote his first musical, By George, while at the namesake preparatory school in Pennsylvania. This man considered Oscar Hammerstein a mentor, and his first musical in which he wrote both the music and lyrics was A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.* This man’s 1990 off-Broadway musical Assassins ran for only 73 performances, largely because it featured the characters of Lee Harvey Oswald and John Wilkes Booth singing and dancing. For 10 points, name this man, best known for writing the lyrics to West Side Story, Sunday in the Park with George, Sweeney Todd, and Into the Woods.Stephen Sondheim6. Lake Retba in Senegal and Lake Hillier in Australia are both this color, due to a native algal growth combined with high salinity. A group of limestone cliffs that are this color form the upper portion of the “Grand Staircase” at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah.* The microscopic organism Foraminifera {FORE-AH-MUH-NIFF-ER-AH} causes Harbour Island Beach in the Bahamas to appear this color, which is also the color of the Balos Bay Beach in Crete. For 10 points, name this color, the combination of both white and red.Pink7. This Norse god is the son of Farbauti and Laufey, and was married to Sigyn {SIGG-IN}, although he fathered numerous children, including Hel, Jormungandr {YORE-MEN-GAHN-DER}, and Fenrir, with other creatures. This Norse god is a shape-shifter,* and takes the guise, at various times, of a salmon, a fly, a mare, and an elderly woman. After engineering the death of Baldur by Hodr {HOE-DURR}, this god was punished by having a serpent drip venom upon him. For 10 points, name this Norse god, who will fight Heimdall at Ragnarok, resulting in both of their deaths.Loki8. In his book Elements, Euclid proved that there were infinitely many of these numbers. Mersenne {MUR-SAW} versions of these numbers have the form 2n-1 {“two to the n minus one”} and currently, the largest known one of these numbers has over 22 million digits. “Twin” versions of these numbers have a difference of 2, and a namesake* factorization reduces composite numbers into these numbers. For 10 points, name these types of natural numbers, which form the central role of number theory and have factors of 1 and themselves.Prime numbers (accept “primes”) 9. The first of law of this type was created during the Civil War as a revenue measure from any “source whatsoever.” An 1894 law of this type was set at a “graduated rate” and aimed at those who earned in excess of $4,000 dollars per year,* but was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1895. Seven states do not have this type of revenue measure, but a 1913 amendment to the U.S. Constitution requires it to be paid at the federal level. For 10 points, name this revenue device that requires all Americans to file by April 15 of each year, and is the subject of the 16th Amendment.Income Tax (prompt on just “tax”; prompt on “withholdings”)10. Edna St. Vincent Millay stated that this month “comes like an idiot, babbling and stewing flowers.” In George Orwell’s 1984, he describes a “bright cold day in this month,” when “the clocks were striking thirteen.” Howard Fast described the opening battle of the American Revolution* in a novel entitled for this month, while T.S. Eliot claimed that this “is the cruellest month/breeding, Lilacs, out of the dead land.” For 10 points, name this month, which Shakespeare claimed “put a spirit of youth in everything,” and in the Northern Hemisphere contains the first day of spring.April (Fast’s book was called April Morning)11. The existence of this concept in physics is inferred from the Stern-Gerlach Experiment, which involved silver atoms sent through a magnetic field. This concept was discovered in the emission spectrum of alkali metals and functions like a vector quantity, because it has a definite magnitude and direction. This concept is a form of angular momentum, along with orbital* angular momentum and is carried by hadrons and atomic nuclei. For 10 points, name this concept in which a particle executes a rotating or twisting trajectory. Spin angular momentum12. This U.S. state contains the Grinnell Glacier in its northwestern Lewis Range and its western mountainous region was the site of extensive copper mining. This is the only U.S. state to border along three Canadian provinces,* and has seen extensive growth in its sparsely populated east due to the discovery of oil in the Bakken Formation. This state contains the Crow Reservation and Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument in its southeast. For 10 points, name this western