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|Lesson 2 Student Activity Sheets: What is happening to the muscles of the kids in the video? |

PROCEDURE:

1. You will watch a video clip that will introduce you to the basics of how muscles work. Record any observations you make in the “Notice” column and any new questions you have in the “Wondering” column.

|Notice |Wonder |

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MAKING SENSE:

2. Read the following information about muscle cells to help you understand some of the ideas that came up in the video. Highlight the sections that tell you how DMD muscles are different from healthy muscles.

There are three types of muscle found in the human body: smooth, cardiac and skeletal.

• Smooth muscles control involuntary movements (things you don’t have to think about) like digestion or contracting your pupils in bright light.

• Cardiac muscles control the contraction of your heart.

• Skeletal muscles are what move your body (lifting, walking, running etc.)

Muscles are made of lots of long muscle cells. A muscle cell has a lot of different and important parts, see the diagram to the right. Protein is an important part of muscle cells, and there are many different types of protein in muscle cells. Actin and myosin are two of these proteins. Actin and myosin help your muscles contract. Muscle contraction is what gives your muscles the power to move your skeleton, pump your heart, and all the other jobs muscles do. Muscle fibers also contain structural proteins such as titin and dystrophin, which are the building blocks of muscles, hold muscles together so that you muscles can do what they need to do.

The size of your muscles change throughout your life, for a bunch of different reasons. When a person uses their muscles, some of the fibers tear. When muscle fibers are repaired, they are typically larger in size than they were before. This is how people who work out make their muscles bigger.

• Hypertrophy is a term for an increase in muscle size (like when you work out). On the other hand, when muscles are not used regularly, they can decrease in size.

• Atrophy is a term for a decrease in muscle size due to lack of use.

• Finally, dystrophy is also term for muscle decrease, but in dystrophy the muscles are breaking down (degenerating) and cannot be repaired.

When people with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy exercise, their muscles break down and do not get repaired and grow like healthy muscles do. DMD muscles also just break down and shrink in size as the person gets older due to the person using their muscles to do normal things. Any movement of DMD muscles makes them to tear and not repair, causing them to break down overtime. The effects of DMD get worse as the person ages.

3. STORYBOARDING: Draw pictures to help you understand what happens to muscles when YOU exercise, and what happens to DMD muscles.

|Draw several simple pictures: HEALTHY MUSCLES |Write 1-2 sentences summarizing your pictures |

|Muscles and exercise: at the level of the Arm (muscular) | |

|(Before - During Exercise - After) | |

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|Draw several simple pictures: DMD MUSCLES |Write 1-2 sentences summarizing your pictures |

|Muscles and exercise: at the level of the Arm (muscular) | |

|(Before - During Exercise - After) | |

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CONCLUSIONS: Write your answer with complete sentences.

4. What conclusions did your class draw about the differences between muscles with DMD and muscles without DMD?

ASKING QUESTIONS:

5. What new questions do you have? Write at least one question.

NEXT STEPS:

6. What do we need to figure out next to explain why muscles deteriorate in people with DMD? Write down at least one specific thing.

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