state, whose largest city is Billings, and capital is Helena.Montana13. This storm moved through the Lesser Antilles and across Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula before coming ashore on the U.S. mainland. It was the first Category 3 or above storm to hit the U.S. since Wilma in 2005, and was the most violent to hit the state of Texas* since Carla in 1961. This storm came ashore at the town of Rockport, Texas, and its winds were so fierce that the National Weather Service issued an “extreme wind warning.” For 10 points, name this massive storm, which dropped nearly three feet of rain on the Houston metro area, swamping large sections of the city.Hurricane Harvey14. This art museum opened a wing for 20th century art in 1987 named for the co-founder of Reader’s Digest, Lila Acheson Wallace. One auxiliary location of this art museum is called “The Cloisters,” and specializes in medieval European art.* This museum opened its second auxiliary location on Madison Avenue in 2015 at the former location of the Whitney Museum. This museum is the location for John Singer Sargent’s Portrait of Madame X, and El Greco’s View of Toledo. For 10 points, name this New York City art museum, the second most visited art museum in the world.Metropolitan Museum of Art (MoMA) (accept just “MoMA;” grudgingly accept “The Met” despite the fact that most New Yorkers consider that title for the opera house!)15. One member of this legislative body, Samuel Plimsoll, is the namesake of a line along a ship’s hull marking the maximum depth that can be loaded. Another member of this legislative body, Sir Anthony Berry, was killed in the 1984 Brighton Hotel bombing in which the intended target was Margaret* Thatcher. One portion of this legislative body was targeted in the Gunpowder Plot, and before the English Civil War, there were versions of this called the “Long” and “Rump.” For 10 points, name this legislative body of a certain European nation that is made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons. Parliament of the United Kingdom (accept “British Parliament”)16. A 1996 collection of this author’s poem was entitled Versed in Country Things, and included “After Apple-Picking,” in which the narrator describes his ladders pointed “toward heaven still.” This author describes how “one could do worse than be a swinger of birches,”* in a namesake poem, while describing “the darkest evening of the year” in a poem entitled, “Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening.” For 10 points, name this New England poet, whose other works include “The Gift Outright,” and “The Road Not Taken.”Robert Frost17. China produces nearly half of the world’s total amount of this resource in 2017, which in 1700 was largely produced by Great Britain. Lignite is the lowest rank of this resource, and thus is used mainly as a fuel for electrical power.* Peat is the precursor to this resource, which largely consists of just three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Environmentalists have pushed for “clean” versions of this resource, the use of which is a common violator of the Clean Air Act. For 10 points, name this resource, whose common types are anthracite and bituminous.Coal 18. This Biblical female’s “Book”’is read every year on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot {SHAH-VOO-OAT} and she was a convert to Judaism. This woman accompanied her mother-in-law Naomi back to Bethlehem, where she met Boaz while “gleaning the fields.” He called her a “woman of noble character,”* and later had a son with her named Obed {O-BEDD}. This woman’s great-grandson was David, and her descendants include Joseph, the father of Jesus. For 10 points, name this Biblical woman from Moab who is considered a model of loving kindness.Ruth19. The first American to perform this action was Captain Robert Gray, who did so between 1787 and 1790. English Captain Sir Francis Drake performed this action between 1577 and 1580, while exploring the west coast of North America and raiding the Spanish treasure fleet.* The first man to attempt this action got lost in his namesake strait at the southern tip of South America, and was killed in a local tribal war in the Philippines in 1521. For 10 points, name this action, which was first completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano {ELL-CAY-NO} in 1522 after Ferdinand Magellan’s death, by the ship Victoria.Circumnavigation of the world (accept equivalents like “circling the world,” “sailing around the world”)20. This nation spent over 5 billion dollars to expand its most famous feature to accommodate ever-larger shipping traffic. 75% of this nation’s population lives in urban areas, the highest in Central America. This nation’s city of Colon {COE-LONE} lies on the Caribbean Sea,* and is the northern gateway for its most famous feature. The Darien Gap lies along this nation’s border with Colombia and is the only unconnected portion of the Pan-American Highway. For 10 points, name this Central American nation that is home to a famous canal.Republic of Panama 21. One story by this author concerns a plot to destroy the Greenwich {GREN-ITCH} Observatory and is based on an actual 1894 event. This author of The Secret Agent detailed the disgrace of the title character who fled a sinking ship in Lord Jim. This author’s most famous novella was criticized by African author Chinua Achebe* for its racist tone, who wrote Things Fall Apart as a “response.” This author’s novel Nostromo describes life in the South American city of Sulaco, and the title character’s theft of silver. For 10 points, name this Polish-British author of Heart of Darkness.Joseph ConradBONUSES1. President Franklin Roosevelt’s controversial 1937 “court-packing” plan to alter the Supreme Court affected a number of politicians. For 10 points each…(10) This former President, who lost to Roosevelt in 1932, gave a speech called, “Hands Off the Supreme Court!,” just two weeks after the plan was announced.ANSWER: Herbert Hoover(10) This young Texas politician and future President won a special election in April, 1937 campaigning for Roosevelt and his “court-packing plan” as his platform.ANSWER: Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)(10) The “court-packing” bill’s biggest advocate was Senator Joseph Robinson who served in this role in the Senate, until his untimely death of a suspected heart attack in July, 1937.ANSWER: Senate Majority Leader2. One of this man’s early scientific projects involved purification of water from the Seine {SEN} River. For 10 points each…(10) Name this French scientist, who provided gunpowder to America during the Revolution, and is often referred to as the “Father of Modern Chemistry.”ANSWER: Antoine Lavoisier(10) Lavoisier was the first scientist to explain the role that this element plays in combustion, and also coined its name.ANSWER: oxygen(10) Lavoisier also predicted the existence of this metalloid, which is blue-gray in appearance with chemical symbol Si. ANSWER: silicon3. This author’s first novel in over five years was released in October, 2017. For 10 points each…(10) Name this young adult author whose books include Looking for Alaska, An Abundance of Katherines, and The Fault in Our Stars.ANSWER: John Green(10) Green collaborated with fellow author David Levithan for this 2010 novel about identically-named protagonists and their experiences in high school.ANSWER: Will Grayson, Will Grayson(10) Green’s new novel, Turtles All the Way Down, is the story of Aza Holmes, a young girl with this medical condition, in which one methodically performs the same actions in repetition.ANSWER: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)4. This man has been at the top of the Forbes list of billionaires 18 of the last 23 years. For 10 points each…(10) Name this man, who founded Microsoft with Paul Allen in 1975.ANSWER: William (Bill) Gates(10) In July, 2017, Jeff Bezos, the head of this online retail corporation, briefly passed Gates to become the world’s richest man.ANSWER: Amazon Corporation(10) This Omaha, Nebraska native, the head of the Berkshire Hathaway Corporation, usually ranks in the Top 5 richest billionaires.ANSWER: Warren Buffett5. A long-lost sculpture by this man was found in 2015 in a Madison, New Jersey borough hall. For 10 points each…(10) Name this French sculptor, who created works such as The Burghers of Calais and Gates of Hell.ANSWER: Auguste Rodin(10) Rodin’s most famous work is this piece, in which a nude man rests his hand underneath his chin, while performing the title action.ANSWER: The Thinker (accept “Le Penseur”)(10) A portion of Rodin’s Gates of Hell includes a sculpture of two individuals embracing and performing this title action. ANSWER: The Kiss 6. The existence of God has been debated by philosophers for centuries. For 10 points each…(10) Name this medieval Catholic philosopher who made 5 arguments for the existence of God in his Summa Theologica, considered the preeminent work of Scholasticism.ANSWER: St. Thomas Aquinas(10) This religious philosophy became prominent during the Enlightenment period, and states that God created the world, but is uninvolved in everyday life.ANSWER: Deism(t)(10) The Deists use this analogy to argue that the design of the world implies a designer, much like the title object’s existence implies a designerANSWER: watchmaker analogy7. An unusual lawsuit was filed in July, 2017 in Kansas City, Missouri over the ingredients of this product. For 10 points each…(10) Name this soft drink, two popular name brands of which are Schweppes and Canada Dry. ANSWER: Ginger Ale (the plaintiffs contend that there is no ginger in Canada Dry ginger ale, according to a laboratory test)(10) Canada Dry is made by this Texas-based beverage corporation, which predates Coca-Cola, and also produces Snapple beverages.ANSWER: Dr. Pepper (accept “Dr. Pepper Snapple Group”)(10) Dr. Pepper sued Coca-Cola in 1972 over its introduction of this pepper-flavored drink, which is still Coca-Cola’s competitor to Dr. Pepper. ANSWER: Mr. Pibb (accept “Pibb Xtra”; prompt on original names, “Peppo” or “Dr. Pibb”)8. This island group was the site of the 1927 Wrigley Ocean Marathon, a 20 mile swim. For 10 points each…(10) Name this island group, which contains Santa Catalina Island, and is located off the west coast of California.ANSWER: Channel Islands(10) The Channel Islands are located in this ocean, west of California. ANSWER: Pacific Ocean(10) The Wrigley Ocean Marathon was inspired by Gertrude Ederle’s 1926 swim of this body of water located between England and France. ANSWER: English Channel9. This bonus will test your knowledge of the Egyptian god Ra. For 10 points each…(10) Ra is the god of this entity, and he travels across the sky daily in a barge.ANSWER: Sun(10) This fellow Egyptian god guards Ra’s solar barge as it travels across the sky. This god tore his brother Osiris apart into 14 separate pieces.ANSWER: Set (accept “Seth”)(10) This god, who takes the form of a snake, attempts to kill Ra daily as he travels through the sky on his barge.ANSWER: Apep (accept “Apophis”)10. A line from this play describes “the last syllable of recorded time.” For 10 points each…(10) Name this play about a Scottish general who receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that he will one day become King.ANSWER: Macbeth(10) Macbeth was written by this English author of King Lear, Titus Andronicus, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream.ANSWER: William Shakespeare(10) Macbeth is traditionally referred to as “the Scottish play” by backstage theater performers because of this reason.ANSWER: A curse supposedly exists (accept equivalents like “bad things happen to the performers and stage”)11. This woman was the target of the 1785 Affair of the Diamond Necklace, an early “catfishing” scheme. For 10 points each…(10) Name this woman, the wife of Louis XVI, who was executed in 1793 during the French Revolution.ANSWER: Marie Antoinette(10) Despite many historical claims, Marie Antoinette likely did not say this famous four-word phrase, which made her seem insensitive to the plight of French peasants.ANSWER: “Let them eat cake!”(10) Marie and Louis’ deaths are often cited as the beginning of this bloodiest period of the French Revolution, led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety.ANSWER: Reign of Terror (accept “Grand Terror”)12. The signals from a distant collision between two collapsed stars reached Earth on August, 17, 2017 after a journey of 130 million years. For 10 points each…(10) Name these waves, the shortest in wavelength, which comprised the signals.ANSWER: Gamma rays(10) The collision, called a “kilonova,” came from this constellation, the largest of the 88 known constellations, and named for a water creature.ANSWER: Hydra constellation(10) In 2015, the LIGO, a pair of observatories in Louisiana and Washington state, detected a merger of these two phenomena of spacetime in which no light can escape.ANSWER: Black holes 13. This bonus is about the 1962 premiere performance of the War Requiem. For 10 points each…(10) The War Requiem was written by this English composer of the opera Peter Grimes and the showpiece A Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra.ANSWER: Benjamin Britten(10) The War Requiem was performed at the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral and honored those killed in this war, which saw the Battle of Britain and the London Blitz.ANSWER: World War II (prompt on partial answer)(10) Britten set the traditional mass for the dead interspersed with nine poems by this English poet who wrote “Anthem for Doomed Youth” and “Dulce et Decorum est” {DULL-CHAY--ET--DUH-CORE-UMM--EST}.ANSWER: Wilfred Owen14. For this bonus, you will need to know your triangles. For 10 points each…(10) One of these types of triangles has two base angles of 72 degrees and at least two sides of equal length.ANSWER: Isosceles triangle(10) This theorem is used to determine the area of an isosceles triangle, and is named for the man who first outlined its proof.ANSWER: Pythagorean Theorem(10) A triangle with all three sides unequal is known as this type.ANSWER: Scalene triangle15. This nation declared independence in 1993 from Ethiopia after a long-running civil war. For 10 points each…(10) Name this East African nation, with capital at Asmara, who landlocked Ethiopia when it declared independence.ANSWER: State of Eritrea(10) This nation lies to the west of Eritrea, and it lost its southern portion to independence in 2011.ANSWER: Republic of Sudan (accept “North Sudan”)(10) Eritrea’s eastern border is this body of water which separates Africa from Asia.ANSWER: Red Sea16. This book was supposedly inspired by the author’s disillusionment with the American Communist Party. For 10 points each…(10) Name this novel about an unnamed African-American man who lives in an underground room wired with hundreds of electric lights, by Ralph Ellison.ANSWER: Invisible Man (DO NOT accept “THE Invisible Man,” as that is an unrelated H.G. Welles book)(10) Ellison later taught at this university, located in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and the only state university without its state’s name in its title.ANSWER: Rutgers University (it is now called “Rutgers University: The State University of New Jersey)(10) In 1999, five years after Ellison’s death, a novel titled for this African-American holiday was published posthumously. It honors the day in 1865 that slaves in Texas received word that slavery had ended.ANSWER: Juneteenth (accept “June 15th”)17. The Progressive Era saw the addition of a number of amendments to the Constitution. For 10 points each…(10) The 17th Amendment was passed in 1913 and provided for the direct election of these individuals, who had previously been chosen by state legislatures.ANSWER: Senators (accept “Senate members” or “U.S. Senators”)(10) The 18th Amendment passed in 1919 and banned this product, which the temperance movement had sought to ban since the 1800’s. This Amendment was later amended by the 21st Amendment in 1933.ANSWER: Alcohol (prompt on “beer” or “whiskey”)(10) The 19th Amendment provided for voting rights for this group of people, who had been able to vote at the state level since the 1800’s in many Western states.ANSWER: Women (accept “females”)18. The bonds atoms share are important in chemistry. For 10 points each...(10) This type of bond occurs when two or more atoms share an electron pair. These bonds can be labeled as “polar” or “nonpolar.”ANSWER: covalent bonds (10) This type of bond occurs when one atom transfers one or more valence electrons to another. This type of bond is present in sodium chloride, or table salt.ANSWER: ionic bonds(10) This theory predicts the geometry of molecules based on its bonds. According to this theory, water has a “bent” or tetrahedral shape.ANSWER: VSEPR [“vesper”] theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory)19. This isolated island received its first commercial flight in the fall of 2017 when a South African passenger plane arrived. For 10 points each…(10) Name this isolated island in the South Atlantic Ocean whose governor tweeted, “you are a long way from a long way.” Its capital is Jamestown.ANSWER: St. Helena(10) St. Helena was the final residence for this exiled French emperor, who lived here from 1815 until his death in 1821.ANSWER: Napoleon Bonaparte (accept either answer)(10) St. Helena is an Overseas Territory of this nation who captured and imprisoned Napoleon after his defeat at Waterloo.ANSWER: United Kingdom (accept “Great Britain”; DO not prompt or accept “England”) 20. This bonus will see how much you know about The Outcasts of Poker Flat by Bret Harte. For 10 points each…(10) Harte set the story during this historical event, when California was settled by thousands of Americans looking for fortune and a new life.ANSWER: California Gold Rush(10) The “outcasts” consist of four people banished by the namesake town, led by John Oakhurst, who was especially good at this card game, which made him hated by the town’s leaders.ANSWER: Poker(10) Three of the four “outcasts” die of this while waiting out a snowstorm in a remote cabin.ANSWER: Starvation (accept equivalents involving “a lack of food”; the 4th outcast, the town drunk, stole the horses and his fate is unknown) ................
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